高考阅读干扰项排除法

高考阅读了解题十种常见干扰项设置手法第1页在答案选项分析中，假如对A选项了解概括了对其它三项(或其中某一项)理、解，那么我们就说选项A与其它三项是包含或概括关系，包含项A往往就是正确答案。如在“花”与“玫瑰”两选项中，正确答案必定是“花”，花包含了玫瑰,因为玫瑰必定是花，但花并不一定是玫瑰。包含项标准第2页Livinginaresidencehall（学生宿舍）carriescertainobligation.（义务）.Youhavetobeconsiderateofothers,especiallyduringstudyhours.Telephonecallsandvisitsbyfriendsshouldbeshort.Youhavetocooperateinkeepingtheroomassanitary（卫生）aspossible.Itissometimeshardtobetolerant（容忍）ofanotherperson’shabitsthatmaydifferfromyourown.Q:Whatmustyoulearntobetolerantofifyouliveinadormitory?A.Yourroommate’stelephonecallsB.HabitsthatmaydifferfromyourownC.Visitsbyyourroommate’sfriendsD.Roommateswhoareunsanitary第3页『个案解析』：从四个选项分析中我们能够看出，选项B“与你不一样生活习惯”其实就包含并概括了其它三选项，即A室友电话、C室友朋友来访、D室友不爱卫生，这些都是你不能接收生活习惯。假如我们能够选A、C、D任一选项，那么B也能够选，但正确答案只有一个，所以我们只能选B。再如:Q:Thethreeexamplesarecitedtoshowthat______.

A.

QuitsmokingisnecessaryB.

Healthyhabitsbenefitourhealth

C.

FruitsandvegetablesarebetterthanmilkD.

Weshoulddrinkmorewatereveryday.第4页『个案解析』：答案为B。显而易见，B为包含项，概括了A、C、D三项，即“quitsmoking,havemorefruitsandvegetablesanddrinkmorewater”都是“Healthyhabits”。Q:Inthebuildingoftheraillines,______.A.moreequipmentmadeinChinashouldbeusedB.moreimportedequipmentshouldbeusedC.moreexportedequipmentshouldbeusedD.moreequipmentusedininfrastructure（基础）projectsshouldbeused『个案解析』：正确答案为A。选项A命题（应该使用更多国产设备）包含了选项C命题（应该使用更多出口设备），因为出口设备本身就意味着它是国产设备。包含项标准预示：选项中内容全方面、概况性强，往往是正确答案。第5页2．正反项标准所谓正反项，是指两选项陈说命题完全相矛盾。依据形式逻辑排中律知识：两个相互矛盾判断不能都是假，其中必有一真。所以在阅读了解中，假如四选项中A、B互为正反项，那我们通常先排除C、D项，正确答案普通在A、B项当中取其一。第6页Theyfeeltheyarepoorlistenerswhentheythinkaboutsomethingelsewhiletheotheristalkingorwhentheyaretired,ornotinterestedinwhatsheorheistalkingabout.Mostpeoplelistenonlywiththeirears.Q:Accordingtothepassage,listeningonlywithearsmayhappentouswhen____

A.weareemotionallytiredB.wearephysicallydisabledC.

wearesointerestedinthetopicD.weareaskedmanyquestions【原文题意】:当他们心不在焉,感到厌倦,或对他/她谈论话题不感兴趣时候，他们就会以为自己不是一个好听众了。他们大多数人仅仅是用耳朵而非专心去听。『个案解析』：四个选项中，A与C陈说相互矛盾,互为正反项。我们什么时候不会专心去听?

A我们情绪厌倦时候，C我们对话题很感兴趣时候。显然这两个选项是矛盾正反判断，只有一个而且必有一个是真，所以我们能够先排除B、D选项，然后再结合我们下文将要提及常识项标准，能够把答案确定为A。第7页再看一例：Themainproblemisthatourneighborworldsappeartobeunsuitableforadvancedlifeforms.Themoonmaybethecasefirst,ithashardlyanyatmosphere.Venusislittlebetter,butthesurface’stemperatureisveryhigh.Marswiththinatmosphereandlittlewatercannotsupportthelivingnecessityoftheanimals.Q:ThereisunlikelyanylifeonVenusbecause______.A.ithasverythinatmosphereB.thesurfacetemperatureistoohotC.theweatheristoocoldD.itisextremelyshortofwater『个案解析』：B项（表面温度太热）与C项（气候太严寒）语义相反互为正反项。依据正反项标准，能够排除A、D项，然后在B、C项中选其一，这么，考生最少能够在不看原文前提下把答案命中率从25%提升到50％。其实，此题为细节题，依据原文第三句，我们能够把答案确定为B。正反项标准预示:陈说内容或基调完全相反两选项往往有一个是正确答案。第8页

3．委婉项标准

所谓委婉，这里是指说话不能说死，要留有余地。阅读了解选项中语气平和、委婉往往是正确答案。这些选项普通含有不十分必定或试探性语气表示，如：probably,possibly,may,usually,might,mostof,moreorless,relatively,belikelyto,notnecessary,although,yet,inaddition，tendto，beliableto等等，而含有绝对语气表示往往不是正确答案，如：must,always,never,themost,all,every,any,merely,only,completely,none,hardly,already等等。第9页Q:Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,____.A.theuseofwaterisacompletelynewconceptB.theseahasalreadylongbeenusedasawayofpowerC.waterisasourceofenergyfarmoreeconomicalthananyotherenergiesD.water,ifproperlyhandled,maypresentapromisingsolutiontoenergycrisis.第10页『个案解析』：很显著，依据委婉标准，正确答案应该为D,其它三项都含有过于必定语气词，如：completely,hasalready,farmorethananyother。而选项D比较委婉，if分词短语使说话留有余地，情态动词may使语气相对平缓。第11页再如：Theopinionofthewriteristhat____.A.theremaybeotherintelligentbeingsintheuniverseB.

thereareotherintelligentbeingsintheuniverseC.

peoplelivingontheearthare

almostcertainlytheonlyintelligentbeingsintheuniverseD.

peoplelivingontheeartharedefinitelytheonlyintelligentbeingsintheuniverse第12页Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothepassage?A.Workinghardisabasicrequirementof

all

employees.B.GoodwritingskillsalonehelpyousucceedinanyfieldC.TheonlyqualificationforgettinghiredbyacompanyisgoodcommunicationskillsD.Whiletheimportanceofone’sabilitytocommunicateincreases,hisprofessionalbackgroundmaybecomeincreasinglylessimportant.『个案解析』：答案：D。选项A（工作努力是对全部员工最起码要求）；选项B（单凭好写作技能可使你在任何领域取得成功）、C（被聘用上唯一条件就是要有良好表示技能）都过于绝对化；选项D（当交流表示能力主要性上升时，专业技术背景主要性就可能会对应降低）中“may”表推测情态动词使语气较为平缓，所以有可能是正确答案。第13页4．同形项标准几个选项如存在形式与结构上相同，那它们就互为同形项。同形项组可喻为高尔夫球场上“果岭”，而正确答案就是果岭上“球洞”。命题者往往先将正确答案设置在一个大命题范围，然后经过语言形式细微改变来考查考生了解能力与分析能力。同形项标准告诉我们：词汇与句法结构相同选项普通存在有正确答案。第14页Thedevelopmentofrapidtransitraillinesincitiesshouldparallel(与……平行)localeconomicdevelopmentandblindconstructionofsuchlinesshouldbeavoided…Itstressedthattheamountofdomesticallymadeequipmentusedinsuchinfrastructureprojectsneedstobeincreased.Q:Therapid-transitraillinesshould______.A.developasquicklyaspossibleB.developwithlocaleconomicdevelopmentC.developafterlocaleconomicdevelopmentD.developwiththeconstructionindustry『个案解析』：答案为B。经语言形式与结构分析，我们不难发觉B、C选项形式与结构相同（仅with与after一词之差）为同形项，所以可先试着排除A、D。再结合常识（常识项标准/下文）：高速路轨建设应该与地方经济相互促进、同时发展，最终确定答案为B。检验：依据原文中“parallel”（与…平行）能够确定上述分析结果正确。第15页5．常识项标准在议论文当中，那些符合普通常识，意义深刻富有哲理，符合普通规律，属于普遍现象选项往往是正确答案。Treesareusefultomaninthreeimportways:theyprovidehimwithwoodandotherproducts;theygivehimshade;andtheyhelptopreventdroughtsandfloods.Unfortunately,inmanypartsoftheworld,manhasnotrealizedthatthethirdoftheseservicesisthemostimportant.Q:Whatisthemostimportantserviceoftreestomanaccordingtothepassage?

A.

TheyhelphimmakemoneyB.

TheygivehimwoodandotherproductsC.

TheyhelphimpreventdroughtsandfloodsD.

Theygivehimshade『个案解析』：答案为C，这是常识项。植树造林是我国一大国策，目标在于预防洪涝、风沙、旱灾，这是我国公民普遍常识，所以C为正确答案：树木能够帮助人类阻挡洪涝与旱灾。相对于其它三项，C项意义愈加深远。其实，依据“Unfortunately(语义转折标志)，inmanypartsoftheworld,manhasnotrealizedthatthethirdoftheseservicesisthemostimportant，”我们也能够得出C项为正确答案。第16页再如：IfMrs.Abbydiesafterhehaspaidpremiumsforoneortwoyearsonly,theinsurancecompanywillloseheavily.Butifshelivestotheageofseventyorbeyond,theinsurancecompanywillmakeaprofit.Q:Accordingtothepassage,theinsurancecompanywillmakegreatprofits.A.Ifthepremium（保险费）isincreasedsothecompanycanearnmoremoney

eachyear.B.Ifnobodyaboveseventybuysinsuranceagainstdeath.C.

Ifmostinsurancebuyerslivelongerthantheaveragelengthoflife.D.

Ifmostinsurancebuyersliveshorterthantheaveragelengthoflife.『个案解析』：答案为C，这也是常识项。众所周知，保险企业之所以能盈利，那是因为被保险对象平安无事，所以，人活得越长，他交保险额就越多，保险企业利润就越高，所以C为正确答案：假如投保人比普通人活得更长。注意：人平均年纪往往是保险企业设置保率基准。另外，此题依据“But（语义转折标志）ifshelivestotheageofseventyorbeyond,theinsurancecompanywillmakeaprofit.”也能够推断出答案为C。第17页6．因果项标准阅读了解逻辑推理基本都是经过因果链进行，前因后果，一步步循序渐进。然而，在推理题型选项中，有选项会推理不到位（止于前因），或者推理过头（止于后果），这就是所谓干扰项。因果项标准要求：假如四个选项中有两项互为同一事物推理过程中因果关系，那么正确答案就是这两个因果项中其中之一。假如因项能够产生几个结果，那么答案就是因项；假如果项能够对应几个原因，那么答案就是果项。第18页Nooneshouldbeforcedtowearauniform.Uniformsaretotallyunnecessaryinademocraticsociety.Uniformtelltheworldthatthepersonwhowearsonehasnovalueasanindividual,thatis,theindividualinauniformlosesself-worth.Therearethosewhosaythatwearingauniformgivesasenseofidentificationwithamoreimportantconcept.Butinfact,theindividualhimselfisthemostimportant,ifanorganizationissoweakthatitmustrelyontheuniformtoinspireitmembers,thatorganizationhasnotrighttocontinueitsexistence.Ontheotherhand,uniformsalsohurttheeconomy.Q:Theauthor’smainpurposeinwritingthisparagraphisto______.A.showthatuniformarepossibleinademocraticsocietyB.

advocatestrongergovernmentalcontrolsonthewearingofuniformsC.convincethereaderthatuniformshavemoredisadvantagesthanadvantages

D.

advocatedoingawaywithuniforms 第19页『个案解析』：答案为C，综合分析四个选项，我们会发觉C与B、D项互为因果项，也就是说，因为C：制服弊大于利，所以B：呼吁政府采取办法控制穿制服，或D呼吁废除制服。依据因果项标准，一个原因对应了两个结果，答案应该选原因项C。本题是主旨题，依据原文，本段主要是列出制服弊端，说明制服弊大于利。B、D项为干扰项，属于推理过头。第20页7．望文生义标准这一干扰方法普通用于对句子或词语含义考查，即利用某个词或句子字面意义代替特定语境中详细意义。比如：1995年全国夏季高考题D篇第21页TheGreatFireofLondonstartedintheveryearlyhoursof2September1666.Infourdaysitdestroyedmorethanthree-quartersoftheoldcity,wheremostofthehouseswerewoodenandclosetogether.Onehundredthousandpeoplebecamehomeless,butonlyafewlosttheirlives.ThefirestartedonSundaymorninginthehouseoftheKing'sbaker(面包师)inPuddingLane.Thebaker,withhiswifeandfamily,wasabletogetoutthroughawindowintheroof.Astrongwindblewthefirefromthebakery(面包房)intoasmallhotelnextdoor.ThenitspreadquicklyintoThamesStreet.Thatwasthebeginning.…Q:Theunderlinedword"family"inthesecondparagraphmeans

.A.homeB.childrenC.wifeandhusbandD.wifeandchildren『个案解析』：一看到family这个词同学们可能马上会想到“家、家人”这些含义，这么就会不自觉中将答案限定在了A、C、D中，而在短文hiswifeandfamily这一语境中family显然指是children。第22页8．鱼目混珠标准这种干扰法惯用于考查文章相关细节题目中，即选项中表示意思正误并存，而且错误只是局部有误。甚至干扰项所表示意思根本就没有错误，只是内容不完整、不全方面罢了，严格起来讲，后面这个情况在没有最正确答案项情况下能够被选作正确答案。第23页Moreandmorecompaniesareallowingtheirofficeworkerstowearcasualtowork.IntheUnitedStates,thechangefromformaltocasualofficewearhasbeenslow.Intheearly1990s,manycompaniesallowedtheiremployeestowearcasualclothesonFriday.Thisbecameknownas“dress-downFriday”or“casualFriday”.“Whatstartedoutasanextraone-day-a-weekbenefitforemployershasreallybecomeaneverydaything.”saidbusinessconsultantAndonyJones.Q:Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisTrue?________A.Companyworkersstartedtodressdownabout20yearsago.B.Dress-downhasbecomeaneverydayphenomenonsincetheearly1990s.C.“Dress-downFriday”wasfirstgivenasafavourfromemployers.D.Manyworkerswanttowearcasualclothestoimpresspeople.『个案解析』：本题答案为C。干扰项B利用了“鱼目混珠法”，依据原文“Dress-downhasbecomeaneverydayphenomenon.”表示是正确，不过加上时间状语sincetheearly1990s句意就与原意不符了，因为20世纪90年代初许多企业只允许员工星期五穿便衣。第24页9．偷换概念标准这种干扰方法命题思绪是，在对原文进行同义转换或解释过程中，经过改变一些词汇或表示方法，使改变后意思与原文意思发生微妙或较大改变。比如：第25页WhofirstconceivedtheideaoftheFestivalofHongKong?Towhomdidhepropose?Howdidheconvinceothersofthefeasibilityofsuchafestival?HowwastheFestivaltoldtothepeopleofthe“PearloftheOrient”?Putitinanotherway:whatpurposedidthefestivalserve?Thepurpose,asstatedinthenewspaperwasadoubleone:togiveHongKongpeopleasenseofsecurityafterthedisturbanceof1967andtomakeyoungpeopleandworkingpeopleawareoftheneedforabitoffunandenjoymentinthegrindingworkoftheirdailylives.Q:ThepurposeoftheFestivalofHongKongis________.A.tofurnishnewspaperwithnewsB.toattracttouristsfromabroadC.toprovidereliefforworkersD.toenablepeopletorealizethatlifeisnotallwork『个案解析』：此题答案为D。选项C采取了“偷换概念”干扰方法。原文为“Thepurpose,asstatedinthenewspaperwasadoubleone:togiveHongKongpeopleasenseofsecurityafterthedisturbanceof1967andtomakeyoungpeopleandworkingpeopleawareoftheneedforabitoffunandenjoyment…”而干扰项C把原文中workingpeople偷换成workers，使范围缩小，表示不准确。第26页10．有意夸大标准这种干扰方法常见于说明文备选项中，即在介绍科学试验或新科研结果时，把可能看成现实，把可能出现问题设置为已经出现问题，把未然看成已然。第27页比如：湖北省黄冈市高三模拟题Withonlyabout1,000pandasleftintheworld,Chinaisdesperatelytryingtoclone(克隆)theanimalandsavetheendangeredspecies(物种).That’samovesimilartowhataTexasA&MUniversityresearchershavebeenundertakingforthepastfiveyearsinaprojectcalled“Noah’sArk”.Noah’sArkisaimedatcollectingeggs,embryos(胚胎),semenandDNAofendangeredanimalsandstoringtheminliquidnitrogen.Ifcertainspeciesshouldbecomeextinct,Dr.DuaneKraemer,aprofessorinTexasA&M’SCollegeofVeterinaryMedicine,saystherewouldbeenoughofthebasicbuildingblockstoreintroducethespeciesinthefuture.Itisestimatedthatasmanyas2,000speciesofmammals,birdsandreptileswillbecomeextinctinover100years.Thepanda,nativeonlytoChina,isindangerofbecomingextinctinthenext25years.Thisweek,ChinesescientistssaidtheygrewanembryointroducingcellsfromadeadfemalepandaintotheeggcellsofaJapanesewhiterabbit.Theyarenowtryingtoimplanttheembryointoahostanimal.第28页Theentireprocedurecouldtakefromthreetofiveyearstocomplete.“Thenucleartransfer(核子移植)ofonespeciestoanotherisnoteasy,andthelackofavailable(capableofbeingused)pandaeggscouldbeamajorproblem,”Kraemerbelieves.“Theywillprobablyhavetodoseveralhundredtransferstoresultinonepregnancy(havingababy).Ittakesalongtimeandit’sdifficult,butthiscouldbegroundbreakingscienceifitworks.Theyarecertainlynotputtinganylivepandasatrisk,soitisworththeeffort,”addsKraemer,whoisoneoftheleadersoftheProjectatTexasA&M,thefirst-everattemptatcloningadog.“Theyaretryingtodosomethingthat’sneverbeendone,andthisisverysimilartoourworkinNoah’sArk.We’rebothtryingtosaveanimalsthatfaceextinction.Icertainlyappreciatetheireffortandthere’salotwecanlearnfromwhattheyareattemptingtodo.It’saresearchthatisverymuchneeded.”Q:Thebesttitleforthepassagemaybe________.A.China’sSuccessinPandasCloningB.TheFirstClonedPandaintheWorldC.Exploringth