2025届人教版(2019)高考英语一轮话题复习高考题型通关练：话题28　科技发展与科学家精神(教师版)

话题28科技发展与科学家精神

Ⅰ.阅读理解

JoseHernandezmadehisdreamofbecominganastronautarealityandhedidso

despiteunbelievabledifficulties.

“IwasworkinginafieldnearStockton，andIheardonmyradiothatFranklin

Chang－DiazhadbeenselectedfortheAstronautCorps，”saidJose，whowasasenior

inhighschoolatthetime.“Iwasalreadyinterestedinscienceandengineering，”Jose

remembered.“ButthatwasthemomentIsaid，‘Iwanttoflyinspace.’”

Asoneoffourchildreninamigrant(移民)farmingfamilyfromMexico，

Jose—whodidn’tlearnEnglishuntilhewas12yearsold—spentmuchofhis

childhoodtravelingwithhisfamilyfromMexicotosouthernCaliforniaeachMarch，

thenworkingnorthwardtotheStocktonareabyNovember，pickingstrawberriesand

cucumbersatfarmsalongtheroute.TheywouldthenreturntoMexicoforChristmas

andstartthecyclealloveragaininthespring.“Somekidsmightthinkitwouldbefun

totravellikethat，”Joselaughed.“Butwehadtowork.”

Aftergraduatingfromhighschool，JosewasadmittedintotheUniversityofthe

Pacific.In1987，heacceptedafull－timejobwithLawrenceNationalLaboratory.In

2001，JosejoinedtheJohnsonSpaceCentre，wherehecameface－to－facewith

FranklinChang－Diaz.

“Weactuallyhadcommonexperiences—asimilarupbringing，thesame

languageissues.Thatbuiltupmyconfidence.Anybarriersthatexisted，hehadalready

overcomethem，”Josesmiled.“Nowit’smyturn！”

“NASArejectedmenotonce，nottwice，notthreetimesbut11times.Itwasn’t

untilthe12thtimethatIgotselected，”hesaid.Josewasselectedaspartofthe19th

classofastronautsin2004.Hecircledtheglobe217timesbutremainsadowntoEarth

guy.

JoseHernandezreceivedthe2016NationalHispanicHeroAwardandhe

continueshislonghistoryinthefieldofengineeringandspace.

【语篇解读】本文是记叙文。文章主要讲述了出身农民家庭的Jose在中学时期

受FranklinChang－Diaz的事迹激励而梦想成为一名宇航员，他为此付出了极大

的努力并最终取得了傲人的成绩，实现梦想的故事。

1.WhatmadeJosedeterminedtobeanastronaut?

A.TheinfluenceofAstronautCorps.

B.ThesuccessofFranklinChang－Diaz.

C.Hisinterestinscienceandengineering.

D.Theexperienceofworkinginthefield.

答案B[细节理解题。根据第二段中的“andIheardonmyradiothatFranklin

Chang－DiazhadbeenselectedfortheAstronautCorps”和“Butthatwasthe

momentIsaid，‘Iwanttoflyinspace.’”可知，当Jose通过收音机得知Franklin

Chang－Diaz被选为宇航员的那一刻，早就对理工科感兴趣的他立志成为一名宇

航员。]

2.WhatcanwelearnaboutJoseasachild?

A.Hedidmuchfarmwork.B.Hetraveledalotforfun.

C.HehatedlearningEnglish.D.Heobeyedhisfamilyineverything.

答案A[细节理解题。根据第三段内容可知，Jose来自墨西哥的移民农民家庭，

他童年时做了大量的农活。]

3.HowdidJosefeelwhenhemetFranklinChang－Diazpersonally?

A.Inspired.B.Valued.

C.Relaxed.D.Puzzled.

答案A[推理判断题。根据第五段内容可知，当Jose见到FranklinChang－Diaz

本人时，他意识到他俩有很多共同经历，这包括他目前遇到的障碍，但对方都已

经克服了这些障碍，这使得Jose充满信心。由此可推知，他很受鼓舞。]

4.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?

A.ClimboverBarriersB.ReachfortheStars

C.WorktheHardWayD.LearnfromYourPast

答案B[标题归纳题。通读全文内容可知，文章主要介绍了出身农民家庭的Jose

为了成为一名宇航员付出了极大的努力，最终实现梦想，飞上了太空的故事。B

项(有九天揽月之志)能概括文章大意，适合作文章标题。]

Peoplewhoregularlysleepforsixhoursorlesseachnightinmiddleagearemore

likelytodevelopdementia(痴呆)thanthosewhoroutinelymanagesevenhours，

accordingtoamajorstudyintothedisease.

Researchersfounda30%greaterriskofdementiainthosewhoduringtheir50s，

60sand70sconsistentlyhadashortnight’ssleep，regardlessofotherriskfactorssuch

asheartconditionandpoormentalhealth.

Sabia，anauthorofthestudyattheUniversityofParisandhercolleagues

analyzedsurveydatafromUniversityCollegeLondon’sWhitehallstudy，which

launchedin1985andfollowedthehealthandlifestylesofmorethan10，000British

volunteers.TheFrenchteamfocusedonnearly8，000participantswhoself－reported

theirsleeppatterns.

During25yearsoffollow－up，521participantsdevelopeddementia，withmost

diagnosedintheirlate70s.WritinginNatureCommunications，thescientistsdescribed

howthosewhoroutinelygotsixhoursofsleeporlesseachnightintheir50sand60s

were30%morelikelytodevelopdementiathanthosewhotypicallymanagedseven

hours.

Thestudydoesnotprovethatsleepingtoolittlecausesdementia，sincesleeploss

itselfmaybeoneoftheearliestsymptomsofthedisease.Butsomescientistsbelieve

theresultsstrengthenevidencethatcontinuouspoorsleepmayatleastcontributetothe

disease.

Thefirstpathologicalchangesthatleadtodementiaoccuronetotwodecades

beforethediseasebecomesobvious，asstickyproteinscalledamyloidbuildupinthe

brain.Whenthe1985Whitehallstudyfirstassessedthesleepofvolunteerswholater

developeddementia，thisprocesshadprobablynotstarted.Thismeantthatiftheywere

sleepingtoolittle，itwasunlikelytohavebeencausedbydementia－relatedbrain

changes.

“Itstrengthenstheevidencethatpoorsleepinmiddleagecouldcauseorworsen

dementiainlaterlife，”saidDr.LizCoulthard，aconsultantseniorlecturerindementia

neurology.“Itmakessensetotakemeasurestoimprovesleepsuchasgoingoutside

duringdaylighthourstohelpmaintainthenaturalrhythmsthatpromotegoodsleep，

avoidingtoomuchalcoholorcaffeine，particularlybeforebed，andfindingabedtime

routinethatworksforyou.”

【语篇解读】本文是说明文。一项针对老年痴呆症的重大研究表明，中年时每

晚经常睡6小时或更少的人比那些每天睡7小时的人更容易患痴呆症。文章介绍

了研究开展的过程以及研究人员对此的看法和建议。

5.Whatriskfactorfordementiadoesthepassagefocuson?

A.Sleeploss.B.Age.

C.Poormentalhealth.D.Heartcondition.

答案A[推理判断题。根据第二段可知，这篇文章关注的是痴呆的风险因素是

睡眠不足。]

6.HowdidFrenchscientistsgettheresearchfindings?

A.Bymakingacomparison.

B.Bymonitoringsleeppatterns.

C.ByinterviewingBritishvolunteers.

D.Byanalyzingprevioussurveydata.

答案D[细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Sabia，anauthorofthestudy...morethan

10，000Britishvolunteers.”可知，法国科学家通过分析以前的调查数据得到研究

结果。]

7.Inwhattonedothescientiststalkabouttheresearch?

A.Casual.B.Doubtful.

C.Negative.D.Cautious.

答案D[推理判断题。根据第五段可推知，科学家们用谨慎的语气谈论这项研

究。]

8.Whatisthepurposeofthelastparagraph?

A.Togiveexamples.B.Tocollectproofs.

C.Tooffersuggestions.D.Topresentarguments.

答案C[写作意图题。根据最后一段可推知，最后一段的目的是提供建议。]

Mostpeopledon’tthinkmuchaboutthefoodscrapstheythrowaway；however，

researchersinTokyohavedevelopedanewmethodtoreducefoodwastebyrecycling

discardedfruitandvegetablescrapsintorobustconstructionmaterials.

Worldwideindustrialandhouseholdfoodwasteamountstohundredsofbillions

ofpoundsperyear，alargeproportionofwhichcomprisesedible(可食用的)scraps，

likefruitandvegetablepeels.Thisunsustainablepracticeisbothcostlyand

environmentallyunfriendly，soresearchershavebeensearchingfornewwaysto

recycletheseorganicmaterialsintousefulproducts.

“Ourgoalwastouseseaweedandcommonfoodscrapstoconstructmaterials

thatwereatleastasstrongasconcrete，”explainsYuyaSakai，theseniorauthorofthe

study.“Butsincewewereusingediblefoodwaste，wewerealsointerestedin

determiningwhethertherecyclingprocessimpactedtheflavoroftheoriginal

materials.”

Theresearchersborroweda“heatpressing”conceptthatistypicallyusedtomake

constructionmaterialsfromwoodpowder，excepttheyusedvacuum－dried，

pulverized(粉状的)foodscraps，suchasseaweed，cabbageleaves，andorange，onion，

pumpkin，andbananapeelsastheconstructionpowders.Theprocessingtechnique

involvedmixingthefoodpowderwithwaterandseasonings，andthenpressingthe

mixtureintoamoldathightemperature.Theresearcherstestedthebendingstrengthof

theresultingmaterialsandmonitoredtheirtaste，smellandappearance.

“Withtheexceptionofthespecimenobtainedfrompumpkin，allofthematerials

exceededourbendingstrengthtarget，”saysKotaMachida，asenior

collaborator.“WealsofoundthatChinesecabbageleaves，whichproducedamaterial

overthreetimesstrongerthanconcrete，couldbemixedwiththeweakerpumpkin－

basedmaterialtoprovideeffectivereinforcement.”

Thenew，robustmaterialskepttheirediblenature，andtheadditionofsaltor

sugarimprovedtheirtastewithoutreducingtheirstrength.Furthermore，thedurable

productsresistedrot，fungi(菌类)，andinsects，andexperiencednoappreciablechanges

inappearanceortasteafterexposuretoairforfourmonths.

Giventhatfoodwasteisaglobalfinancialburdenandenvironmentalconcern，it

iscrucialtodevelopmethodsforrecyclingfoodscraps.Usingthesesubstancesto

preparematerialsthatarestrongerenoughforconstructionprojects，butalsomaintain

theirediblenatureandtaste，opensthedoortoawiderangeofcreativeapplications.

【语篇解读】本文是说明文，主要介绍了一项研究。东京的研究人员开发了一

种新的方法，通过将废弃的水果和蔬菜残渣回收成坚固的建筑材料来减少食物浪

费，这项科技有很大的发展空间。

9.Whydotheresearcherssearchfornewwaystorecycleorganicmaterials?

A.Becausetheconstructionofrobustmaterialneedsmuchfoodwaste.

B.Becausefoodwasteisbothcostlyandenvironmentallyunfriendly.

C.Becausetheywanttomakeafortunebyrecyclingthefoodwaste.

D.Becausetheamountoffoodwasteistoolargetostoreatthemoment.

答案B[细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Thisunsustainablepracticeis...torecycle

theseorganicmaterialsintousefulproducts.”可知，这种做法浪费了很多钱，不环保，

所以科学家们一直在寻找新的方法，把这些废料变成有用的东西。]

10.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“comprises”meaninthesecondparagraph?

A.Contains.B.Processes.

C.Presses.D.Originates.

答案A[词义猜测题。分析句子可知，which引导定语从句，指代foodwaste，

结合下文“edible(可食用的)scraps，likefruitandvegetablepeels.”可推断，食物

浪费包括可食用的残羹剩饭，画线词与A项“包括”意思相近。]

11.Whichofthefollowingisrightaccordingtothetext?

A.Allthematerialsobtainedfromfoodwastesurpassresearchers’strengthtarget.

B.ThematerialproducedfromChinesecabbageleavesistwotimesstrongerthan

concrete.

C.Thereisalotofroomforcreativeuseofthistechnology.

D.Thenewmaterialsarestrongenoughforconstructionprojects，butfailtomaintain

theiroriginaltaste.

答案C[正误判断题。根据文章最后一段中的“Usingthesesubstancetoprepare

materialsthat...awiderangeofcreativeapplications.”可知，用食物残余物来做成足

够坚固的材料用于建筑工程，为未来技术打开了大门，因此推断这项技术有很大

的创造性使用空间。]

12.Whereisthetextprobablyfrom?

A.Atouristbrochure.B.Arecipebook.

C.Abiographybook.D.Asciencemagazine.

答案D[文章出处题。根据第一段中的“researchersinTokyohave

orobustconstructionmaterials.”和下文内容可知，文章主要介绍了一

项研究，因此，文章很可能来自科学杂志。]

Ⅱ.七选五

(2024·潍坊高三测试)

ToputintowordsmytimeinAntarcticaandSouthGeorgiaisnearlyimpossible.I

hadalwaysdescribeditasaonce－in－a－lifetimeexperience,butassoonasI

steppedfootonthecontinent,IimmediatelyknewIneededtoreturn.

1About50%ofthepassengersofourexpedition(远征)hadbeento

Antarcticaatleastoncebefore.Thisgoestoshowjusthowmagicalofadestinationit

is.

ThatallyoursenseswillbestimulatedisthebestwayIcandescribethetimeon

thewhitecontinent.Howtinyyoufeelnexttotoweringglaciersandicebergs.Theicy

watermovingthroughyourbodyasyoutaketheinfamousPolarPlunge.Thelearning

ofheart－touchingstoriesofsurvivalfromexplorersofthepast.2

Antarcticamakesyoufeelsosmallandinsignificant,inthebestway.3You

getfrontrowseatstowitnessthemostincredibleshow：nature.Itisasmuchbeautiful

ascruel.Forexample,whenyouseeabrownskua(贼鸥)attackingapenguinchick,

yourheartaches.Thenyourexpeditionguideregretfullytellsyouthatachickthatis

smallinMarchwouldhaveveryslimchancesofsurvivingtheupcomingwinter.The

cyclecontinues,andyou’releftwonderingwhotorootfor.

ThingsmovefastinAntarctica,andeverymonthofferssomethingreallyunique

andspecialtosee.InMarch,theweatherisabitmoreunpredictable,andtheseaiceis

beginningtoformagain.4Intwomoreweeks,expeditionshipswouldnotbeable

tobreakthroughtheice.

Thepenguinsarecompletingtheiryearlyfeather－changingprocess.5The

expeditionteammadesurewekeptourdistanceanddidnotscarethemintohiding

underfreezi