隧道施工技术围岩压力与成拱作用课件

围岩压力与成拱作用隧道施工技术TunnelConstructionTechnologySurroundingRockPressureandArchingEffect围岩压力与成拱作用目录TableofContentsSurroundingRockPressureandArchingEffect围岩成理1SurroundingRockFormationPrinciple围岩加固2SurroundingRockReinforce应用算例3ApplicationExamples课程小结4Summary围岩成理SurroundingRockFormationPrinciple01隧道安全开挖谁说了算Whatdeterminessafetunneling隧道安全开挖谁说了算Whatdeterminessafetunneling案例导入乐业隧道坍塌CaseIntroductionCollapseofLeyeTunnelAtunnelcollapseaccidentoccurredinPhaseIoftheLeyeAvenueRoadProjectinBaise.Baise

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Guangxi案例导入乐业隧道坍塌CaseIntroductionCollapseofLeyeTunnelAtunnelcollapseaccidentoccurredinPhaseIoftheLeyeAvenueRoadProjectinBaise.Baise

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Guangxi案例导入乐业隧道坍塌CaseIntroductionCollapseofLeyeTunnelEightoperatorsandawatchkeeperweretrapped.案例导入乐业隧道坍塌CaseIntroductionCollapseofLeyeTunnelBy22:36onNovember16案例导入乐业隧道坍塌CaseIntroductionCollapseofLeyeTunnelallthebodiesoftheninehadbeenrecovered.案例导入乐业隧道坍塌CaseIntroductionCollapseofLeyeTunnelTheaccidentoccurredontheafternoonofSeptember10.案例导入乐业隧道坍塌CaseIntroductionCollapseofLeyeTunnelThecollapsedmassofrockandsoilpiledupalloverthesection,andsmokeanddustbatteredthescene.案例导入乐业隧道坍塌CaseIntroductionCollapseofLeyeTunnelThecollapsedmassofrockandsoilpiledupalloverthesection,andsmokeanddustbatteredthescene.案例导入乐业隧道坍塌CaseIntroductionCollapseofLeyeTunnelWhentheaccidentoccurred,thenineworkerswereinvolvedintheerectionofarchframes案例导入乐业隧道坍塌CaseIntroductionCollapseofLeyeTunnelontheleftfaceoftheShanggangTunnel,andfailedtoevacuateintime.案例导入乐业隧道坍塌CaseIntroductionCollapseofLeyeTunnelontheleftfaceoftheShanggangTunnel,andfailedtoevacuateintime.案例导入乐业隧道坍塌CaseIntroductionCollapseofLeyeTunnelAllinvolvedpartiesaremakingeveryefforttoassistthesearchandrescue.案例导入乐业隧道坍塌CaseIntroductionCollapseofLeyeTunnelHowever,thegeologicalconditionsatthecollapselocationiscomplex,案例导入乐业隧道坍塌CaseIntroductionCollapseofLeyeTunnelandtherearehugedangerousrocksandcracksabovethecollapsesection,whichareeasytoleadtosecondarydisasters.案例导入乐业隧道坍塌CaseIntroductionCollapseofLeyeTunnelTherescueteamhasfacednewrisksandproblemsoverandoveragain.案例导入乐业隧道坍塌CaseIntroductionCollapseofLeyeTunnelTherescueprogresswasseriouslyaffected.隧道坍塌Tunnelcollapse与不良地质条件有密切关系iscloselyrelatedtounfavorablegeologicalconditions后者反应在Thelatterisreflectedinthe围岩与围岩压力上surroundingrockandthepressureofsurroundingrock分析事故原因Analyzingthecauseoftheaccident围岩成理SurroundingRockFormationPrinciple围岩加固SurroundingRockReinforce什么是隧道围岩Whatissurroundingrockofatunnel在山岭隧道施工过程中相当于在山体内部开挖了一条长条形通道Let'simagine,duringtheconstructionofthemountaintunnel,tunnelingislikediggingalongpassageinsidethemountain.围岩压力与成拱作用围岩成理SurroundingRockPressureandArchingEffectSurroundingRockFormationPrinciple中间被挖空

四周的岩体自然会向内部收缩产生松动、破碎开裂等情况什么是隧道围岩Whatissurroundingrockofatunnel在山岭隧道施工过程中相当于在山体内部开挖了一条长条形通道Let'simagine,duringtheconstructionofthemountaintunnel,Asthemiddlepartofthemountainishollowedout,thesurroundingrocknaturallyshrinkstotheinside,resultinginlooseness,fragmentationandcracking.围岩压力与成拱作用围岩成理SurroundingRockPressureandArchingEffectSurroundingRockFormationPrinciple四周的岩体自然会向内部收缩产生松动、破碎开裂等情况thesurroundingrocknaturallyshrinkstotheinsideresultinginlooseness,fragmentationandcracking但其影响范围是十分有限的即使是爆破开挖也不可能导致整个山体的扰动Buttheinfluenceislimitedinrange,Evenblastingexcavationisunlikelytocausedisturbanceofthewholemountain.围岩压力与成拱作用围岩成理SurroundingRockPressureandArchingEffectSurroundingRockFormationPrinciple什么是隧道围岩Whatissurroundingrockofatunnel我们将此范围岩体称之为围岩Surroundingrock这个影响区域大约在开挖轮廓线外6-10D（隧道洞径）什么是隧道围岩Whatissurroundingrockofatunnel围岩压力与成拱作用围岩成理SurroundingRockPressureandArchingEffectSurroundingRockFormationPrincipleThisapproximateinfluenceareaiswithin6-10D(tunneldiameter)outsidetheexcavationcontourline,Therockmassinthisrangeiscalled是未受扰动的稳定岩体undisturbedandstable围岩外侧可认为Therockmassoutsideofthesurroundingrockcanberegardedas这个影响区域大约在开挖轮廓线外6-10D（隧道洞径）Thisapproximateinfluenceareaiswithin6-10D(tunneldiameter)outsidetheexcavationcontourline说到隧道坍塌Whenitcomestotunnelcollapse可能你可能会认为坍塌原因来自于上方所有岩体的自重压力Youmaythinkthatthecauseofcollapsecomesfromthegravitypressureofalltherockmassesabove.围岩压力与成拱作用围岩成理SurroundingRockPressureandArchingEffectSurroundingRockFormationPrinciple围岩的“成拱作用”The"archingeffect"ofsurroundingrock说到隧道坍塌Whenitcomestotunnelcollapse可能你可能会认为坍塌原因Youmaythinkthatthecauseofcollapse来自于上方所有岩体的自重压力comesfromthegravitypressureofalltherockmassesabove但围岩的“成拱作用”却告诉你未必如此围岩压力与成拱作用围岩成理SurroundingRockPressureandArchingEffectSurroundingRockFormationPrinciple围岩的“成拱作用”The"archingeffect"ofsurroundingrockWhilethe"archingeffect"ofsurroundingrockmaytellyouotherwise.我们来看一个例子从水平岩层开挖一个深埋矩形坑道Let'stakealookatanexample.Ifadeep-buriedrectangulargalleryisexcavatedinahorizontalstratum:围岩压力与成拱作用围岩成理SurroundingRockPressureandArchingEffectSurroundingRockFormationPrinciple围岩的“成拱作用”The"archingeffect"ofsurroundingrock刚开始在垂直压力作用下围岩压力与成拱作用围岩成理SurroundingRockPressureandArchingEffectSurroundingRockFormationPrinciple围岩的“成拱作用”The"archingeffect"ofsurroundingrock隧道围岩顶板开始沉陷Atfirst,underverticalpressure,thesurroundingrockontheroofofthegallerybeginsto

sink,隧道围岩顶板开始thesurroundingrockontheroofofthegallerybeginsto

sink,沉陷围岩压力与成拱作用围岩成理SurroundingRockPressureandArchingEffectSurroundingRockFormationPrinciple围岩的“成拱作用”The"archingeffect"ofsurroundingrock并出现拉断裂纹andcausestensilecracks;刚开始在垂直压力作用下隧道围岩顶板开始沉陷Atfirst,underverticalpressure,thesurroundingrockontheroofofthegallerybeginsto

sink,并出现拉断裂纹andcausestensilecracks;随后顶板中间部分裂纹展开Thenthecracksinthemiddlepartoftheroofspread围岩的“成拱作用”The"archingeffect"ofsurroundingrock围岩压力与成拱作用围岩成理SurroundingRockPressureandArchingEffectSurroundingRockFormationPrinciple随后顶板Thenthecracksinthemiddlepartoftheroofspread中间部分裂纹展开围岩的“成拱作用”The"archingeffect"ofsurroundingrock围岩压力与成拱作用围岩成理SurroundingRockPressureandArchingEffectSurroundingRockFormationPrinciple随后顶板中间部分裂纹展开石块开始掉落，垂直压力急剧增大Thenthecracksinthemiddlepartoftheroofspreadresultinginfallingofrocksandsharpincreaseofverticalpressure;围岩的“成拱作用”The"archingeffect"ofsurroundingrock当大部分掉落石块与围岩母体分离Whenmostofthefallenrocksareseparatedfromtheparentrock稳定的拱形边界顶板上部形成theupperpartoftheroof

formsastablearchedboundary围岩压力与成拱作用围岩成理SurroundingRockPressureandArchingEffectSurroundingRockFormationPrinciple顶板上部Theupperpartoftheroofformsastablearchedboundary稳定的拱形边界坑道上方围岩Arelativelystable"naturalarch"相对稳定的“天然拱”abovethegallery形成formedbythesurroundingrock围岩的“成拱作用”The"archingeffect"ofsurroundingrock此时垂直压力稳定，侧压力增加Atthistime,theverticalpressureisstableandthelateralpressureincreases.围岩压力与成拱作用围岩成理SurroundingRockPressureandArchingEffectSurroundingRockFormationPrinciple坑道上方围岩形成相对稳定的“天然拱”Arelativelystable"naturalarch"formedbythesurroundingrockabovethegallery向两侧传递而不是向下传tobothsidesinsteadofdownward.隧道垂直压力只来自于这部分拱形围岩的自重压力它如同一个承载环将上方岩体的自重压力Likeaload-carryingringittransfersthegravitypressureoftheupperrockmass狭义的围岩压力narrowlydefinedsurroundingrockpressure也称为围岩的“成拱作用”The"archingeffect"ofsurroundingrock围岩压力与成拱作用围岩成理SurroundingRockPressureandArchingEffectSurroundingRockFormationPrincipleTherefore,theverticalpressureofthetunnelonlycomesfromthegravitypressureofthearchedsurroundingrockItisalsoknownastheUpperrockmassUpperrockmassRockmassonbothsidesRockmassonbothsidesRockmassonbothsidesRockmassonbothsidesload-carryingringload-carryingring重建新的平衡也能可见，“成拱作用”即使在没有人为加固隧道的情况下围岩的“成拱作用”The"archingeffect"ofsurroundingrockItcanbeseenthat,evenwithoutdedicatedreinforcementofthetunnel"arching”canrebuildanewbalance围岩压力与成拱作用围岩成理SurroundingRockPressureandArchingEffectSurroundingRockFormationPrinciple为了满足此受力特性Giventheforcecharacteristic围岩的“成拱作用”The"archingeffect"ofsurroundingrock隧道断面设计大都将隧道顶部做成mostofthesectionsoftunnelroofaredesignedasanarch拱形围岩压力与成拱作用围岩成理SurroundingRockPressureandArchingEffectSurroundingRockFormationPrinciple此外“成拱作用”还告诉我们深埋隧道不会因埋置深度的加大而导致围岩压力的增加。围岩的“成拱作用”The"archingeffect"ofsurroundingrock围岩压力与成拱作用围岩成理SurroundingRockPressureandArchingEffectSurroundingRockFormationPrincipleInaddition,the"archingeffect"alsorevealsthatthesurroundingrockpressurewillnotincreaseduetotheincreaseinburialdepthofthedeep-buriedtunnel.相反隧道坍塌更多发生在洞口段的开挖中Onthecontrary,tunnelcollapseoccursmoreoften

这是因为浅埋段

多为风化的软弱土，无法“成拱”平衡围岩压力与成拱作用围岩成理SurroundingRockPressureandArchingEffectSurroundingRockFormationPrinciple围岩的“成拱作用”The"archingeffect"ofsurroundingrockThisisbecausemostofshallowburiedsectionsarecomposedofweatheredsoftsoilanditisdifficulttoholdan"arching"balance我们在进行隧道断面设计和围岩压力计算时围岩压力与成拱作用围岩成理SurroundingRockPressureandArchingEffectSurroundingRockFormationPrinciple围岩的“成拱作用”The"archingeffect"ofsurroundingrockTherefore,whendesigningthetunnelsectionandcalculatingthesurroundingrockpressure切忌想当然wemustnottakeitforgranted围岩压力与成拱作用围岩成理SurroundingRockPressureandArchingEffectSurroundingRockFormationPrinciple围岩的“成拱作用”The"archingeffect"ofsurroundingrock务必尊重自然变化规律wemustrespectthelawofnaturalchange围岩压力与成拱作用围岩成理SurroundingRockPressureandArchingEffectSurroundingRockFormationPrinciple围岩的“成拱作用”The"archingeffect"ofsurroundingrock切忌想当然wemustnottakeitforgranted务必尊重自然变化规律wemustrespectthelawofnaturalchange以严谨的“匠人”精神和实事求是的科学态度做一个合格的工程人andbeaqualifiedengineerwitharigorous"craftsman"spiritandascientificattitudeofseekingtruthfromfacts围岩加固SurroundingRockReinforce02既然隧道的安全开挖离不开围岩的稳定性stabilityofthesurroundingrockHavingknownthatsafetunnelingisinseparablefromthe围岩加固SurroundingRockReinforce证明采用以钢筋和混凝土作为支护衬砌，wisetunnelengineershaveprovedthatusingsteelbarsandconcreteassupportinglining支承围岩并帮助围岩自稳是目前最科学有效的方法，isthemostscientificandeffectivemethodtosupportandassisttheself-stabilizationofthesurroundingrock.围岩加固SurroundingRockReinforce"NewAustrianTunnelingMethod""NewAustrianTunnelingMethod"SteelmeshShotcretingAnchorrodSteelrib围岩加固SurroundingRockReinforce围岩锚杆加固模拟试验Simulationtestofreinforcingsurroundingrockwithanchorrods围岩压力与成拱作用围岩加固从模拟试验中我们看到工程师用螺栓锚杆和碎石模拟隧道松动围岩加固过程。Fromthesimulationtest,wecanseethatanengineersimulatestheprocessofreinforcingloosetunnelsurroundingrockswithanchorboltsandcrushedstones.锚杆是螺纹型钢筋，能钻入围岩中并通过螺母和垫圈固定。Anchorrodsarethreadedsteelbarsthatcanbedrilledintothesurroundingrockandfixedbynutsandwashers.围岩压力与成拱作用围岩加固SurroundingRockPressureandArchingEffectSurroundingRockReinforceAfterthenutsandwashersarescrewedintothecrushedstonesAnchorrodsarethefirstchoiceforengineersatpresent.anengineerdemonstratedtheuseofanchorbolts.即便取掉了框架底板eveniftheframefloorisremoved,围岩锚杆加固模拟试验Simulationtestofreinforcingsurroundingrockwithanchorrods紧凑在一起的碎石受到螺栓锚杆的加固作用thecompactcrushedstonescaneasilybearanadultjumpingonthesurface也能轻松支撑起一个蹦蹦跳跳的成年人withthereinforcementofanchorbolts.thecompactcrushedstonescaneasilybearanadultjumpingonthesurfacewiththereinforcementofanchorbolts.围岩压力与成拱作用围岩加固SurroundingRockPressureandArchingEffectSurroundingRockReinforce锚杆将围岩和围岩后方稳定岩体连接在一起。

就如同钉子把围岩这幅画固定在墙面上的原理相似。围岩锚杆加固模拟试验SimulationtestofreinforcingsurroundingrockwithanchorrodsAnchorrodsconnectthesurroundingrockwiththestablerockmassbehindthesurroundingrock.It'slikenailingadrawingtothewall.围岩压力与成拱作用围岩加固SurroundingRockPressureandArchingEffectSurroundingRockReinforce围岩锚杆加固模拟试验Simulationtestofreinforcingsurroundingrockwithanchorrods围岩压力与成拱作用围岩加固SurroundingRockPressureandArchingEffectSurroundingRockReinforce同时，一根根的注浆锚杆将破碎围岩更紧密贴合在一起。Atthesametime,thesegroutedanchorrodsbringthebrokensurroundingrockstogethermoreclosely.同时，一根根的注浆锚杆将破碎围岩更紧密贴合在一起Atthesametime,thesegroutedanchorrodsbringthebrokensurroundingrockstogethermoreclosely.

增强了各个破碎岩层间的强度和摩阻力。围岩锚杆加固模拟试验Simulationtestofreinforcingsurroundingrockwithanchorrodsenhancingthestrengthandfrictionbetweenthebrokenrocklayers,围岩压力与成拱作用围岩加固SurroundingRockPressureandArchingEffectSurroundingRockReinforce同时，一根根的注浆锚杆将破碎围岩更紧密贴合在一起。Atthesametime,thesegroutedanchorrodsbringthebrokensurroundingrockstogethermoreclosely.注浆锚杆Groutedanchorrods让松动区裂隙、破裂面得以连接，形成围岩整体受力。andconnectthecracksandfracturesurfacesinthelooseareatoformtheoverallstressofthesurroundingrock.围岩锚杆加固模拟试验Simulationtestofreinforcingsurroundingrockwithanchorrods围岩压力与成拱作用围岩加固SurroundingRockPressureandArchingEffectSurroundingRockReinforce

增强了各个破碎岩层间的强度和摩阻力。enhancingthestrengthandfrictionbetweenthebrokenrocklayers,同时，一根根的注浆锚杆将破碎围岩更紧密贴合在一起。Atthesametime,thesegroutedanchorrodsbringthebrokensurroundingrockstogethermoreclosely.围岩整体受力Overallstressofsurroundingrock围岩压力与成拱作用围岩加固SurroundingRockPressureandArchingEffectSurroundingRockReinforce围岩锚杆加固模拟试验Simulationtestofreinforcingsurroundingrockwithanchorrods锚杆是在施工阶段打入围岩内部的杆状构件所以在隧道建成后自然无法看到。Anchorrodsarerod-shapedmembersdrivenintothesurroundingrockduringtheconstructionstageandarecertainlyinvisibletothenakedeyeafterthetunneliscompleted.挂设在碎石下方围岩压力与成拱作用围岩加固SurroundingRockPressureandArchingEffectSurroundingRockReinforce围岩锚杆加固模拟试验Simulationtestofreinforcingsurroundingrockwithanchorrods在模拟试验中还看到Inthesimulationtest,wealsoseethat用铁丝挂网模拟钢筋网、钢拱架和喷射混凝土等材料wiremesheshungundercrushedstoneareusedtosimulatematerialssuchasreinforcingmesh,steelribs,andshotcrete.支撑围岩变形和分摊围岩压力的作用它们如同一个密贴的罩子，起到围岩压力与成拱作用围岩加固SurroundingRockPressureandArchingEffectSurroundingRockReinforce围岩锚杆加固模拟试验SimulationtestofreinforcingsurroundingrockwithanchorrodsTogether,theyformaclose-fittingcovertopreventthedeformationofsurroundingrockandsharethepressureofsurroundingrock.围岩压力与成拱作用围岩加固SurroundingRockPressureandArchingEffectSurroundingRockReinforce围岩锚杆钢筋混凝土加固优点Advantagesofreinforcingsurroundingrockswithanchorrodsandreinforcedconcrete

可见初期支护不仅能加固围岩稳定还可以少占用隧道狭小的内部区域Itcanbeseenthattheprimarysupportcannotonlyreinforcethesurroundingrockbutalsooccupylessofthenarrowinteriorareaofthetunnelto

可见初期支护不仅能加固围岩稳定围岩压力与成拱作用围岩加固SurroundingRockPressureandArchingEffectSurroundingRockReinforce围岩锚杆钢筋混凝土加固优点Advantagesofreinforcingsurroundingrockswithanchorrodsandreinforcedconcrete还可以少占用隧道狭小的内部区域Itcanbeseenthattheprimarysupportcannotonlyreinforcethesurroundingrockbutalsooccupylessofthenarrowinteriorareaofthetunnelto保证车辆有足够的行驶空间ensureenoughdrivingspaceforvehicles爱护围岩，少扰动围岩Takegoodcareofsurroundingrocksandminimizedisturbancetosurroundingrocks围岩压力与成拱作用围岩加固SurroundingRockPressureandArchingEffectSurroundingRockReinforce围岩与支护结构共同受力Keepthesurroundingrocksandsupportingstructuresbearthestresstogether人与自然和谐相处Liveinharmonywithnature.应用算例ApplicationExamples03围岩压力与成拱作用应用算例SurroundingRockPressureandArchingEffectApplicationExamplesⅣ级围岩ClassIVsurroundingrock围岩松动区深度为4.21mandthedepthofthelooseareaofsurroundingrockis4.21m.围岩压力与成拱作用应用算例SurroundingRockPressureandArchingEffectApplicationExamples若使直径φ22的HRB400螺纹钢筋做锚杆支护采用M20砂浆，计算锚杆插入深度L。IfanHRB400threadedrebarwithadiameterofφ22isusedasananchorrodforsupportandM20mortarisapplied.PleasecalculatetheinsertiondepthLoftheanchorrod.围岩压力与成拱作用应用算例SurroundingRockPressureandArchingEffectApplicationExamples解：由围岩成理和围岩加固知识可知，锚杆插入深度需穿过松动围岩并嵌入稳定岩体一定深度。嵌入稳定岩体深度:Lm=dR4τ—22×400=———4×20=0.11m即锚杆插入深度L=插入围岩深度h＋嵌入稳定岩体深度Lam若使直径φ22的HRB400螺纹钢筋做锚杆支护采用M20砂浆，计算锚杆插入深度L。IfanHRB400threadedrebarwithadiameterofφ22isusedasananchorrodforsupportandM20mortarisapplied.PleasecalculatetheinsertiondepthLoftheanchorrod.Solution:Basedontheformationprincipleandreinforcementofsurroundingrocks,theanchorrodneedstopassthroughtheloosesurroundingrockandbeembeddedintothestablerockmasstoacertaindepth.Thatis,theinsertiondepthLofanchorrod=insertiondepthhinsurroundingrock+insertiondepthLinstablerockmass.amwecanobtaintheinsertiondepthinstablerockmass：d是锚杆直径distheanchorroddiameterR是钢筋设计强度Risthedesignstrengthoftherebarτ是砂浆黏结强度τisthebondingstrengthofmortar围岩压力与成拱作用应用