作业11　科学发明与创新类说明文2025高考英语大二轮考前必背四选一阅读

作业11科学发明与创新类说明文【2025高考英语大二轮考前必背四选一阅读作业11科学发明与创新类说明文(分值：30分)(每小题2.5分，满分30分)A(2022·全国乙)Canasmallgroupofdrones(无人机)guaranteethesafetyand①reliabilityofrailwaysand，atthesametime，helprailwayoperatorssavebillionsofeuroseachyear?Thatistheverylikelyfutureofapplyingtoday’s“eyesinthesky”technologytomakingsurethatthemillionsofkilometresofrailtracksandinfrastructure(基础设施)worldwidearesafefortrainsona24/7basis.Dronesarealreadybeingusedtoexamine②high-tensionelectricallines.Theycoulddopreciselythesamethingtoinspectrailwaylinesandothervitalaspectsofrailinfrastructuresuchasthecorrectpositionofrailwaytracksandswitchingpoints.Themoreregularlytheycanbeinspected，themorerailwaysafety，reliabilityand③on-timeperformancewillbeimproved.Costswouldbecutandoperationswouldbemoreefficientacrosstheboard.Thatincludeshugesavingsinmaintenancecostsandbetterprotectionofrailway④personnelsafety.ItiscalculatedthatEuropeanrailwaysalonespendapproximately20billioneurosayearonmaintenance，includingsendingmaintenancestaff，oftenatnight，toinspectandrepairtherailinfrastructure.Thatcanbedangerousworkthatcouldbeavoidedwithdronesassistingthecrews’efforts.Byusingthelatesttechnologies，dronescouldalsostartprovidinghigher-valueservicesforrailways，detectingfaultsintherailorswitches，beforetheycancauseanysafetyproblems.Toperformthesetasks，dronesforraildon’tneedtobeflyingoverhead.Engineersarenowworkingonanewconcept:theraildronesofthefuture.Theywillbemovingonthetrackaheadofthetrain，andprogrammedtorunautonomously.VerysmalldroneswithadvancedsensorsandAIandtravellingaheadofthetraincouldguideitlikeaco-pilot.Withtheirabilitytoseeahead，theycouldsignalanyproblem，sothat⑤fast-movingtrainswouldbeabletoreactintime.语篇解读本文是说明文。应用今天的“空中之眼”技术，无人机能在保证铁路安全可靠的同时又能帮助铁路运营商每年节省数十亿欧元，无人机将改变铁路的未来。1.Whatmakestheapplicationofdronestoraillinespossible?A．Theuseofdronesincheckingonpowerlines.B．Drones’abilitytoworkathighaltitudes.C．Thereductionofcostindesigningdrones.D．Drones’reliableperformanceinremoteareas.答案A解析细节理解题。根据第二段中“Dronesarealreadybeingused...tracksandswitchingpoints.”可知，使用无人机检查电路使得无人机在铁路线上的应用成为可能。2．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“maintenance”inparagraph3referto?A．Personnelsafety.B．Assistancefromdrones.C．Inspectionandrepair.D．Constructionofinfrastructure.答案C解析词义猜测题。根据后文“ItiscalculatedthatEuropean...therailinfrastructure.”可知，maintenance指的是后文中的“inspectandrepairtherailinfrastructure”，故选C。3．Whatfunctionisexpectedoftheraildrones?A．Toprovideearlywarning.B．Tomaketrainsrunautomatically.C．Toearnprofitsforthecrews.D．Toacceleratetransportation.答案A解析细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Engineersarenowworkingon...wouldbeabletoreactintime.”可知，铁路无人机有望提前发出警报，使高速列车可以及时采取措施应对危险因素，避免事故发生。4．Whichisthemostsuitabletitleforthetext?A．WhatFaultsCanBeDetectedwithDronesB．HowProductionofDronesCanBeExpandedC．WhatDifficultyDroneDevelopmentWillFaceD．HowDronesWillChangetheFutureofRailways答案D解析标题归纳题。根据第一段第一句“Canasmallgroupof...savebillionsofeuroseachyear？”和下文对无人机在铁路领域的应用的介绍以及对未来无人机的发展展望可知，在未来，无人机将会保证铁路的安全性和可靠性，或许会成为铁路安全的新未来。故D项最适合作为本文的标题。语境猜词①reliability(派)＝reliab(le)＋ility可靠性②high-tension(合)＝high＋tension高(电)压的③on-time(合)＝on＋time准时的④personnel(派)＝person＋n＋el全体人员，职员⑤fast-moving(合)＝fast＋moving快速移动的B(2021·新课标Ⅱ)AnAustralianprofessorisdevelopingarobottomonitorthehealthofgrazingcattle，adevelopmentthatcouldbringbigchangestoaprofessionthat’sreliedlargelyonalow-techapproachfordecadesbutisfacingalaborshortage.SalahSukkarieh，aprofessorattheUniversityofSydney，seesrobotsasnecessarygivenhow①cattlemenareaging.Heisbuildingafour-wheeledrobotthatwillrunonsolarandelectricpower.Itwillusecamerasandsensorsto②monitortheanimals.Acomputersystemwillanalyzethevideotodeterminewhetheracowissick.Radiotags(标签)ontheanimalswillmeasuretemperaturechanges.Thequalityofgrasslandwillbetrackedbymonitoringtheshape，colorandtexture(质地)ofgrass.Thatway，cattlemenwillknowwhethertheyneedtomovetheircattletoanotherfieldfornutritionpurposes.Machineshavelargelytakenoverplanting，wateringandharvestingcropssuchascornandwheat，butthemonitoringofcattlehasgonethroughfewerchanges.ForTexascattlemanPeteBonds，it’sincreasinglydifficulttofindworkersinterestedinwatchingcattle.ButBondsdoesn’tbelievearobotisrightforthejob.Yearsofexperienceintheindustry—andfailedattemptstousetechnology—haveconvincedhimthatthebestwaytocheckcattleiswithamanonahorse.Bonds，whoboughthisfirstcattlealmost50yearsago，stillhaseachofhiscowboysinspect300or400cattledailyandlookforsignsthatananimalisgettingsick.Othercattlemenseemorepromiseinrobots.MichaelKelsey，vicepresidentoftheOklahomaCattlemen’sAssociation，saidarobotcouldbeextremelyusefulgivenrisingconcernsaboutcattletheft.Cattletendtobekeptinremoteplacesandtheirvaluehasrisen，makingthemappealingtargets.语篇解读这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了澳大利亚一名教授正在开发一种机器人，用于监测牧场牛的健康状况。5．Whatisaproblemwiththecattle-raisingindustry?A．Soilpollution. B．Lackofworkers.C．Agingmachines. D．Low③profitability.答案B解析细节理解题。根据第一段中的“aprofessionthat’sreliedlargelyonalow-techapproachfordecadesbutisfacingalaborshortage”可知，养牛产业面临劳动力短缺的问题。故选B。6．WhatwillSukkarieh’srobotbeabletodo?A．Monitorthequalityofgrass.B．Curethediseasedcattle.C．Movecattletoanotherfield.D．Predictweatherchanges.答案A解析细节理解题。根据第二段倒数第二句“Thequalityofgrasslandwillbetrackedbymonitoringtheshape，colorandtexture(质地)ofgrass.”可知，Sukkarieh的机器人可以监测草的质量。故选A。7．WhydoesPeteBondsstillhirecowboystowatchcattle?A．Hewantstohelpthemearnaliving.B．Hethinksmencandothejobbetter.C．Heisinexperiencedinusingrobots.D．Heenjoysthetraditionalwayoflife.答案B解析推理判断题。根据第四段第二、三句“ButBondsdoesn’tbelievearobotisrightforthejob.Yearsofexperienceintheindustry—andfailedattemptstousetechnology—haveconvincedhimthatthebestwaytocheckcattleiswithamanonahorse.”可知，PeteBonds仍然雇用牛仔看牛是因为他认为人能做得更好。故选B。8．HowmayrobotshelpwithcattlewatchingaccordingtoMichaelKelsey?A．Increasethevalueofcattle.B．Bringdownthecostoflabor.C．Makethejobmoreappealing.D．Keepcattlefrombeingstolen.答案D解析推理判断题。根据最后一段第二句“MichaelKelseyParis，vicepresidentoftheOklahomaCattlemen’sAssociation，saidarobotcouldbeextremelyusefulgivenrisingconcernsaboutcattletheft.”可知，用机器人帮助照看牛，可以防止牛被偷。故选D。语境猜词①cattleman(合)＝cattle＋man牧畜者，养牛者②monitor熟义：n.班长生义(文义)：v.监视③profitability(派)＝profit＋ab(le)＋ility盈利能力C(2024·江西南昌一模)HemanBekele，a14-year-oldstudentfromAnnandale，Virginia，hascreatedabarsoaptotreatmelanoma，themostcommonkindofskincancer，whichearnedhimthetitleofAmerica’sTopYoungScientistanda$25,000cashprizeafterhisinnovationwonfirstplaceinthe3MYoungScientistChallenge.“Imadethissoapbymixingregularmedicinalsoapwithdifferentcancerfightingchemicals.”Bekelesaidinaninterview.Ratherthanacure，Bekele’ssoapaimstohelpthepatient’simmunecellsstayactivewhilefightingmelanoma.Whilesimilarmethodsareavailableforskincancertreatments，hissolutionisamoreaffordablealternative，especiallyforthoseindevelopingcountries.Thoughtheproductisvery①promisingonpaper，studieswouldhavetobecarriedouttotestitsefficiencyintherealworld.Fornow，theyoungscientistsaidhehasafive-yearplan:Attheendofit，hehopestohavecreatedanonprofitorganizationwherehecanprovidefairandaccessibleskincancertreatmenttoasmanypeopleaspossible.Buttoaccomplishhisgoal，hewouldhavetogethistreatmentthroughclinicaltrials，obtainatemporarypatentandhaveitlicensedbytheFoodandDrugAdministration，hesaid.“Iappliedforthe3MYoungScientistChallengebecauseIbelievethatyoungmindscanmakeapositiveimpactontheworld，”Bekelesaid.“Ihavealwaysbeeninterestedinbiologyandtechnology，andthischallengegavemetheperfectplatformto②showcasemyideas.Theopportunitytoworkwith3Mmentorsandshowmyprojecttojudgeswasanexcitingprospect.Iam③passionateaboutfindingsustainablesolutionstoglobalproblems，andIhopetoinspireotherstodothesame.”eq\x(语篇解读这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种治疗黑色素瘤的肥皂。)9．WhydoesBekeleinventthebarsoap?A．Todealwithakindofskincancer.B．Toreducethecostofmakingsoap.C．Tochangepeople’simmunesystem.D．Tocompletethetaskfor3Mchallenge.答案A解析细节理解题。根据第一段中“HemanBekele...skincancer.(来自弗吉尼亚州安纳代尔的14岁学生赫曼·贝克勒发明了一种治疗黑色素瘤的肥皂，这是一种最常见的皮肤癌)”可知，贝克勒发明条形肥皂是为了治疗一种皮肤癌症。故选A。10．Whataspectofthesoapdoesparagraph3mainlytalkabout?A．Itsmakingprocess.B．Itsworkingmethod.C．Itsadvantage.D．Itsdevelopment.答案C解析段落大意题。根据第三段“虽然也有类似的方法可用于皮肤癌治疗，但他的解决方案是一种费用更低的替代方案，特别是对发展中国家的人来说。虽然该产品在纸面上很有前景，但还需要进行研究以测试其在现实世界中的效果”可知，第三段主要谈论肥皂的优势。故选C。11．WhatisBekele’snextplanforhisinvention?A．Tocreateacompany.B．Togetapprovalbytheauthority.C．Topromotethesoapinthemarket.D．Toworkwithanonprofitorganization.答案B解析细节理解题。根据第四段中“Buttoaccomplishhisgoal...FoodandDrugAdministration，hesaid.(但他说，为了实现他的目标，他必须让他的治疗方法通过临床试验，获得临时专利，并获得美国食品和药物管理局的许可)”可知，贝克勒的下一个计划是得到当局的批准。故选B。12．WhichofthefollowingcanbestdescribeBekele?A．Innovativeandambitious.B．Inspiringandtolerant.C．Honestandaccessible.D．Energeticandthoughtful.答案A解析推理判断题。根据首段和最后一段中“Ihavealways...todothesame.(我一直对生物和科技很感兴趣，这次挑战给了我一个展示我想法的完美平台。有机会与3M的导师一起工作，并向评委展示我的项目，这是一个令人兴奋的前景。我热衷于为全球问题寻找可持续的解决方案，我希望能激励其他人也这样做)”可知，贝克勒是一个勇于创新和雄心勃勃的人。故选A。语境猜词①promising(派)＝promis(e)＋ing有希望的②showcase(合)＝show＋case展示③passionate(派)＝passion＋ate热诚的，狂热的作业12社会生活与身心健康类说明文(分值：30分)(每小题2.5分，满分30分)A(2022·全国乙)TheGovernment’ssugartaxonsoftdrinkshasbroughtinhalfasmuchmoneyasMinistersfirstpredicteditwouldgenerate，thefirstofficialdataonthepolicyhasshown.FirstannouncedinApril,2016，thetaxwhichappliestosoftdrinkscontainingmorethan5gofsugarper100ml，wasintroducedtohelpreducechildhoodobesity.Itisbelievedthattoday’schildrenandteenagersareconsumingthreetimestherecommendedlevelofsugar，puttingthematahigherriskofthedisease.Initiallythesugartaxwasexpectedtomake￡520mayearfortheTreasury.However，dataofthefirstsixmonthsshoweditwouldmakelessthanhalfthisamount.Atpresentitisexpectedtogenerate￡240mfortheyearendinginApril2019，whichwillgotoschoolsports.Itcomesaftermorethanhalfofsoftdrinkssoldinshopshavehadtheirsugarlevelscutby①manufacturerssotheycanavoidpayingthetax.Drinksnowcontain45millionfewerkilosofsugarasaresultofmanufacturers’effortstoavoidthecharge，accordingtoTreasuryfigures.SinceAprildrinkscompanieshavebeenforcedtopaybetween18pand24pforeverylitreofsugarydrinktheyproduceorimport，dependingonthesugarcontent.However，somehighsugarbrands，likeClassicCocaCola，haveacceptedthesugartaxandarerefusingtochangeforfearofupsettingconsumers.Fruitjuices，②milk-baseddrinksandmostalcoholicdrinksarefreeofthetax，asaresmallcompaniesmanufacturingfewerthan1mlitresperyear.Today’sfigures，accordingtoonegovernmentofficial，showthepositiveinfluencethesugartaxishavingbyraisingmillionsofpoundsforsportsfacilitiesandhealthiereatinginschools.Helpingthenextgenerationtohaveahealthyandactivechildhoodisofgreatimportance，andtheindustryisplayingitspart.语篇解读本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了英国政府通过对软饮料征收糖税来解决儿童以及青少年的健康问题，同时该收入用于学校体育设施建设和健康饮食。1．Whywasthesugartaxintroduced?A．Tocollectmoneyforschools.B．Toimprovethequalityofdrinks.C．Toprotectchildren’shealth.D．Toencourageresearchineducation.答案C解析细节理解题。根据第二段中的关键词“childhoodobesity”和“ahigherriskofthedisease”可知，征收糖税的目的是保护儿童健康。2．Howdidsomedrinkscompaniesrespondtothesugartax?A．Theyturnedtooverseasmarkets.B．Theyraisedthepricesoftheirproducts.C．Theycutdownontheirproduction.D．Theyreducedtheirproducts’sugarcontent.答案D解析细节理解题。根据第四段首句“Itcomesaftermorethan...theycanavoidpayingthetax.”可知，一些饮料公司通过降低产品的含糖量来避税。3．Fromwhichofthefollowingisthesugartaxcollected?A．Mostalcoholicdrinks.B．Milk-baseddrinks.C．Fruitjuices.D．ClassicCoke.答案D解析推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“However，somehighsugarbrands...”可知，糖税税源主要来自经典可口可乐这些高糖品牌。果汁、奶类饮品和大多数含酒精饮品免征糖税。4．Whatcanbeinferredabouttheadoptionofthesugartaxpolicy?A．Itisa③short-sighteddecision.B．Itisasuccessstory.C．Itbenefitsmanufacturers.D．Itupsetscustomers.答案B解析推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Today’sfigures...andhealthiereatinginschools.”可推断，糖税政策的实施是一个成功的举措。语境猜词①manufacturer(派)＝manufacture＋(e)r生产商，制造商②milk-based(合)＝milk＋based以牛奶为基础的③short-sighted(合)＝short＋sighted目光短浅的B(2023·新课标Ⅱ)Ascitiesballoonwithgrowth，accesstonatureforpeoplelivinginurbanareasisbecominghardertofind.Ifyou’relucky，theremightbeapocketparknearwhereyoulive，butit’sunusualtofindplacesinacitythatarerelativelywild.Pastresearchhasfoundhealthandwellnessbenefitsofnatureforhumans，butanewstudyshowsthatwildnessinurbanareasisextremelyimportantforhumanwell-being.Theresearchteamfocusedonalargeurbanpark.Theysurveyedseveralhundred①park-goers，askingthemtosubmitawrittensummaryonlineofameaningfulinteractiontheyhadwithnatureinthepark.Theresearchersthenexaminedthesesubmissions，②codingexperiencesintodifferentcategories.Forexample，oneparticipant’sexperienceof“Wesatandlistenedtothewavesatthebeachforawhile”wasassignedthecategories“sittingatbeach”and“listeningtowaves”．Acrossthe320submissions，apatternofcategoriestheresearcherscalla“naturelanguage”begantoemerge.Afterthecodingofallsubmissions，halfadozencategorieswerenotedmostoftenasimportanttovisitors.Theseincludeencounteringwildlife，walkingalongtheedgeofwater，andfollowinganestablishedtrail.Namingeachnatureexperiencecreatesa③usablelanguage，whichhelpspeoplerecognizeandtakepartintheactivitiesthataremostsatisfyingandmeaningfultothem.Forexample，theexperienceofwalkingalongtheedgeofwatermightbesatisfyingforayoungprofessionalonaweekendhikeinthepark.Backdowntownduringaworkday，theycanenjoyamoredomesticformofthisinteractionbywalkingalongafountainontheirlunchbreak.“We’retryingtogeneratealanguagethathelpsbringthe④human-natureinteractionsbackintoourdailylives.Andforthattohappen，wealsoneedtoprotectnaturesothatwecaninteractwithit，”saidPeterKahn，aseniorauthorofthestudy.语篇解读本文是一篇说明文。一项新研究发现城市中的自然景观对人类健康和幸福感具有重要影响。5．Whatphenomenondoestheauthordescribeatthebeginningofthetext?A．Pocketparksarenowpopular.B．Wildnatureishardtofindincities.C．Manycitiesare⑤overpopulated.D．Peopleenjoylivingclosetonature.答案B解析细节理解题。根据第一段内容可知，文章开头作者讲述了一种现象：在城市里，人们很难找到野生的自然环境。故选B。6．Whydidtheresearcherscodeparticipantsubmissionsintocategories?A．Tocomparedifferenttypesofpark-goers.B．Toexplainwhytheparkattractstourists.C．Toanalyzethemainfeaturesofthepark.D．Tofindpatternsinthevisitors’summaries.答案D解析推理判断题。根据第四段第一句“...apatternofcategoriestheresearcherscalla‘naturelanguage’begantoemerge.”和第五段第一句“Namingeachnatureexperiencecreatesausablelanguage，whichhelpspeoplerecognizeandtakepartintheactivitiesthataremostsatisfyingandmeaningfultothem.”可知，研究人员对参与者提交的重要经历编码分类是为了找到并总结人与自然互动的方式，有助于更好地了解游客们的体验，帮助提高人与自然的互动。7．Whatcanwelearnfromtheexamplegiveninparagraph5?A．Walkingisthebestwaytogainaccesstonature.B．Youngpeoplearetoobusytointeractwithnature.C．Thesamenatureexperiencetakesdifferentforms.D．Thenaturelanguageenhancesworkperformance.答案C解析推理判断题。根据第五段内容可知，命名每一种自然体验创造了一种可用的语言，这有助于人们认识并参与到对自己来说最满意最有意义的活动中，接下来以一个年轻的职场人士参与自然的方式举例，去公园时沿着水边散步让他感到满意，回到市中心工作时他可以通过沿着喷泉散步获得满足。因此推知，从第五段的例子中我们可以知道相同的自然体验可以呈现不同的形式。故选C。8．WhatshouldbedonebeforewecaninteractwithnatureaccordingtoKahn?A．Languagestudy.B．Environmentalconservation.C．Publiceducation.D．⑥Interculturalcommunication.答案B解析推理判断题。根据最后一段内容可推断，彼得·卡恩认为在我们与大自然互动之前我们应该先要保护自然。故选B。语境猜词①park-goer(合)＝park＋goer去公园消遣的人②code熟义：n.密码，暗码生义(文义)：v.把……编码(或编号)③usable(派)＝us(e)＋able能用的，适用的④human-nature(合)＝human＋nature人与自然的⑤overpopulated(合)＝over＋populated人口过多的⑥intercultural(合)＝inter＋cultural不同文化间的C(2024·湖北七市州二模联考)Anewstudyinvolvingnearly50,000peoplefromfourcontinentsoffersnewinsightsintoidentifyingthequantityofdailywalkingstepsthatwillbestimproveadults’healthandlongevity(长寿)，andwhethertheidealnumberofstepsdiffersacrosspeopleofdifferentages.Thestudyrepresentsanefforttodevelopan①evidence-basedpublichealthmessageaboutthebenefitsofphysicalactivity.Theoften-repeated10,000-step-a-daysayinggrewoutofadecades-oldmarketingactivityforaJapanesepedometer(计步器)，withnosciencetobackitup.LedbyphysicalactivityprofessorAmandaPaluch，aninternationalgroupofscientistsconductedanexperimentamongadultsaged18andolder.They②groupedthenearly50,000participantsintofour③comparativegroupsaccordingtoaveragestepsperday.Theloweststepgroupaveraged3,500steps;thesecond,5,800;thethird,7,800;andthefourth,10,900stepsperday.Amongthethreehigheractivegroups，therewasa40—53%lowerriskofdeath，comparedtotheloweststepgroup.Morespecifically，foradults60andolder，theriskofearlydeathleveled_offatabout6,000—8,000stepsperday，meaningthatmorestepsthanthatprovidednoadditionalbenefitforlongevity，whileforadultsyoungerthan60，about8,000—10,000stepsperday.“So，whatwesawwasthiscontinuingreductioninriskasthenumberofstepsincreases，untilitlevelsoff.Interestingly，thestudyfoundnodefinitiveassociationwithwalk