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话题28科技发展与科学家精神
Ⅰ.阅读理解
JoseHernandezmadehisdreamofbecominganastronautarealityandhedidso
despiteunbelievabledifficulties.
“IwasworkinginafieldnearStockton,andIheardonmyradiothatFranklin
Chang-DiazhadbeenselectedfortheAstronautCorps,”saidJose,whowasasenior
inhighschoolatthetime.“Iwasalreadyinterestedinscienceandengineering,”Jose
remembered.“ButthatwasthemomentIsaid,‘Iwanttoflyinspace.’”
Asoneoffourchildreninamigrant(移民)farmingfamilyfromMexico,
Jose—whodidn’tlearnEnglishuntilhewas12yearsold—spentmuchofhis
childhoodtravelingwithhisfamilyfromMexicotosouthernCaliforniaeachMarch,
thenworkingnorthwardtotheStocktonareabyNovember,pickingstrawberriesand
cucumbersatfarmsalongtheroute.TheywouldthenreturntoMexicoforChristmas
andstartthecyclealloveragaininthespring.“Somekidsmightthinkitwouldbefun
totravellikethat,”Joselaughed.“Butwehadtowork.”
Aftergraduatingfromhighschool,JosewasadmittedintotheUniversityofthe
Pacific.In1987,heacceptedafull-timejobwithLawrenceNationalLaboratory.In
2001,JosejoinedtheJohnsonSpaceCentre,wherehecameface-to-facewith
FranklinChang-Diaz.
“Weactuallyhadcommonexperiences—asimilarupbringing,thesame
languageissues.Thatbuiltupmyconfidence.Anybarriersthatexisted,hehadalready
overcomethem,”Josesmiled.“Nowit’smyturn!”
“NASArejectedmenotonce,nottwice,notthreetimesbut11times.Itwasn’t
untilthe12thtimethatIgotselected,”hesaid.Josewasselectedaspartofthe19th
classofastronautsin2004.Hecircledtheglobe217timesbutremainsadowntoEarth
guy.
JoseHernandezreceivedthe2016NationalHispanicHeroAwardandhe
continueshislonghistoryinthefieldofengineeringandspace.
【语篇解读】本文是记叙文。文章主要讲述了出身农民家庭的Jose在中学时期
受FranklinChang-Diaz的事迹激励而梦想成为一名宇航员,他为此付出了极大
的努力并最终取得了傲人的成绩,实现梦想的故事。
1.WhatmadeJosedeterminedtobeanastronaut?
A.TheinfluenceofAstronautCorps.
B.ThesuccessofFranklinChang-Diaz.
C.Hisinterestinscienceandengineering.
D.Theexperienceofworkinginthefield.
答案B[细节理解题。根据第二段中的“andIheardonmyradiothatFranklin
Chang-DiazhadbeenselectedfortheAstronautCorps”和“Butthatwasthe
momentIsaid,‘Iwanttoflyinspace.’”可知,当Jose通过收音机得知Franklin
Chang-Diaz被选为宇航员的那一刻,早就对理工科感兴趣的他立志成为一名宇
航员。]
2.WhatcanwelearnaboutJoseasachild?
A.Hedidmuchfarmwork.B.Hetraveledalotforfun.
C.HehatedlearningEnglish.D.Heobeyedhisfamilyineverything.
答案A[细节理解题。根据第三段内容可知,Jose来自墨西哥的移民农民家庭,
他童年时做了大量的农活。]
3.HowdidJosefeelwhenhemetFranklinChang-Diazpersonally?
A.Inspired.B.Valued.
C.Relaxed.D.Puzzled.
答案A[推理判断题。根据第五段内容可知,当Jose见到FranklinChang-Diaz
本人时,他意识到他俩有很多共同经历,这包括他目前遇到的障碍,但对方都已
经克服了这些障碍,这使得Jose充满信心。由此可推知,他很受鼓舞。]
4.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?
A.ClimboverBarriersB.ReachfortheStars
C.WorktheHardWayD.LearnfromYourPast
答案B[标题归纳题。通读全文内容可知,文章主要介绍了出身农民家庭的Jose
为了成为一名宇航员付出了极大的努力,最终实现梦想,飞上了太空的故事。B
项(有九天揽月之志)能概括文章大意,适合作文章标题。]
Peoplewhoregularlysleepforsixhoursorlesseachnightinmiddleagearemore
likelytodevelopdementia(痴呆)thanthosewhoroutinelymanagesevenhours,
accordingtoamajorstudyintothedisease.
Researchersfounda30%greaterriskofdementiainthosewhoduringtheir50s,
60sand70sconsistentlyhadashortnight’ssleep,regardlessofotherriskfactorssuch
asheartconditionandpoormentalhealth.
Sabia,anauthorofthestudyattheUniversityofParisandhercolleagues
analyzedsurveydatafromUniversityCollegeLondon’sWhitehallstudy,which
launchedin1985andfollowedthehealthandlifestylesofmorethan10,000British
volunteers.TheFrenchteamfocusedonnearly8,000participantswhoself-reported
theirsleeppatterns.
During25yearsoffollow-up,521participantsdevelopeddementia,withmost
diagnosedintheirlate70s.WritinginNatureCommunications,thescientistsdescribed
howthosewhoroutinelygotsixhoursofsleeporlesseachnightintheir50sand60s
were30%morelikelytodevelopdementiathanthosewhotypicallymanagedseven
hours.
Thestudydoesnotprovethatsleepingtoolittlecausesdementia,sincesleeploss
itselfmaybeoneoftheearliestsymptomsofthedisease.Butsomescientistsbelieve
theresultsstrengthenevidencethatcontinuouspoorsleepmayatleastcontributetothe
disease.
Thefirstpathologicalchangesthatleadtodementiaoccuronetotwodecades
beforethediseasebecomesobvious,asstickyproteinscalledamyloidbuildupinthe
brain.Whenthe1985Whitehallstudyfirstassessedthesleepofvolunteerswholater
developeddementia,thisprocesshadprobablynotstarted.Thismeantthatiftheywere
sleepingtoolittle,itwasunlikelytohavebeencausedbydementia-relatedbrain
changes.
“Itstrengthenstheevidencethatpoorsleepinmiddleagecouldcauseorworsen
dementiainlaterlife,”saidDr.LizCoulthard,aconsultantseniorlecturerindementia
neurology.“Itmakessensetotakemeasurestoimprovesleepsuchasgoingoutside
duringdaylighthourstohelpmaintainthenaturalrhythmsthatpromotegoodsleep,
avoidingtoomuchalcoholorcaffeine,particularlybeforebed,andfindingabedtime
routinethatworksforyou.”
【语篇解读】本文是说明文。一项针对老年痴呆症的重大研究表明,中年时每
晚经常睡6小时或更少的人比那些每天睡7小时的人更容易患痴呆症。文章介绍
了研究开展的过程以及研究人员对此的看法和建议。
5.Whatriskfactorfordementiadoesthepassagefocuson?
A.Sleeploss.B.Age.
C.Poormentalhealth.D.Heartcondition.
答案A[推理判断题。根据第二段可知,这篇文章关注的是痴呆的风险因素是
睡眠不足。]
6.HowdidFrenchscientistsgettheresearchfindings?
A.Bymakingacomparison.
B.Bymonitoringsleeppatterns.
C.ByinterviewingBritishvolunteers.
D.Byanalyzingprevioussurveydata.
答案D[细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Sabia,anauthorofthestudy...morethan
10,000Britishvolunteers.”可知,法国科学家通过分析以前的调查数据得到研究
结果。]
7.Inwhattonedothescientiststalkabouttheresearch?
A.Casual.B.Doubtful.
C.Negative.D.Cautious.
答案D[推理判断题。根据第五段可推知,科学家们用谨慎的语气谈论这项研
究。]
8.Whatisthepurposeofthelastparagraph?
A.Togiveexamples.B.Tocollectproofs.
C.Tooffersuggestions.D.Topresentarguments.
答案C[写作意图题。根据最后一段可推知,最后一段的目的是提供建议。]
Mostpeopledon’tthinkmuchaboutthefoodscrapstheythrowaway;however,
researchersinTokyohavedevelopedanewmethodtoreducefoodwastebyrecycling
discardedfruitandvegetablescrapsintorobustconstructionmaterials.
Worldwideindustrialandhouseholdfoodwasteamountstohundredsofbillions
ofpoundsperyear,alargeproportionofwhichcomprisesedible(可食用的)scraps,
likefruitandvegetablepeels.Thisunsustainablepracticeisbothcostlyand
environmentallyunfriendly,soresearchershavebeensearchingfornewwaysto
recycletheseorganicmaterialsintousefulproducts.
“Ourgoalwastouseseaweedandcommonfoodscrapstoconstructmaterials
thatwereatleastasstrongasconcrete,”explainsYuyaSakai,theseniorauthorofthe
study.“Butsincewewereusingediblefoodwaste,wewerealsointerestedin
determiningwhethertherecyclingprocessimpactedtheflavoroftheoriginal
materials.”
Theresearchersborroweda“heatpressing”conceptthatistypicallyusedtomake
constructionmaterialsfromwoodpowder,excepttheyusedvacuum-dried,
pulverized(粉状的)foodscraps,suchasseaweed,cabbageleaves,andorange,onion,
pumpkin,andbananapeelsastheconstructionpowders.Theprocessingtechnique
involvedmixingthefoodpowderwithwaterandseasonings,andthenpressingthe
mixtureintoamoldathightemperature.Theresearcherstestedthebendingstrengthof
theresultingmaterialsandmonitoredtheirtaste,smellandappearance.
“Withtheexceptionofthespecimenobtainedfrompumpkin,allofthematerials
exceededourbendingstrengthtarget,”saysKotaMachida,asenior
collaborator.“WealsofoundthatChinesecabbageleaves,whichproducedamaterial
overthreetimesstrongerthanconcrete,couldbemixedwiththeweakerpumpkin-
basedmaterialtoprovideeffectivereinforcement.”
Thenew,robustmaterialskepttheirediblenature,andtheadditionofsaltor
sugarimprovedtheirtastewithoutreducingtheirstrength.Furthermore,thedurable
productsresistedrot,fungi(菌类),andinsects,andexperiencednoappreciablechanges
inappearanceortasteafterexposuretoairforfourmonths.
Giventhatfoodwasteisaglobalfinancialburdenandenvironmentalconcern,it
iscrucialtodevelopmethodsforrecyclingfoodscraps.Usingthesesubstancesto
preparematerialsthatarestrongerenoughforconstructionprojects,butalsomaintain
theirediblenatureandtaste,opensthedoortoawiderangeofcreativeapplications.
【语篇解读】本文是说明文,主要介绍了一项研究。东京的研究人员开发了一
种新的方法,通过将废弃的水果和蔬菜残渣回收成坚固的建筑材料来减少食物浪
费,这项科技有很大的发展空间。
9.Whydotheresearcherssearchfornewwaystorecycleorganicmaterials?
A.Becausetheconstructionofrobustmaterialneedsmuchfoodwaste.
B.Becausefoodwasteisbothcostlyandenvironmentallyunfriendly.
C.Becausetheywanttomakeafortunebyrecyclingthefoodwaste.
D.Becausetheamountoffoodwasteistoolargetostoreatthemoment.
答案B[细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Thisunsustainablepracticeis...torecycle
theseorganicmaterialsintousefulproducts.”可知,这种做法浪费了很多钱,不环保,
所以科学家们一直在寻找新的方法,把这些废料变成有用的东西。]
10.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“comprises”meaninthesecondparagraph?
A.Contains.B.Processes.
C.Presses.D.Originates.
答案A[词义猜测题。分析句子可知,which引导定语从句,指代foodwaste,
结合下文“edible(可食用的)scraps,likefruitandvegetablepeels.”可推断,食物
浪费包括可食用的残羹剩饭,画线词与A项“包括”意思相近。]
11.Whichofthefollowingisrightaccordingtothetext?
A.Allthematerialsobtainedfromfoodwastesurpassresearchers’strengthtarget.
B.ThematerialproducedfromChinesecabbageleavesistwotimesstrongerthan
concrete.
C.Thereisalotofroomforcreativeuseofthistechnology.
D.Thenewmaterialsarestrongenoughforconstructionprojects,butfailtomaintain
theiroriginaltaste.
答案C[正误判断题。根据文章最后一段中的“Usingthesesubstancetoprepare
materialsthat...awiderangeofcreativeapplications.”可知,用食物残余物来做成足
够坚固的材料用于建筑工程,为未来技术打开了大门,因此推断这项技术有很大
的创造性使用空间。]
12.Whereisthetextprobablyfrom?
A.Atouristbrochure.B.Arecipebook.
C.Abiographybook.D.Asciencemagazine.
答案D[文章出处题。根据第一段中的“researchersinTokyohave
orobustconstructionmaterials.”和下文内容可知,文章主要介绍了一
项研究,因此,文章很可能来自科学杂志。]
Ⅱ.七选五
(2024·潍坊高三测试)
ToputintowordsmytimeinAntarcticaandSouthGeorgiaisnearlyimpossible.I
hadalwaysdescribeditasaonce-in-a-lifetimeexperience,butassoonasI
steppedfootonthecontinent,IimmediatelyknewIneededtoreturn.
1About50%ofthepassengersofourexpedition(远征)hadbeento
Antarcticaatleastoncebefore.Thisgoestoshowjusthowmagicalofadestinationit
is.
ThatallyoursenseswillbestimulatedisthebestwayIcandescribethetimeon
thewhitecontinent.Howtinyyoufeelnexttotoweringglaciersandicebergs.Theicy
watermovingthroughyourbodyasyoutaketheinfamousPolarPlunge.Thelearning
ofheart-touchingstoriesofsurvivalfromexplorersofthepast.2
Antarcticamakesyoufeelsosmallandinsignificant,inthebestway.3You
getfrontrowseatstowitnessthemostincredibleshow:nature.Itisasmuchbeautiful
ascruel.Forexample,whenyouseeabrownskua(贼鸥)attackingapenguinchick,
yourheartaches.Thenyourexpeditionguideregretfullytellsyouthatachickthatis
smallinMarchwouldhaveveryslimchancesofsurvivingtheupcomingwinter.The
cyclecontinues,andyou’releftwonderingwhotorootfor.
ThingsmovefastinAntarctica,andeverymonthofferssomethingreallyunique
andspecialtosee.InMarch,theweatherisabitmoreunpredictable,andtheseaiceis
beginningtoformagain.4Intwomoreweeks,expeditionshipswouldnotbeable
tobreakthroughtheice.
Thepenguinsarecompletingtheiryearlyfeather-changingprocess.5The
expeditionteammadesurewekeptourdistanceanddidnotscarethemintohiding
underfreezi
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