自然和宇宙探索（解析版）- 2025年高考英语热点话题阅读与时文阅读

专题10自然和宇宙探索(解析版)

【材料来源：TheNewYorkTimesMay27,2024]

RiversofLavaonVenusRevealaMore

VolcanicallyActivePlanet

Witnessingtheblood-redfiresofavolcaniceruptiononEarthismemorable.Buttoseemoltenrockbleedout

ofavolcanoonadifferentplanetwouldbeextraordinary.ThatisclosetowhatscientistshavespottedonVenus:

twovast,sinuouslavaflowsoozingfromtwodifferentcomersofEarth'splanetaryneighbor.

"Afteryouseesomethinglikethis,thefirstreactionis'wow'JsaidDavideSulcanese,authorofastudy

reportingthediscoveryinthejournalNatureAstronomy.

EarthandVenuswereforgedatthesametime.Botharemadeofthesameprimevalmatter,andbotharethe

sameageandsize.SowhyisEarthaparadiseoverflowingwithwaterandlife,whileVenusisascorchedhellscape

withacidicskies?

Volcaniceruptionstinkerwithplanetaryatmospheres.Onetheoryholdsthat,eonsago,severalapocalyptic

eruptionssetoffarunawaygreenhouseeffectonVenus,turningitfromatemperate,waterloggedworldintoanarid

desert.

Tobetterunderstanditsvolcanism,scientistshopedtocatchaVenusianeruptionintheact.Butalthoughthe

planetisknowntobesmotheredinvolcanoes,anopaqueatmospherehaspreventedanyonefromseeingan

eruption.

Inthe1990s,NASAusedcloud-penetratingradartosurveymostoftheplanet.Butbackthen,therelatively

low-resolutionimagesmadespottingfreshmoltenrockatroublesometask.

Byusingmodemsoftware,scientistshavenowfoundtwounambiguouslavaflows.

【译文欣赏】

金星上的熔岩河揭示了一颗火山活动更加活跃的行星

在地球上目睹火山爆发时的血红色火焰令人难忘。但在另一颗行星上看到熔岩从火山中喷涌而出，更

是非同寻常。这几乎就是科学家们在金星上发现的情况：在这个地球邻居的行星表面上，两股巨大的熔岩

流从两个不同的角落里蜿蜒流出。

这一发现已发表在《自然-天文学》(NatureAstronomy)期刊上。这项研究的作者达维德•苏尔卡内塞

（DavideSulcanese）说："当你看到这样的场景时，第一反应就是‘哇‘。"

地球和金星诞生于同一时期。两者由相同的原始物质构成，年龄和大小也相同。那么，为什么地球是

一个充满水和生命的天堂，而金星却是一个天上下酸雨的焦土地狱呢？

火山喷发改变了行星的大气层。有一种理论认为，很久以前，几次世界末日般的火山喷发引发了失控

的温室效应，使得金星从一个气候温和、水源丰富的世界变成了干旱的沙漠。

为了更好地了解金星上的火山活动，科学家们希望能够捕捉到火山喷发的画面。然而，尽管人们知道

金星上遍布火山，但不透明的大气层让人们无法看到火山爆发。

20世纪90年代，美国国家航空航天局（NASA）使用穿透云层的雷达勘测了金星的大部分区域。但在

当时，图像分辨率较低，要发现新鲜的熔岩十分困难。

如今，借助现代软件，科学家们发现了两处清晰可见的熔岩流。

【词汇积累】

1.witness/'witnss/v.目击

2.molten/'moultsn/adj.熔化的；铸造的；炽热的

3.extraordinary/ik'stroTds.neri/adj.非凡的；特别的；离奇的；特派的

4.sinuous/'smjuss/adj.蜿蜒曲折的

5.ooze/u:z/v.渗出；渗透

6.fbrge/fbirdj/v.锻造（金属）

7.primeval/praimi:vol/adj.原始的；初期的（等于primaeval）

8.overflow/.ouvorflou/v.溢出；挤满了人；过度延伸；淹没

9.scorched/sko:rtft/adj.烧焦的

10.arunawayeffect/'rAns.weifffekt/失控

11.eons/'i:a:nz/n.万古；永世

12.waterlogged/'woitsr.lo^d/adj.涝的，浸满水的，吸绝水的

13.arid/'send/adj.干旱的；不毛的，［农］荒芜的

14.smothered/'smAdord/insth被某物裹着

15.op叫ue/ou'peik/adj.不透明的

16.cloud-penetrating/klaud'penitreitig/adj.穿越云层的

17.troublesome/'trAbslssm/adj.令人烦恼的；讨厌的；令人痛苦的

18.unambiguous/,Anaem'bigjuss/adj.意思清楚的；明确的

【长难句分析】

原句

Butalthoughtheplanetisknowntobesmotheredinvolcanoes,anopaqueatmospherehaspreventedanyonefrom

seeinganeruption.

译文

然而，尽管人们知道金星上遍布火山，但不透明的大气层让人们无法看到火山爆发。

分析

+一[主句：anopaqueatmospherehaspreventedanyonefromseeinganeruption]

I

+一[让步状语从句：Butalthoughtheplanetisknowntobesmotheredinvolcanoes]

I

+--[主语:theplanet]

I

+--[谓语:isknown]

I

+--[不定式短语：tobesmotheredinvolcanoes]

I

+-[介词短语:involcanoes]

(-)

(2024•河南•模拟预测)NewSpaceMissionsin2024

ESA'sHeramission

TheEuropeanSpaceAgency(ESA)planstolaunchitsHeraspacecraftinOctoberonamissiontoreturnto

anasteroid(小行星)systemvisitedbyNASA'sDARTspacecraftin2022.Heraisdesignedtocollectdataonthe

targetedsystem,calledDidymos.ThespacecraftisexpectedtocloselyexaminethephysicalpropertiesofDidymos

andmeasuredetailedeffectsofDART'scrash.

EuropaClipper

NASAhopestolaunchitsEuropaClippermissioninOctober.Thisorbiterisdesignedtocarryoutclose

examinationsofJupiter'smoonEuropa.Specifically,themissionwilllookforsignsthattheicymoonmighthold

therightconditionstosupportlife.NASAsaystheorbiterwillflyinorbitaroundJupiterandperformrepeated

closeflybysoftheicymoon.

Boeing'sStarlinertestflight

NASAandBoeinghavesaidtheyplantolaunchthefirstcrewedtestflightofthecompany'sStarliner

spacecraft.NASAsaysitistargetingMay2024tohaveStarlinerreadyforflight.Thelaunchdateistobesetlater.

ThespacecraftcompleteditsfirstunscrewedflighttesttotheInternationalSpaceStation(ISS)lastMay.But

BoeinghasexperiencedseveraltechnicaldifficultieswithStarlinerduringthemissionandhasworkedwithNASA

tofixtheproblemsasitpreparesfortheplannedcrewedflight.

SpaceXStarshiptest

SpaceX,anotherNASA'spartner,hasbeensuccessfullyusingitsrocketsandspacecrafttotransport

astronautsandmaterialstotheISSsince2020.Butthecompanywillbeseekingasuccessfultestflightin2024for

itssuper-heavyStarshipspacecraft.

SpaceXexperiencedtwofailedStarshiptestsin2023一oneinAprilandtheotherinNovember-which

resultedinexplosions.TheAprilexplosioncausedmajordamagetothelaunchstructureinthestateofTexas.

SpaceXhassaidithasbeenexaminingtheissuesrelatedtotheexplosionsandplanstocarryoutanothertestof

Starshipassoonaspossible.ButitwillhavetowaituntiltheUSFederalAviationAdministration(FAA)completes

itsinvestigationofthelaunchsitedamageandapprovesanewtest.

1.WhichofthefollowingplanstocollectdataaboutDidymos?

A.NASA.B.FAA.C.SpaceX.D.ESA.

2.WhenisEuropaClipperscheduledtolaunch?

A.InApril.B.InMay.C.InOctober.D.InNovember.

3.WhatdoweknowaboutSpaceXStarship?

A.Thedateforitsthirdtestflightisunclear.

B.IthassucceededinsendingastronautstotheISS.

C.Thereasonforitsfirstfailurehasbeenidentified.

D.Itssecondtestflightdamagedthelaunchstructure.

【答案速查】1.D2.C3.A

【语篇解读】本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了2024年的四个太空任务。

1.细节理解题。根据"ESA'sHeramission”部分中“Heraisdesignedtocollectdataonthetargetedsystem,called

Didymos.(Hera被设计用来收集目标系统Didymos上的数据。)”可知，欧洲航天局(ESA)计划收集有关

Didymos的数据。故选D。

2.细节理解题。根据“EuropaClipper”部分中“NASAhopestolaunchitsEuropaClippermissioninOctober.(H

国宇航局希望在10月份发射'EuropaClipper，任务。户可知，EuropaClippe预计将于10月份发射。故选C。

3.细节理解题。根据"SpaceXStarshiptest”部分中"SpaceXexperiencedtwofailedStarshiptestsin2023一onein

AprilandtheotherinNovember-whichresultedinexplosions.TheAprilexplosioncausedmajordamagetothe

launchstructureinthestateofTexas.SpaceXhassaidithasbeenexaminingtheissuesrelatedtotheexplosions

andplanstocarryoutanothertestofStarshipassoonaspossible.ButitwillhavetowaituntiltheUSFederal

AviationAdministration(FAA)completesitsinvestigationofthelaunchsitedamageandapprovesanew

test.(SpaceX在2023年经历了两次失败的星际飞船测试——一次在4月,另一次在11月——导致爆炸。4

月份的爆炸对德克萨斯州的发射结构造成了重大破坏。SpaceX公司表示，它一直在调查与爆炸有关的问题，

并计划尽快对星际飞船进行另一次测试。但它必须等到美国联邦航空管理局(FAA)完成对发射场损坏的调

查，并批准进行新的测试。)”可知，SpaceX前两次星际飞船测试都失败了，第三次试飞的日期尚不清楚。

故选Ao

❷©;0。©，

原句

SpaceX,anotherNASA'spartner,hasbeensuccessfullyusingitsrocketsandspacecrafttotransportastronauts

andmaterialstotheISSsince2020.

译文

SpaceX,另一家NASA的合作伙伴，自2020年以来一直成功地使用其火箭和航天器将宇航员和物资运

送到国际空间站。

分析

+--[主句：SpaceXhasbeensuccessfullyusingitsrocketsandspacecrafttotransportastronautsandmaterialsto

theISSsince2020]

I

+--[同位语：anotherNASA'spartner]

I

+—[动词短语：hasbeenusing]

II

|+-[副词：successfully]

II

|十一[宾语：itsrocketsandspacecraft]

|[不定式短语：totransportastronautsandmaterialstotheISS]

[时间状语：since2020]

1.missionn.任务2.spacecraftn.宇宙飞船

3.asteroidn.小行星4.targetedadj.目标的

5.examinev.检查6.measurev.测量

7.orbitern.轨道飞行器8.crewedadj.有人操作的

9.explosionn.爆炸lO.launchsiten.发射地点

（二）

（2024,山东日照•二模）Disabledastronauts-in-traininghavecompletedazero-gravityflight25,000ftabove

Earthtohelpunderstandhowspacesuitsandspaceshipscanbemademoreaccessible.

Thegroupof14,whowerefromfivedifferentcountries,includingAustralia,Brazil,Germany,Spainand

theUS,wasmadeupofscientists,engineersanddoctors.Theyhavemobility,visionandhearingdifficulties.

Thegroundbreakingtrip,organizedbyAstroAccess,happenedonaZero-GaircraftinHouston,Texas.It

camejustweeksaftertheEuropeanSpaceAgency（ESA）announcedthatformerParalympianrunner,JohnMcFall,

wouldbepartofthe2022ESAAstronautClass.ThemissiontookoffandlandedatEllingtonAirport,nexttothe

HoustonSpaceportandtheNASAJohnsonSpacecenter-hometotheUShumanspaceflighttraining.

Onclimbingtoaheightof25,000ft,thevehiclebegan18parabolicmanoeuvres（抛物线演习），allowingthe

crewstotestoutwhatwasneededtomaketripstospacemoreaccessibleforthosewithdisabilities.

Onegrouptestedasetoftactilegraphics（触觉图形）tobeaddedtocabinwallsthatwouldallowbothblind

crewmembersandshort-sightedcrewmemberstomaintainasenseofdirectionduringemergenciesandhelpthem

findemergencydeviceinzerogravityifthelightswentoff.ThoseworkingwiththeBlindandMobilityCrewwere

abletodemonstratethatadisabledpersoncanindependentlygetintoalaunchseatandsafelyfastenthefive-point

seatbelt,provingthatdisabledpeoplecansafelyjoinspacemissions.Thehard-of-hearingandblindcrewsworked

withSonyandSonicCloudtohelpimprovespeechunderstandingsystemsonboard,usingSonicCloud's

innovativesoundpersonalizationsoftware.

MattGohd,CEOofZero-GCorporationsaid:"FromourtimewithStevenHawkingtoourrelationshipwith

AstroAccess,Zero-Gbelievesthattheonlylimitsyouhavearetheonesyouplaceonyourself.Wearehonoredto

sharethisamazingexperienceandthefirststepstospacewiththisextraordinarygroupofindividuals.Spaceshould

beopentoeveryone.9,

4.Whatistheideabehindtheflight?

A.Spacetravelcanbeaccessibletoeveryone.

B.Spacetravelwillbecomeapopularindustry.

C.Spacetravelcandevelopaspiritofadventure.

D.Spacetravelwillbegoodforuniverseexploration.

5.Whatwasspecialabouttheflight?

A.Ithadaformerathleteonboard.B.Itwasdesignedfbrdisabledpeople.

C.Itwasthefirstzero-gravityflightever.D.Itgotfinancialaidfromdifferentcountries.

6.Whywerethetestsconducted?

A.Tomakepreparationsfortheflight.

B.Toenhancespeechunderstandingsystems.

C.Tobettertheskillsofthedisabledinusinglaunchseats.

D.Toevaluatethepossibilityofspacetravelfbrthedisabled.

7.WhatmessageisconveyedinMattGohd'swords?

A.Greatmindsthinkalike.B.Unityisstrength.

C.Actionsspeaklouderthanwords.D.Anythingispossible.

【答案速查】4.A5.B6.D7.D

【语篇解读】本文是一篇新闻报道。文章报道了14名残疾宇航员在AstroAccess组织的帮助下，完成了一

次离地球25000英尺的零重力飞行训练，这次飞行旨在测试和改进宇航服和宇宙飞船的设计，以便让残疾

人更容易进入太空。

4,推理判断题。根据第一段"Disabledastronauts-in-traininghavecompletedazero-gravityflight25,000ftabove

Earthtohelpunderstandhowspacesuitsandspaceshipscanbemademoreaccessible.（残疾宇航员在训I练中完成

了离地球25000英尺的零重力飞行，以帮助了解如何使宇航服和宇宙飞船更容易使用）”和最后一段中“Space

shouldbeopentoeveryone.（太空应该向所有人开放）”可推知，这次飞行是为了让残疾宇航员也可以进行太空

旅行，其背后的理念是每个人都可以进行太空旅行。故选A项。

5.细节理解题。根据第二段"Thegroupof14,whowerefromfivedifferentcountries,includingAustralia,Brazil,

Germany,SpainandtheUS,wasmadeupofscientists,engineersanddoctors.Theyhavemobility,visionand

hearingdifficulties.（这14人来自澳大利亚、巴西、德国、西班牙和美国等5个不同的国家，由科学家、工程

师和医生组成。他们行动不便，视力和听力都有障碍）”可知，这次飞行的特殊之处在于它是为残疾人设计的。

故选B项。

6.细节理解题o卞艮据第四段“Onclimbingtoaheightof25,000ft,thevehiclebegan18parabolicmanoeuvres（抛

物线演习），allowingthecrewstotestoutwhatwasneededtomaketripstospacemoreaccessibleforthosewith

disabilities.（在爬升到2.5万英尺的高度时，飞行器开始了18次抛物线飞行，让工作人员测试需要什么才能

让残疾人更方便地前往太空）”可知，测试的目的是评估残疾人太空旅行的可能性。故选D项。

7.推理判断题。根据最后一段MattGohd所说的话"FromourtimewithStevenHawkingtoourrelationshipwith

AstroAccess,Zero-Gbelievesthattheonlylimitsyouhavearetheonesyouplaceonyourself.Wearehonoredto

sharethisamazingexperienceandthefirststepstospacewiththisextraordinarygroupofindividuals.Spaceshould

beopentoeveryone.（从我们与史蒂芬•霍金的时光到我们与AstroAccess的关系，Zero-G相信你唯一的限制

就是你对自己的限制。我们很荣幸能与这群非凡的人分享这一惊人的经历，并迈出了进入太空的第一步。

太空应该向所有人开放）”可知，MattGohd认为人仅受限于自己施加的限制，只要不对自己设限，任何人都

可以进行太空旅行。由此可知，他认为一切皆有可能。A.英雄所见略同；B.团结就是力量；C.事实胜于

雄辩。故选D项。

原句

Onclimbingtoaheightof25,000ft,thevehiclebegan18parabolicmanoeuvres（抛物线演习），allowingthe

crewstotestoutwhatwasneededtomaketripstospacemoreaccessibleforthosewithdisabilities.

译文

在爬升到2.5万英尺的高度时，飞行器开始了18次抛物线飞行，让工作人员测试需要什么才能让残疾

人更方便地前往太空。

分析

+一[主句：thevehiclebegan18parabolicmanoeuvres]

I

[状语:Onclimbingtoaheightof25,000ft]

I

+--[伴随状语：allowingthecrewstotestoutwhatwasneededtomaketripstospacemoreaccessiblefor

thosewithdisabilities]

I

[宾语：thecrews]

I

+--[不定式短语:totestout]

I

+—[宾语从句：whatwasneededtomaketripstospacemoreaccessiblefbrthosewith

disabilities]

HE®®

1.astronautn.宇航员2.zero-gravityn.失重状态

3.mobilityn.行动能力4.visionn.视力

5.groundbreakingadj.开创性的6.manoeuvren.演习

7.tactileadj.触觉的8.graphicsn.图形

9.fastenv.系紧10.personalizationn.个性化

（三）

（2024-内蒙古包头•三模）Asmuchasweliketothinkaboutnatureembodyingbalance,theuniverseis

actuallyfilledwithimbalance,too.Lefstakethesupernova（超新星）forexample.Twostarsorbiteachother.One

ofthestarsisolder,calleda“whitedwarf/'whiletheotherstarisabityounger.Theirmutualgravitational

interaction（相互弓|力相互作用）pullsmaterialofftheyoungerstaranddumpsitontothesurfaceofthewhite

dwarf.Ifenoughmaterialfallsontothedwarf,thestuffdumpedontothewhitedwarfbeginsto"burn".

Iftheconditionsareright,youalwaysburnupthesameamountofmaterialthatgetsadded.Ifthedonorstar

isdumpingtoomuchmaterialontothedwar£theburningrunsoutofcontrol.Itconsumesnotjustthenewmaterial

onthewhitedwarfssurfacebutthewholeofthedwarfstaritself.Somuchenergyisreleasedsoquicklythatthe

starfindsitselfwildlyoutofbalance.Inaninstant,itbecomesasuper-hotballofunbalancedpressure,BOOM!A

supernovaisbom.

Closertohome,asimilarbutdifferentkindofprocesshappensinvolcanoes.Volcanoesarebomwhen

magma（熔岩）fromdeepintheEarthmakesitswayslowlytothesurfacethroughcracksintheplanet?scrust（地

壳）.Theheatfromthemagmabuildsupamassivepressureimbalanceinsidethemountain.Ifsthatimbalancethat

drivestheBOOM,thevolcaniceruptionthatripsazilliontonsofrocksawayandsendsash15milesintothesky.

Buthere5sthething:Supernova,volcanoesandallthoseotherexplosionsintheuniversearenotjust

awesomesights.Theyareallessentialplayersincosmic（宇宙的）evolution.Supernovacreatealotoftheelements

inyourbodythatareessentialtolife.Nosupernova,noyou.Andvolcanoesareessentialtoevolutionoftheplanet,

includingthecyclingofgreenhousegaseslikeCO2thatmakeEarthhabitable.Novolcanoes,noyou.

8.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“thedonorstar^^refertoinparagraph2?

A.Theyoungerstar.B.Theolderstar.

C.Thesupernova.D.Thewhitedwarf.

9.Whatfactorleadstoboththebirthofsupernovasandvolcaniceruption?

A.Hotmagma.B.Burningmaterial.

C.Unbalancedpressure.D.Gravitationalinteraction.

10.Whatcanwelearnabouttheexplosionsintheuniverseinthelastparagraph?

A.Theyevolveasplayers.B.Theycreatehumanbodies.

C.Theyareawesomesights.D.Theyarenecessarytolife.

11.Inwhichsectionofawebsitecanyoufindthispassage?

A.Profile.B.Science.C.Health.D.Economy.

【答案速查】8.A9.C10.D11.B

【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要以超新星的诞生和火山爆发为例介绍了宇宙中不平衡的现象，

这些爆炸不仅是令人敬畏的景象，也是宇宙进化的重要参与者，是生命所必需的。

8.词句猜测题。根据第一段中“Oneofthestarsisolder,calleda"whitedwarf,“whiletheotherstarisabit

younger.Theirmutualgravitationalinteraction（相互引力相互作用）pullsmaterialofftheyoungerstaranddumps

itontothesurfaceofthewhitedwarf.（其中一颗恒星较老，被称为"白矮星"，而另一颗恒星稍年轻一些。它们

的相互引力作用将物质从年轻的恒星上拉下来，并将其倾倒到白矮星的表面）”可知，稍年轻一些的恒星上的

物质会因为相互引力作用而被倾倒在白矮星的表面上，再结合画线词所在句“Ifthedonorstarisdumpingtoo

muchmaterialontothedwarf（如果供体恒星向矮星上倾倒了太多的物质）“可知，此处的thedonorstar”供体恒

星”指的是上文提到的稍年轻一些的恒星。故选A项。

9.细节理解题。根据第二段中"Somuchenergyisreleasedsoquicklythatthestarfindsitselfwildlyoutofbalance.

Inaninstant,itbecomesasuper-hotballofunbalancedpressure,BOOM!Asupernovaisbom.（如止匕多的能量释

放得如此之快，以至于这颗恒星发现自己严重失去了平衡。瞬间，它变成了一个压力不平衡的超级热球，

轰！——颗超新星诞生）”和第三段中“Theheatfromthemagmabuildsupamassivepressureimbalanceinsidethe

mountain.IfsthatimbalancethatdrivestheBOOM,thevolcaniceruptionthatripsazilliontonsofrocksawayand

sendsash15milesintothesky.（岩浆的热量造成了山体内部巨大的压力不平衡。正是这种不平衡导致了火山

爆发，火山爆发撕裂了无数吨的岩石，将火山灰喷向15英里外的天空）”可知，压力不平衡导致了超新星的

诞生和火山的爆发。故选C项。

10.推理判断题。根据最后一段"Buthere5sthething:Supernova,volcanoesandallthoseotherexplosionsinthe

universearenotjustawesomesights.Theyareallessentialplayersincosmic（宇宙的）evolution.Supernovacreate

alotoftheelementsinyourbodythatareessentialtolife.Nosupernova,noyou.Andvolcanoesareessentialto

evolutionoftheplanet,includingthecyclingofgreenhousegaseslikeCO2thatmakeEarthhabitable.No

volcanoes,noyou.（但事情是这样的：超新星、火山和宇宙中所有其他的爆炸不仅仅是令人敬畏的景象。它

们都是宇宙进化的重要参与者。超新星为你的身体创造了许多生命所必需的元素。没有超新星，就没有你。

火山对地球的进化至关重要，包括使地球适合居住的二氧化碳等温室气体的循环。没有火山，就没有你）”可

知，宇宙中的爆炸是宇宙进化的重要参与者，超新星为人体创造了许多生命所必需的元素，火山爆发促进

了地球上温室气体的循环。由此可知，这些爆炸是生命所必需的。故选D项。

11.推理判断题o通读全文，尤其是第一段中“Asmuchasweliketothinkaboutnatureembodyingbalance,the

universeisactuallyfilledwithimbalance,too.（尽管我们喜欢认为自然体现了平衡，但宇宙实际上也充满了不

平衡）”可知，文章主要以超新星的诞生和火山爆发为例介绍了宇宙中不平衡的现象，这些爆炸不仅是令人敬

畏的景象，也是宇宙进化的重要参与者，是生命所必需的。因此，文章属于科学范畴，可能出自网站的科

学部分。故选B项。

❷。1@。©I

原句

IfsthatimbalancethatdrivestheBOOM,thevolcaniceruptionthatripsazilliontonsofrocksawayand

sendsash15milesintothesky.

译文

正是这种不平衡导致了火山爆发，火山爆发撕裂了无数吨的岩石，将火山灰喷向15英里外的天空

分析

这个句子为强调句，强调uthatimbalance。

+--[主句：IfsthatimbalancethatdrivestheBOOM,thevolcaniceruption]

I

+--[同位语：thevolcaniceruption]

I

十一]定语从句:thatripsazilliontonsofrocksawayandsendsash15milesintothesky]

HE®®

1.embodyv.体现2.imbalancen.不平衡，失衡

3.orbitv.环绕4.gravitationaladj.引力的

5.interactionn.相互作用6.dumpv.倾侄ij

7.consumev.消耗8.magman.熔岩

9.crackn.裂缝10.cosmicadj.宇宙的

（四）

（2024-河南开封•三模）AlthoughSirIsaacNewtondidnotemployhisreflectingtelescopetouncover

novelastronomicalphenomena,hediduseittocompletelytransformhowweviewtheworldweliveinandthe

universeasawhole.

Reflectingtelescopesusemirrorstobendlightandenlargeimages,distinguishingthemfromrefractors（折

射望远镜）thatrelyonlenses.Theirsimplicityinconstructionandabilitytoachievemuchgreatersizesthan

refractorshaveledtoatransformationinourastronomicalknowledgeandourcomprehensionoftheuniverse.

Aslightpassesthroughglass,variouscolorsorbandsarerefractedatvaryingangles,leadingtochromatic

aberration（色差）andconsequently,distortedimageswhenviewedthroughalens.InthetimeofNewton,the

technologyforproducingglassandlenseswasstillveryprimitive,andthechallengesassociatedwithchromatic

aberrationhadnotbeenadequatelyaddressed.Todaywecanmakelensesthathavealmostnochromaticaberration

butwecan'tmakethemverylarge.Asthesizeofalensincreasessignificantly,itbecomesextremelyheavy,

causingitsownweighttodistortthelensandconsequentlyruintheimagequality.

Newton'stelescopesolvedtheseproblems.Amirrordoesn'tallowlighttopass.Itsimplybouncesallthe

lightoffthesurface.Thismeansthere9snochromaticaberration.Plus,becauseweonlyneedtobouncelightoffthe

surface,wecansupporttheentiremirroronabase,reducingitsweight.Thisallowsustobuildmuchlargermirrors

withoutanydistortion.

WhileGalileoiscreditedwiththediscoveryofmoonsaroundJupiterandHalleywithpredictingthecomet's

orbit,whatNewtondiddowastieinmathematics,astronomyandourcomprehensionoftheuniversethroughthe

useofhistelescopeandhisuniversalgravitationtheory.

TheoriginaltelescopeconstructedbyNewtonispreservedandmaintainedbytheRoyalSocietyofLondon.

ItisshowcasedinLondonandoccasionallyembarksoninternationaltoursasanelementofexhibitions.

12.WhatdoweknowaboutNewton9sreflectingtelescope?

A.Ithasacomplexstructure.

B.Itreliesonmirrorsinsteadoflenses.

C.Itcanmaketheimagesmallerthanarefractor.

D.IthelpedNewtonuncovernovelastronomicalphenomena.

13.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"distorted“meaninParagraph3?

A.Confused.B.Twisted.C.Evident.D.Vivid.

14.WhatproblemsdidNewton'stelescopemanagetosolve?

A.Issueswithimagequality.B.Restrictionsonthesize.

C.Challengesoflensmaking.D.Limitsoflightpassingangles.

15.Whatistheauthor5spurposeofmentioningGalileoandHalley?

A.Tostateafact.B.Toraiseapoint.

C.Toexplainaconcept.D.Tomakeacomparison.

【答案速查】12.B13.B14.A15.D

【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了牛顿发明的反射望远镜使用镜面而非透镜来聚焦光线,

避免了由于色差导致的图像失真问题，提高了望远镜的性能，使我们的天文学知识和对宇宙的理解发生了

转变。

12.细节理解题。根据第二段中“Reflectingtelescopesusemirrorstobendlightandenlargeimages,distinguishing

themfromrefractors（折射望远镜）thatrelyonlenses.（反射望远镜使用镜面来让光线转弯并放大图像，将其与

依靠透镜的折射望远镜区别开来）”可知，牛顿的反射望远镜依靠镜子而不是透镜来工作。故选B项。

13.词句猜测题。根据画线词的上文“Aslightpassesthroughglass,variouscolorsorbandsarerefractedatvarying

angles,leadingtochromaticaberration（色差）（当光线穿过玻璃时，各种颜色或波段以不同的角度折射，导致

色差）”和下文"imageswhenviewedthroughalens（通过镜头观看的图像）“可推知，色差会让图像扭曲失真，画

线词意思应该是“扭曲的"，与Twisted意思相近。故选B项。

14.细节理解题。根据第四段“Newton'stelescopesolvedtheseproblems.Amirrordoesn'tallowlighttopass.It

simplybouncesallthelightoffthesurface.Thismeansthere5snochromaticaberration.Plus,becauseweonlyneed

tobouncelightoffthesurface,wecansupporttheentireminoronabase,reducingitsweight.Thisallowsusto

buildmuchlargermirrorswithoutanydistortion.（牛顿的望远镜解决了这些问题。镜子不允许光线通过。它只

是把所有的光从表面反射回来。这意味着没有色差。另外，因为我们只需要将光线从表面反射出去，我们

可以将整个镜子支撑在一个底座上，从而减轻了它的重量。这使我们能够建立更大的镜子没有任何失真）”可

知，牛顿的望远镜成功解决了图像因色差以及重量问题而质量不佳的问题。故选A项。

15.推理判断题。根据第五段“WhileGalileoiscreditedwiththediscoveryofmoonsaroundJupiterandHalley

withpredictingthecomet5sorbit,whatNewtondiddowastieinmathematics,astronomyandourcomprehension

oftheuniversethroughtheuseofhistelescopeandhisuniversalgravitationtheory.（伽禾!|略发现了木星周围的卫

星，哈雷预测了彗星的轨道，而牛顿所做的是通过使用他的望远镜和万有引力理论，将数学、天文学和我

们对宇宙的理解联系在一起户可知，与伽利略、哈雷相比，牛顿虽然没有发现新的天文学现象，但是却做到

了将数学、天文学和人们对宇宙的理解联系在一起。由此推知，作者提到伽利略、哈雷的目的是做比较。

故选D项。

原句

WhileGalileoiscreditedwiththediscoveryofmoonsaroundJupiterandHalleywithpredictingthecomet5s

orbit,whatNewtondiddowastieinmathematics,astronomyandourcomprehensionoftheuniversethrough

theuseofhistelescopeandhisuniversalgravitationtheory.

译文

伽利略发现了木星周围的卫星，哈雷预测了彗星的轨道，而牛顿所做的是通过使用他的望远镜和万有引

力理论，将数学、天文学和我们对宇宙的理解联系在一起。

分析

+--[主句：whatNewtondiddowastieinmathematics,astronomyandourcomprehensionoftheuniverse]

I

+--[主语从句：whatNewtondiddo]

I

+-[系动词：was]

I

+--[表语：tieinmathematics,astronomyandourcomprehensionoftheuniverse]

I

+一[方式状语：throughtheuseofhistelescopeandhisuniversalgravitationtheory]

I

[状语从句：WhileGalileoiscreditedwiththediscoveryofmoonsaroundJupiterandHalleywith

predictingthecomet9sorbit]

HE®®

1.reflectingtelescopen.反射望远镜2.noveladj.新奇的

3.astronomicaladj.天文的4.phenomenan.现象

5.transformv.改变6.refractorn.折射望远镜

7.lensn.镜片8.chromaticaberrationn.色差

9.distortedadj.扭曲的10.bouncev.反弹

（五）

（2023模拟）EatinginSpace

Imaginegoingcampingformorethanaweekwithseveralofyourclosefriends.Youwouldmakesureyou

haveplentyoffoodandtheequipmenttocookand