医学英语 Medical English Translation(6) Translation of Negative Forms 学习资料

医学英语翻译与写作

MedicalEnglish

Translationandwriting

Lecture6TranslationofNegativeForms

TheConceptofNegationQuasi-negativesTotalNegationPartialNegationDoubleNegationTransferredNegationSomeNegativeSentencePatterns

TheConceptofNegationThisstudyresultisyettobeproved.Virusesaretoosmalltobeseenbythe

nakedeye.Ican’tthankyouenough.Thepatientshouldnotbeallowedupuntil

theurineisnormal.—Youdon’tfeelwell,doyou?—No.TheConceptofNegationGeneralnegationandspecialnegationGeneralnegation:negationofthepredicate,totalnegationofthesentenceSpecialnegation:negationofotherelementsofthesentenceTheConceptofNegationGeneralnegationandspecialnegatione.g.1)Manyofthemwillnotbeoperatedonthisweek.2)Notmanyofthemwillbeoperatedonthisweek.TheConceptofNegationDon’tyoufellwell?Thereisusuallynopain.Anumberofpatientscanrecallnorecentsorethroat.Notasinglecaseofacuteinfection

hasbeenreportedsince1971.Ididn’tgobecauseIwantedtosee

adoctor.TheConceptofNegationNegativeword-formationPrefixes:a-/an-asepticanemiaanoxia

anti-antibioticantigencontra-contraindicationcontraceptioncounter-counteractioncounterbalancede-degenerationdehydrationdis-diseasedisfunctionTheConceptofNegation7.in-/il-/im-/ir-indigestioninorganicillegalillogicalimmatureimmuneirregularityirreversiblemal-maldevelopmentmaladjustmentmis-misdiagnosismiscarriagenon-nonsteroidalnontoxicun-unconsciousundifferentiationunder-undernutritionunderdiagnosisTheConceptofNegationSuffixes:-freesugar-freesymptom-free-lessbreathlesssymptomless-prooffire-proofsound-proofQuasi-negativesIngeneral,thereislittletobegainedfromsubstitutinganewdrugforanotherwell-triedoneofthesameclasswhentheformerhas

notyetshowngoodevidenceofasignificantefficacy.

一般来说，用一种还没有充分证据证明其有显著疗效的新药来取代另一种试用良好的同类药物，所获甚少（收效甚微）。Quasi-negativesThepatient’semotionalresponsetohisillnessismuchmorefavorableifheknowsthatthephysician’sgoalintreatmentgoesbeyondtheimmediatemedicalproblemtoincluderestorationofusefulfunction.

病人如果知道医生给他治疗的目的不仅仅是解决当前的问题，而且还包括恢复其有用的功能，那么他在情绪上的反应就会好得多了。TotalNegationThealgesimetryreadingisnot

morethan0.2.痛觉测定指数不超过0.2。Thealgesimetryreadingisnomorethan0.2.痛觉测定指数仅为0.2。TotalNegationNotlessthansixglassesoffluiddailyshouldbetheruleforeveryadult.成人每天至少应摄入六杯液体。Nolessthansixglassesoffluiddailyshouldbetheruleforeveryadult.成人每天的液体摄入量多达六杯。TotalNegationIfthediagnosisisnotcertainfromexaminationoftheblood,nevershoulditbeforgottenthatconfirmationmaybeobtainedbybonemarrowstudy.如果通过血液检查不能肯定诊断，

切不可忘记还可通过骨髓检查来确诊。TotalNegationItisnothing

surprisingthatsuchsmallliving

thingsasvirusescancausedeath.象病毒这么小的生物也能置人于死地，

这是毫不奇怪的。

Neithertreatmentofthedisesenor

preventionofitscomplicationshouldbeneglected.

疾病的治疗及其并发症的预防都不应被忽视。PartialNegationNotallX-raymachinesinthishospitalareproducedinourcountry.AllX-raymachinesinthishospitalarenotproducedinourcountry.NoallX-raymachinesinthishospitalareproducedinourcountry.（1-2）并非所有的X射线机都是国产的。（3）所有的X射线机都不是国产的。

PartialNegationFeveristhemostfrequentmanifestationofinfection;however,allinfectionsdo

notcausefeverandallfeversarenot

secondarytoinfection.

发热是感染最常见的临床表现，但是并非所有的感染都能引起发热，也并非所有的发热都继发于感染。

PartialNegationNot

allgermsthatenterthebodygrow,multiplyanddestroythetissues,nordo

allhumanbeingssupplytherightfoodfortheirgrowth.

并非所有进入人体的病菌都能生长、繁殖并破坏组织，也并非所有的人都能为它们的生长提供适当的养料。DoubleNegationThespleencontainsnocelltypesorstructuresnotrepresentedelsewhereinthebody:reticuloendothelialcells,lymphocytesandvascularsinuses.

脾脏中所包含的细胞类型或结构也都存在于身体的其它部位，如：网状内皮细胞、淋巴细胞和血管窦。DoubleNegationThecauseofmeasleshaslongbeenconsideredtobeavirus;butnotuntil

recentlyhasthisagentbeenisolated.

麻疹长久以来都被认为是由病毒引起的，但直到最近这种病毒才被分离出来。DoubleNegationNorcanwedowithoutavaccinetopreventtheinfectiousdiseasefromspreading.

如果没有用于预防传染病传播的疫苗，

我们就束手无策。Givennothingbymouthuntilacutesymptomsofpainandnauseahavesubsided.

疼痛和恶心等急性症状消失之前不要进食。TransferredNegationTheexperimentalevidencedoesnotsuggestthesterilizingroleofisoniazid(异烟肼)is

equaltothatofrifampin(利福平).

实验证据表明异烟肼和利福平的灭菌作用不等。Thedoctordidnotignorethediseasebecausethesymptomsaretrivial.医生并没有因为症状轻微而忽视了此病。TransferredNegationCorticosteroidsdonotappeartoshortenthecourseofuncomplicatedviralhepatitisorreducetheincidenceofcomplications.

皮质类固醇似乎没有缩短未出现并发症的病毒性肝炎的病程，也没有降低并发症的发病率。SomeNegativeSentencePatternstoo···+infinitive（orfor）Thephysicianistooexperiencednottoknowhowtotreattheemergencycase.Wearebuttoopleasedtohavecuredthemofheirillness.Thedoctorsaretooeasy

tomakethediagnosisinsuchcases.Somepeoplearetooapttocatchcold.SomeNegativeSentencePatternscannot···too···anditsderivativeformsYou

cannotgotoseethedoctortooearly.Theimportanceofearlyrecognitionofcancerof

thestomachcanhardlybeemphasizedtoo

much.Thenecessitytodiscontinuecigarette

smoking

cannot

be

overemphasized.SomeNegativeSentencePatternsNegative+butThereisnooperationbut

somedegreeofinflammationtakesplace.

没有什么手术不发生某种程度的炎症。Sheneversendsforthedoctorbutshefalls

extremelyill.

她从不去看医生，除非患了重病。SomeNega