考研英语真题试卷

2011考研英语(-)真题试卷

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],

[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

AncientGreekphilosopherAristotleviewedlaughteras"abodilyexercisepreciousto

health/But_1_someclaimstothecontrary,laughingprobablyhaslittleinfluenceonphysical

fitnessLaughterdoes_2_short-termchangesinthefunctionoftheheartanditsbloodvessels,

_3_heartrateandoxygenconsumptionButbecausehardlaughterisdifficultto_4__,agood

laughisunlikelytohave_5_benefitstheway,say,walkingorjoggingdoes.

_6-insteadofstrainingmusclestobuildthem,asexercisedoes,laughterapparently

accomplishesthe_7_,studiesdatingbacktothe1930'sindicatethatlaughter_8_muscles,

decreasingmuscletoneforupto45minutesafterthelaughdiesdown.

Suchbodilyreactionmightconceivablyhelp_9_theeffectsofpsychologicalstress.Anyway,

theactoflaughingprobablydoesproduceothertypesof_10_feedback,thatimprovean

individual'semotionalstate._11____oneclassicaltheoryofemotion,ourfeelingsarepartially

rooted12_physicalreactions.Itwasarguedattheendofthe19thcenturythathumansdo

notcry_13_theyaresadbuttheybecomesadwhenthetearsbegintoflow.

Althoughsadnessalso14_tears,evidencesuggeststhatemotionscanflow_15—

muscularresponses.Inanexperimentpublishedin1988,socialpsychologistFritzStrackofthe

UniversityofwurzburginGermanyaskedvolunteersto_16_apeneitherwiththeir

teeth-therebycreatinganartificialsmile-orwiththeirlips,whichwouldproducea(n)_17_

expression.Thoseforcedtoexercisetheirenthusiasticallytofunnycatoonsthandidthosewhose

monthswerecontractedinafrown,____19_thatexpressionsmayinfluenceemotionsrather

thanjusttheotherwayaround_20_,thephysicalactoflaughtercouldimprovemood.

1.[A]among[B]except[C]despite[D]like

2.[A]reflect[B]demend[C]indicate[D]produce

3.[A]stabilizing[B]boosting[C]impairing[D]determining

4.[A]transmit[B]sustain[C]evaluate[D]observe

5.[A]measurable[B]manageable[C]affordable[D]renewable

6.[A]Inturn[B]Infact[C]Inaddition[D]Inbrief

7.[A]opposite[B]impossible[C]average[D]expected

8.[A]hardens[B]weakens[C]tightens[D]relaxes

9.[A]aggravate[B]generate[C]morderate[D]enhance

10.[A]physical[B]mental[C]subconscious[D]intermal

11.[A]Exceptfor[B]Accordingto[C]Dueto[D]Asfor

12.[A]with[B]on[C]in[D]at

13.[A]unless[B]until[C]if[D]because

14.[A]exhausts[B]follows[C]precedes[D]supresses

15.[A]into[B]form[C]towards[D]beyond

16.[A]fecth[B]form[C]pick[D]hold

17.[A]disappointed[B]excited[C]joyful[D]indifferent

18.[A]ad叩ted[B]catered[C]turned[D]reacted

19.[A]suggesting[B]requiring[C]mentioning[D]supposing

20.[A]Eventually[B]Consequently[C]Similatly[D]Conversely

Section!!ReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readingthefollowingfourstexts.AnswerthequestionbeloweachtextbyChoosing[A],[B],[C]

or[D].MarkyouransweronANSWERSHEETl.(40points)

Text1

ThedecisionoftheNewYorkphilharmonictohireAlanGilbertasitsnextmusicdirectorhas

beenthetalkoftheclassical-musicworldeversincethesuddenannouncementofhis

appointmentin2009.Forthemostpart,theresponsehasbeenfavorable,tosaytheleast

“Hooray!Atlast!"wroteAnthonyTommasini,asober-sidedclassical-musiccritic

Oneofthereasonwhytheappiontmentcameassuchasurprise,however,isthatGilberis

commparativelylittleknownEvenTommasini,whohadadvocatedGilbert*sappointmentinthe

Times,callshim“anunpretentiousmusicianwithnoairoftheformidableconductorabout

him."Asadescriptionofthenextmusicdirectorofanorchestrathathashithertobeenledby

musicianslikeGustavMahlerandPierreBoulez,thatsemmslikelytohavestruckatleastsome

Timesreadersasfaintprwise

Formypart,IhavenoideawhetherGilbertisagreatconductororevenagoodone.Tobe

sure,beperformsanimpressivevarietyofinterestingcomposition,butitisnotnecessaryforme

tovisitAveryFisherHall,oranywhereelse,tohearinterestingorchestralmusic.AllIhavetodois

togotomyCDshelf,orbootupmycomputeramddownloadstillmorerecordedmusicform

iTumes

Devotedconcertgoerswhoreplythatrecordingarenosubstituteforliveperformanceare

missingthepoint.Forthetime,attention,andmoneyoftheart-lovingpublic,classical

instrumentalistsmustcompetenotonlywithoperahouses,dancetroupes,theeatercompanies,

andmuseums,butalsowiththerecorsedperformancesofthegreatclassicalmusiciansofthe

20thcentury.Thererecordingarecheap,availableeverwhere,andveryoftenmuchhigherin

artisticqualitythantodayzschoosing.Thewidespreadavailabilytyofsuchrecordinghasthus

broughtaboutactisisintheinstitutionofthetraditionalclassicalcouncert

Onepossiblereponseisforclassicalperformerstoprogramattravtivenewmusicthatisnot

yetavailableonrecors.Gilbert*sowninterestinnewmusichasbeenwidelynoted:AlexRoss,a

classical-musiccritic,hasdescribedhimasamanwhoiscapableofturningthePhiharmonicinto

"amarkedlydifferent,morevibrantorganization"Butwhatwillbethenatureofthatdifference?

Merely,expandingtheorchestra'srepertorrewillnotbeenough.IfGilbertandthrPhilharmonic

aretosucceed,theymustfirstchangetherelationshipbetweenAmerica1aolderestorchestra

andthenewaudienceithopstoattract.

learnfromPara1thatGilbert'sappointmenthas

[A]incuredcriticism

[B]raisedsuspicion

[C]raceivedacclaim

[D]aroundcuriousity

regardsGilbertasanartistwhois

[A]influential

[B]modest

[C]respectable

[D]talented

23.Theauthorbelievesthatthedevotedconcertgoers

[A]ignoretheexpenseofliveperformance

[B]rejectmostkindsofrecordedperformance

[C]exaggeratethevarietyofliveperformanc

[D]overestimatethevarietyofliveperformance

tothetext,whichofthefollowingistrueofrecordings?

[A]Theyareofteninterrortoliveconcertsinquality

[B]Theyareeasilyaccessibletothegenralpublic

[C]Theyhelpimprovethequalityofmusic

[D]Theyhaveonlyconveredmasterpieces

GilbertsroleinrevitalizingthePhilharmonic,theauthirfeels

[A]doubtful

[B]enthusisastic

[C]confident

[D]puzzled

Text2

WhenLiamMcGeedepartedaspresidentofBankofAmericainAugust,hisexpanationwas

surprisinglystraightup.Ratherthancloakinghisexitintheusualvagueexcuses,hecameright

outandsaidhewasleavingtopresuemygoalofrunningacompany,broadcastinghisambition

"wasverymuchmydecision,"McGeesays.Withintwoweeks,hewastalkingforthefirsttime

withtheboardofHartfordFinancialServicesGroup,whichnamedhimCEOandchairmanon

September29.

MaGeesaysleavingwithoutapositionlinedupgavehimtimetorefectonwhatkindof

companyhewantedtorun.Italsosentaclearmessagetotheoutsideworldabouthisaspirations.

AndMcGeeisn'talone.InrecentweekstheexecutivesAvonandAmericanExpressquitwiththe

explanationthattheywerelookingforaCEOpost.Asboardsscrutinizesuccessionplansin

responsebusinessenvironmentalsohasseniormanagerscautiousoflettingvague

pronouncementscloudtheirreputations.

Asthefirstsignsofrecoverybegintotakehold,deputychiefsmaybemorewillingtomake

thejumpwithoutanet.Inthethirdquarter,CEoturnoverwasdown23%fromayearagoas

nervousboardsstuckwiththeleaderstheyhad,accordingtoLiberumResearch.Astheeconomy

picksup,opportunitieswillaboundforaspiringleaders.

Thedecisiontoquitaseniorpositiontolookforabetteroneisunconventional.Foryears

executivesandheadhuntershaveadheredtotherulethatthemostattractiveCEOcandidatesare

theoneswhomustbepoached.SaysKrnFerryseniorpartnerDennisCarey,"Ican'tthinkofa

singlesearchI'vedonewhereaboardhasnotinstructedmetolookatsittingCEOsfirst."

Thosewhojumpedwithoutajobhaven'talwayslandedintoppositionsquickly.EllenMarram

quitaschiefofTropicanaadecadeage,sayingshewantedtobeaCEO.Itwasayearbeforeshe

becameheadofatinyInternet-basedcommoditiedexchange.RobertWillumstadleftCitigroup

in2005withambitionstobeaCEO.Hefinallytookthatpostatamajorfinancialinstiturionthree

yearslater.

Manyrecruiterssaytheolddisgraceisfadingfortopperformers.Thefinancialcrisishas

madeitmoreacceptabletobebetweenjobsortoleaveabadon."Thetraditionalrulewasit's

safertostaywhereyouare,buthat'sbeenfundamentallyinverted,"saysoneheadhunter."The

peoplewho'vebeenhurttheworstarethosewho'vestayedtoolong"

26.WhenMcGeeannouncedhisdeparture,hismannercanbestbedescribedas

being

A.ArrogantB.frankC.self-centeredD.impulsive

27.AccordingtoParagraph2,seniorexecutivesquittingmaybespurredby

A.theirexpectationofbetterfinancialstatus

B.theirneedtoreflectontheirprivatelife

C.theirstrainedrelationswiththeboards

D.theirpursuitofnewcareergoals

28.Theword"poached"(Line3,Paragraph4)mostprobablymeans

A.approvedof

B.attendedto

for

against

29.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat

A.topperformersusedtoclingtotheirposts

B.loyaltyoftopperformersisgettingout-dated

C.topperformerscaremoreaboutreputations

D.it'ssafertosticktothetraditionalrules.

30.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?

A.CEOs:wheretoGO?

B.CEOs:AlltheWayUp?

C.TopmanagersJumpwithoutaNet

D.TheOnlywayoutforTopPerformers

Text3

Theroughguidetomarketingsuccessusedtobethatyougotwhatyoupaidfor.Nolonger.

Whiletraditional"paid"media-suchastelevisioncommercialsandprintadvertisements-stillplay

amajorrole,companiestodaycanexploitmanyalternativeformsofmedia.Consumers

passionateaboutaproductmaycreate"owned"mediabysendinge-mailalertsaboutproducts

andsalestocustomersregisteredwithitsWebesite.Thewayconsumenrsnowapproatchthe

boardrangeoffactorsbeyondconventionalpaidmedia.

Paindandownedmediaarecontrolledbymarketerspromotingtheirownproducts.For

earnedmedia,suchmarketersactastheinitiatorsforusers'responses.Butinsomecases,one

marketer'sownedmediabecomeanothermarketer'spaidmedia-forinstance,whenan

e-commerceretailersellsadspaceonitsWebsite.Wedifinesuchsoldmediaasownedmedia

whosetrafficissostrongthaotherorganizationpalcetheircontentore-commerceengines

withinthatenvironment.Thiestrend,whichwebelieveisstillinitsinfance,effectivelybeganwith

retailersandtravelproviderssuchasairlinesandhotelsandwillnodoubtgofurtherJohn&

JOhnson,forexample,hascreatedBabyCenter,astand-alonemediapropertythatpromotes

complementaryandevencompetitiveproducts.Besidesgeneratingincome,thepresenceof

othermarketersmakesthesiteseemobjective,givescompaniesopportunitiestolearnvaluable

informationabouttheappealofothercompanies'marketing,andmayhelpexpandusertraffic

forallcompaniesconcerned.

Thesamedramatictechnologicalchangesthathaveprovidedmarketerswithmore(and

morediverse)communicationschoiceshavealsoincreasedtheriskthatpassionateconsumers

willvoicetheiropinionsinquicker,morevisible,andmuchmoredamagingways.Suchhijacked

mediaaretheoppositeofearnedmedia:anassetorcampaignbecomehostageto

consumers,otherstakeholders,oractivistswhomakenegativeallegationsaboutabrandor

product.Membersofsocialnetworks,forinstance,arelearningthattheycanhijackmediato

applypressureonthebusinessethatoriginallycreatedthem.

Ifthathappends,passinateconsumerswouldtrytopersuadeotherstoboycottproducts,

puttingthereputationofthetargetcompanyatrisk.Insuchacase,thecompany'sresponsemay

notbesufficientlyquickorthoughtful,andthelearningcurvehasbeensteep.ToyotaMotor,for

example,alleviatedsomeofthedamagefromitsrecallcrisisearlierthisyearwitharelatively

quickandwell-orchestratedsocial-mediaresponsecampaign,whichincludedeffortstoengage

withconsumersdirectlysitessuchasTwitterandthesocial-newssitDigg.

31.Consumersmaycreat"earned"mediawhentheyare

A.obsessedwithonlineshoppingatcertainWebsites

B.inspiredbyproduct-promotinge-mailssenttothem

C.eagertohelptheirfriendspromotequalityproducts

D.enthusiasticaboutrecommendingtheirfavoriteproducts

32.AccordingtoParagraph2,soldmediafeature

safebusinessenvironment

B.randomcompetition

C.Strongusertraffic

D.flexibilityinorganization

33.TheauthorindicatesinParagraph3thatearnedmedia

A.inviteconstantconflictswithpassinateconsumers

B.canbeusedtoproducenegativeeffectsinmarketing

C.mayberesponsibleforfiercercompetition

D.deserveallthegetativecommentsaboutthem

34.ToyotaMotor'sexperienceiscitedasanexampleof

A.respondingeffectivelytohijackedmedia

B.persuadingcustomersintoboycottingproducts

C.cooperatingwithsupportiveconsumers

D.takingadvantageofhijackedmedia

35.Whichofthefollowingisthetextmainlyabout?

A.Alternativestoconventionalpaidmedia

B.Conflictbetweenhijackedandearnedmedia

C.Dominanceofhijackedmedia

D.Popularityofownedmedia

Text4

IfsnosurprisethatJenniferSenior'sinsightful,provocativemagazinecoverstory,"Ilove

MyChildren,IHateMyLife,“isarousingmuchchatter-nothinggetspeopletalkinglikethe

suggestionthatchildrearingisanythinglessthanacompletelyfulfilling,life-enriching

experienceRatherthanconcludingthatchildrenmakeparentseitherhappyormiserable,Senior

suggestsweneedtoredefinehappiness,insteadofthinkingofitassomethingthatcanbe

measuredbymoment-to-momentjoy,weshouldconsiderbeinghappyasapast-tensecondition

Eventhoughtheday-to-dayexperienceofraisingkidscanbesoul-crushinglyhard,Seniorwrites

that“theverythingsthatinthemomentdampenourmoodscanlaterbesourcesofintense

gratificationanddelight."

Themagazinecovershowinganattractivemotherholdingacutebabyishardlytheonly

Madonna-and-childimageonnewsstandsthisweek.Therearealsostoriesaboutnewly

adoptive-andnewlysingle-momSandraBullock,aswellastheusual"JenniferAnistonis

pregnant"news.Practicallyeveryweekfeaturesatleastonecelebritymom,ormom-to-be,

smilingonthenewsstands.

Inasocietythatsopersistentlycelebratesprocreation,osotanywonderthatadmittingyou

regrethavingchildrenisequivalenttoadmittingyousupportkitten-killing?Itdoesn'tseem

quitefair,then,tocomparetheregretsofparenttotheregretsofthechildren.Unhappyparents

rarelyareprovokedtowonderiftheyshouldn*thavehadkids,butunhappychildlessfolksare

botheredwiththemessagethatchildrenarethesinglemostimportantthingintheworld:

obviouslytheirmiserymustbeadirectresultofthegapingbaby-sizeholesintheirlives.

OfcoursetheimageofparenthoodthatcelebritymagazinelikeUsWeeklyandPeople

presentishugelyunrealistic,especiallywhentheparentsaresinglemotherslikeBullock.

Accordingtoseveralstudiesconcludingthatparentsarelesshappythanchildlesscouples,single

parentsaretheleasthappyofall.Noshockthere,consideringhowmuchworkitistoraiseakid

withoutapartnertoleanon;yettohearSandraandBritneytellit,raisingakidontheir"own

(read:withround-the-clockhelp)isapieceofcake."

It'shardtoimaginethatmanypeoplearedumbenoughtowantchildrenjustbecause

ReeseandAngelinamakeitlooksoglamorous:mostadultsunderstandthatababyisnota

haircut.Butit'sinterestingtowonderiftheimagesweseeeveryweekofstress-free,

happiness-enhancingparenthoodaren1tinsomesmall,subconsciouswaycontributingtoour

owndissatisfactionswiththeactualexperience,inthesamewaythatasmallpartofushoped

getting"theRachel"mightmakeuslookjustalittlebitlikeJenniferAniston.

36.JenniferSeniorsuggestsinherarticlethatraisingachildcanbring

[A]temporarydelight.

[B]enjoymentinprogress.

[C]happinessinretrospect.

[D]lastingreward.

37.WelearnfromParagraph2that

[A]celebritymomsareapermanentsourceforgossip.

[B]singlemotherswithbabiesdeservegreaterattention.

[C]newsaboutpregnantcelebritiesisentertaining.

[D]havingchildrenishighlyvaluedbythepublic.

38.ItissuggestedinParagraph3thatchildlessfolk.

[A]areconstantlyexposedtocriticism.

[B]arelargelyignoredbythemedia.

[C]failtofulfilltheirsocialresponsibilities.

[D]arelesslikelytobesatisfiedwiththeirlife.

39.AccordingtoParagraph4,themessageconveyedbycelebritymagazinesis

[A]soothing.

[B]ambiguous.

[C]compensatory.

[D]misleading.

40.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?

[A]Havingchildrencontributeslittletotheglamourofcelebritymoms.

[B]Celebritymomshaveinfluencedourattitudetowardschildrearing.

[C]Havingchildrenintensifiesourdissatisfactionwithlife.

[D]Wesometimesneglectthehappinessfromchildrearing.

PartB

Directions:

Thefollowingparagrapharegiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45,youarerequiredto

reorganizethoseparagraphintoacoherenttextbychoosingfromthelistA-Gtofillingtheminto

thenumberedboxes.ParagraphEandChavebeencorrectlyplaced.Markyouranswerson

ANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

[A]Nodisciplineshaveseizedonprofessionalismwithasmuchenthusiasmthehumanities.

Youcan,Mr.Menandpointsout,becamealawyerinthreeyearsandamedicaldoctorinfour.But

theregulartimeittakestogetadoctoraldegreeinthehumanitiesisnineyears.Notsurprisingly,

uptohalfofalldoctoralstudentsinEnglishdropoutbeforegettingtheirdegrees.

[B]Hisconcernismainlywiththehumanities:Literature,languages,philosophyandsoon.

Thesearedisciplinesthataregoingoutofsytle:22%ofAmericancollegegraduatesnowmajorin

businesscomparedwithonly2%inhistoryand4%inEnglish.However,manyleadingAmerican

universitieswanttheirundergraduatestohaveagroundinginthebasiccanonofideasthatevery

educatedpersonshouldposses.Butmostfinditdifficulttoagreeonwhata“general

education"shouldlooklike.AtHarvard,Mr.Menandnotes,"thegreatbooksarereadbecause

theyhavebeenread”,theyformasortofsocialglue.

[C]Equallyunsurprisingly,onlyabouthalfendupwithprofessorshipsforwhichtheyentered

graduateschool.Therearesimplytoofewposts.Thisispartlybecauseuniversitiescontinueto

produceevermorePhDs.Butfewerstudentswanttostudyhumanitiessubjects:English

departmentawardedmorebachelor1sdegreesin1970-71thantheydid20yearslater.Fewer

studentsrequiresfewerteachers.So,attheendofadecadeoftheses-writing,manyhumanities

studentsleavetheprofessiontodusomethingforwhichtheyhavenotbeentrained.

[D]Onereasonwhyitishardtodesignandteachcoursesisthattheycancutacrossthe

insistencebytopAmericanuniversitiesthatliberal-artseducationsandprofessionaleducation

shouldbekeptseparate,taughtindifferentschools.Manystudentsexperiencebothvarieties

AlthoughmorethanhalfofHarvardundergraduatesendupinlaw,medicineorbusiness,future

doctorsandlawyersmuststudyanon-specialistliberal-artdegreebeforeembarkingona

professionalqualification.

[E]BesidesprofessionalizingtheprofessionsbythisseparationtopAmericanuniversities

haveprofessionalizedtheprofessor.Thegrowthonpublicmoneyforacademicresearchhas

speededtheprocess:federalresearchgrantsrosefourfoldbetween1960and1990,butfaculty

teachinghoursfellbyhalfasresearchtookitstoll.Professionalismhasturnedtheacquisitionofa

doctoraldegreeintoaprerequisiteforasuccessfulacademiccareer:aslateas1969athirdof

Americanprofessorsdidnotpossessone.Butthekeyideabehindprofessionalization,arguesMr.

Menand,isthat“theknowledgeandskillsneededforaparticularspecializationare

transmissiblebutnottransferable/Sodisciplinesacquireamonopolynotjustoverthe

productionofknowledge,butalsoovertheproductionoftheproducersofknowledge.

[F]Thekeytoreforminghighereducation,concludesMr.Menand,istoalterthewayinwhich

“theproducersofknowledgeareproduced."Otherwise,academicswillcontinuetothink

dangerouslyalike,increasinglydetachedfromthesocietieswhichtheystudy,investigateand

criticize."Academicinquiry,atleastinsomefields,mayneedtobecomelessexclusionaryand

moreholistic.,,Yetquitehowthathappens,Mr.Menanddosenotsay.

[G]ThesubtleandintelligentlittlebookThemarketplaceofIdeas:ReformandResistancein

theAmericanUniversityshouldbereadbyeverystudentthinkingofapplyingtotakeadoctoral

degree.Theymaythendecidetogoelsewhere.Forsomethingcurioushasbeenhappeningin

AmericanUniversities,andLouisMenand,aprofessorofEnglishatHarvardUniversity,capturedit

skillfully.

PartC

Directions:

ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.

YourtranslationshouldbewrittencarefullyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)

Withitsthemethat"Mindisthemasterweaver,"creatingourinnercharacterandouter

circumstances,thebookAsaManThinkingbyJamesAllenisanin-depthexplorationofthe

centralideaofself-helpwriting.

(46)Allen'scontributionwastotakeanassumptionweallshare-thatbecausewearenot

robotswethereforecontrolourthouqhts-andrevealitserroneousnature.Becausemostofus

believethatmindissepara