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2022年北京大学英语考试考前冲刺卷九
(本卷共分为1大题50小题,作答时间为180分钟,总分100分,60分及格。)
单位:姓名:考号:
题号单选题多项选择判断题综合题总分
分值
得分
一、单项选择题(共50题,每题2分。每题的备选项中,只有一个最符合题意)
1.ThisisforpeoplewhoareinterestedinadoptingaIow-fatIifestyle
orforthosewhoarealreadyIivingaIow-fatIifestyle.Myhusband
andI(47)consume2040gramsoffateachday.I(48)gramsoffat
ratherthancaIcuIatethepercentageoffat/caloriesbecauseIfindit
much(49)andIesscompIicated.Ourdailyfatpercentageofcalories
(50)from10%to20%.Todaywehavelosta(51)amountofweightand
weareveryhealthyandfulIofenergy.LivingaIow-fatIifestyleis
not(52),itjusttakesaIittIeorganizationandacommitmentto
changethewayyoueatasaIifestylechange,notasadieu.Theproblem
withadietisthatwhenyouthinkabout(53)onadiet,youthinkof
itashavingabeginningandanend.The(54)istheproblem.Ihave
beenon(55)dietsinmyIifetimeandlostmoreweightthanIcareto
thinkabout,onlytogainitalIbackinlesstimethanittooktolose
it!Makinga(56)tolivingaIow-fatIifestyIefortherestofyour
lifeisthekey.WORDBANKA)endI)
difficuItB)presentlyJ)goingC)significantK)countD)
numerousL)symbolicE)easierM)committeeF)hops
N)meansG)presumably0)runsH)commitment
2.ItisgeneraIlyacceptedthattheexperiencesofthechildinhisfirst
yearslargelydeterminehischaracterandlaterpersonality.Every
experienceteachesthechildsomethingandtheeffectsarecumulative.
"Upbringing"isnormaIIyusedtorefertothetreatmentandtrainingof
thechiIdwithinthehome.Thisiscloselyrelatedtothetreatmentand
trainingofthechiIdinschool,whichisusuallydistinguishedbythe
term"educationM.Inasocietysuchasours,bothparentsandteachers
areresponsiblefortheopportunitiesprovidedforthedevelopmentof
thechildtsothatupbringingandeducationareinterdependent.The
idealsandpracticesofchildrearingvaryfromculturetoculture.In
generaI,themoreruraIthecommunity,themoreuniformarethecustoms
ofchildupbringing.Inmoretechnologicallydevelopedsocieties,the
periodofchiIdhoodandadolescence(青春期)tendstobeextendedover
alongtime,resultinginmoreopportunityforeducationandgreater
variety''incharacterdevelopment.EarlyupbringingintiIehomeis
naturallyaffectedbothbytheculturalpatternofthecommunityandby
theparentsJ1capabiIitiesandtheiraimsanddependsnotonlyon
upbringingandeducationbutalsoontheinnateabiIitiesofthechiId.
WidedifferencesofinnateinteIIigenceandtemperamentexistevenin
chiIdrenofthesamefamily.Inte11igentparents,however,reaIize
thattheparticularsettingofeachfamilyisunique,andtherecanbe
norigid(严格的)generalrules.Theyusegeneralinformationonlyasa
guideinmakingdecisionsandsolvingprobIems.AlIparentshaveto
solvetheproblemsoffreedomanddiscipIine.TheyoungerthechiId,the
morereadilythemothergivesintohisdemandstoavoiddisappointing
him.SheknowsthatifhisenergiesarenotgivenanoutIet,herchild''
scontinuingdeveIopmentmaybewarped.AchiIdmustbealIowedtoenjoy
this"messy"buttactiIestageofdiscoverybeforeheisreadytogoon
tothelessphysicalpleasuresoftoysandbooks.Similarly,throughout
Iife,eachstagedependsonthesatisfactorycompIetionoftheonebefore.
Asitispresentedinthepassage,ratherthanasmoothprogressionthe
deveIopmentofthehumancharacterandpersonalityisaseriesof
A.acts
B.stages
C.functions
D.completions
3.DemandsforstrongerprotectionforwiIdIifeinBritainsometimeshide
thefactthatsimilarneedsarefeltintherestofEurope.Studiesby
theCounciIofEurope,ofwhich21countriesaremembers,haveshownthat
45percentofreptiIe(爬行的)speciesand24percentofbutterfliesare
indangerofdyingout.EuropeanconcernforwiIdlifewasoutIinedby
Dr.PeterBaum,anexpertintheenvironmentandnatureresourcesdivision
ofthecounciI,Whenhespokeataconferencearrangedbythe
administratorsofaBritishnationaIpark.Theparkisoneofthefew
areasinEuropetoholdthecounciIsdipIomafornaturereservesofthe
highestquality,andDr.Baumhadcometopresentittotheparkonce
again.HewasafraidthatpubIicopinionwasturningagainstnational
parks,andthatthosesetupinthe1960sand1970scouldnotbesetup
today.ButDr.Baumclearlyremainedastrongsupporteroftheviewthat
naturalenvironmentsneededtobea11owedtosurviveinpeaceintheir
ownright.NoareacouIdbeexpectedtosurvivebothasatruenature
reserveandasatouristattraction,hewenton.Theshortsightedview
thatreserveshadtoserveimmediatehumandemandsfuroutdoorrecreation
shouIdberepIacedbyfulIacceptanceoftheirimportanceasplacesto
preservenatureforthefuture."Weforgetthattheyaretheguarantee
ofIifesystems,onwhichanybuilt-upareaultimatelydepends,'Dr.
Baumwenton,"Wecouldmanagewithoutmostindustrialproducts,butwe
couldnotmanagewithoutnature.However,ournaturalenvironmentareas,
whicharetheoriginalpartsofourcountryside,haveshrunktobecome
mereislandsinaspoiledandhighlypo11utedlandmass."
Dr.Baum,arepresentativeoftheCounciI,visitedoneparticuIarBritish
nationalparkbecause.
A.hewaspresentingtheparkwithadiplonaforitsachievements
B.hewasconcernedabouthowtheparkwasbeingrun
C.itwastheonlynationalparkofitskindinEurope
D.itwastheonlyparkwhichhadeverreceivedadiplomafromtheCouncil
4.ABSENTEEISMINNURSING:ALONGITUDINALSTUDYAbsencefromworkis
acostIyanddisruptiveproblemforanyorganization.Thecostof
absenteeisminAustraliahasbeenputat1.8miIIionhoursperdayor
$1400millionannually.Thestudyreportedherewasconductedinthe
PrineeWilliamHospitaIinBrisbane.Australiafwhere,priortothistime
fewactivestepshadbeentakentomeasure,understandormanagethe
occurrenceofabsenteeism.NursingAbsenteeismAprevaIent(普遍的)
attitudeamongstmanynursesinthegroupselectedforstudywasthat
therewasnorewardorrecognitionfornotutiIizingthepaidsickleave
enti11ementa11owedthemintheirempIoymentconditions.Therefore.they
beIievedtheymayaswe11takethedaysoffsickorotherwise.Similar
attitudeshavebeennotedbyJames(1989),whonotedthatsickleaveis
seenbymanyworkersasaright,IikeannuaIhoiidayleave.MiIlerand
Norton(1986),intheirsurveyof865nursingpersonnel,foundthat73
percentfelttheyshouIdberewardedfornottakingsickleave,because
someempIoyeesalwaysusedtheirsickIeave.Further.67percentof
nursesfelt,thatadministrationwasnotsympathetictotheproblems
shiftworkcausestoempIoyees,1personalandsocialIives.Only53per
centoftherespondentsfeltthateveryeffortwasmadetoschedulestaff
fairly.InanotherlongitudinalstudyofnursesworkingintwoCanadian
hospitals,Hackett.ByeioandGnion(1989)examinedthereasonswhy
nursestookabsencefromwork.Thefrequentreasonstatedforabsence
wasminoriIInesstoself.Othercauses,indecreasingorderoffrequency,
wereiIInessinfamily,familysociaIfunction,worktodoathomeand
bereavement.MethodInanattempttoreducethelevelofabsenteeism
amongstthe250registeredandenrollednursesinthepresentstudy,the
PrineeWilliammanagementintroducedthreedifferent,yetpotentia11y
complementary,strategiesover18months.Strategy1:Non-financiaI
(material)incentivesWithintheestabIishedwageandsalarysystem
itwasnotpossibletousehospitaIfundstosupportthisstrategy.
However,itwaspossibIetosecureincentives($!]Wfromlocalbusinesses;
includingfreepassestoentertainmentparks,theatres,restaurants,etc.
Attheendofeachrosterperiod,thewardwiththeIowestabsencerate
wouldwintheprize.Strategy2:FlexiblefairrosteringWhere
possible,staffweregiventheopportunitytodeterminetheirworking
schedulewithintheIimitsofclinicalneeds.Strategy3:Individual
absenteeismandcounselingEachmonth,managerswouldanaIyzethe
patternofabsenceofstaffwithexcessivesickleave(greaterthanten
daysperyearforfu11-timeempIoyees).Characteristicpatternsof
potential'voluntaryabsenteeism''suchasabsencebeforeandafter
daysoff,excessiveweekendandnightdutyabsenceandmultiplesingle
daysoffwerecommunicatedtoaIIward(病房)nursesandthen,asnecessary,
followedupbyaction.ResultsAbsenceratesforthesixmonthsprior
totheincentiveschemerangedfrom3.69percentto4.32percent.In
thefollowingsixmonthstheyrangedbetween2.87percentand3.96per
cent.Thisrepresentsa20percentimprovement.However,analyzingthe
absenceratesonayear-to-yearbasis,theoveralIabsenceratewas3.60
percentinthefirstyearand3.43percentinthefollowingyear.This
representsa5percentdecreasefromthefirsttothesecondyearof
thestudy.Asignificantdecreaseinabsenceoverthetwo-yearperiod
couldnotbedemonstrated.DiscussionThenon-financiaIincentive
schemedidappeartoassistincontro11ingabsenteeismintheshortterm.
Astheschemeprogresseditbecamehardertosecureprizesandthis
contributedtotheprogram1'slosingmomentumandfinalIyceasing.There
weremixedresultsacrosswardsaswelI.Forexample,inwardswithstaff
memberswhohadlong-termgenuineiIIness,therewasIittlechanceof
winning,andtosomeextentthestaffonthosewardsweredisempowered.
Ourexperiencewouldsuggestthatthelong-termeffectsofincentive
awardsonabsenteeismarequestionable.Overthetimeofthestudy,
staffweregivenalargerdegreeofcontrolintheirrosters.Thisled
tosignificantimprovementsincommunicationbetweenmanagersandstaff.
AsimilareffectwasfoundfromtheimpIementationofthethirdstrategy.
Manyofthenurseshadnotrealizedtheimpacttheirbehaviorwashaving
ontheorganizationandtheirco11eaguesbuttherewereaIsostaffmembers
whofe11thattalkingtothemabouttheirabsenteeismwas''picking''
onthemandthisusuaIIyhadanegativeeffectonmanagement-empIoyee
reIationships.ConeIusionAlthoughtherehasbeensomedecreasein
absencerates,nosinglestrategyorcombinationofstrategieshashad
asignificantimpactonabsenteeismperse(本身).Notwithstandingthe
disappointingresults,itisourcontention(论点)thatthestrategies
werenotinvain.Asharedownershipofab
A.Y
B.N
C.NG
5.ABSENTEEISMINNURSING:ALONGITUDINALSTUDYAbsencefromworkis
acostlyanddisruptiveproblemforanyorganization.Thecostof
absenteeisminAustraliahasbeenputat1.8millionhoursperdayor
$1400millionannually.Thestudyreportedherewasconductedinthe
PrineeWilliamHospitaIinBrisbane.Australia,where,priortothistime
fewactivestepshadbeentakentomeasure,understandormanagethe
occurrenceofabsenteeism.NursingAbsenteeismAprevalent(普遍的)
attitudeamongstmanynursesinthegroupselectedforstudywasthat
therewasnorewardorrecognitionfornotutiIizingthepaidsickleave
enti11ementa11owedthemintheirempIoymentconditions.Therefore,they
beIievedtheymayaswe11takethedaysoffsickorotherwise.Similar
attitudeshavebeennotedbyJames(1989),whonotedthatsickleaveis
seenbymanyworkersasaright,IikeannuaIhoiidayleave.MiIlerand
Norton(1986),intheirsurveyof865nursingpersonnel,foundthat73
percentfelttheyshouIdberewardedfornottakingsickleave,because
someempIoyeesalwaysusedtheirsickIeave.Further.67percentof
nursesfelt,thatadministrationwasnotsympathetictotheproblems
shiftworkcausestoemployees1*personalandsocialIives.Only53per
centoftherespondentsfeltthateveryeffortwasmadetoscheduIestaff
fairly.InanotherIongitudinaIstudyofnursesworkingintwoCanadian
hospitals,Hackett.ByeioandGnion(1989)examinedthereasonswhy
nursestookabsencefromwork.Thefrequentreasonstatedforabsence
wasminori11nesstoseIf.Othercauses,indecreasingorderoffrequency,
werei11nessinfamily,familysociaIfunction,worktodoathomeand
bereavement.MethodInanattempttoreducetheIeveIofabsenteeism
amongstthe250registeredandenrollednursesinthepresentstudy,the
PrineeWilliammanagementintroducedthreedifferent,yetpotentiaIIy
complementary,strategiesover18months.Strategy1:Non-financiaI
(material)incentivesWithintheestabIishedwageandsalarysystem
itwasnotpossibletousehospitalfundstosupportthisstrategy.
However,itwaspossibletosecureincentives(^!1Wfromlocalbusinesses;
includingfreepassestoentertainmentparks,theatres,restaurants,etc.
Attheendofeachrosterperiod,thewardwiththeIowestabsencerate
wouldwintheprize.Strategy2:FlexiblefairrosteringWhere
possible,staffweregiventheopportunitytodeterminetheirworking
schedulewithinthelimitsofclinicalneeds.Strategy3:Individual
absenteeismandcounselingEachmonth,managerswouldanalyzethe
patternofabsenceofstaffwithexcessivesickleave(greaterthanten
daysperyearforfu11-timeempIoyees).Characteristicpatternsof
potential'voluntaryabsenteeism*Jsuchasabsencebeforeandafter
daysoff,excessiveweekendandnightdutyabsenceandmultiplesingle
daysoffwerecommunicatedtoaIIward(病房)nursesandthen,asnecessary,
followedupbyaction.ResultsAbsenceratesforthesixmonthsprior
totheincentiveschemerangedfrom3.69percentto4.32percent.In
thefollowingsixmonthstheyrangedbetween2.87percentand3.96per
cent.Thisrepresentsa20percentimprovement.However,analyzingthe
absenceratesonayear-to-yearbasis,theoveralIabsenceratewas3.60
percentinthefirstyearand3.43percentinthefollowingyear.This
representsa5percentdecreasefromthefirsttothesecondyearof
thestudy.Asignificantdecreaseinabsenceoverthetwo-yearperiod
couldnotbedemonstrated.DiscussionThenon-financiaIincentive
schemedidappeartoassistincontro11ingabsenteeismintheshortterm.
Astheschemeprogresseditbecamehardertosecureprizesandthis
contributedtotheprogram1'slosingmomentumandfinalIyceasing.There
weremixedresultsacrosswardsaswelI.Forexample,inwardswithstaff
memberswhohadlong-termgenuineiIIness,therewasIittlechanceof
winning,andtosomeextentthestaffonthosewardsweredisempowered.
Ourexperiencewouldsuggestthatthelong-termeffectsofincentive
awardsonabsenteeismarequestionable.Overthetimeofthestudy,
staffweregivenalargerdegreeofcontrolintheirrosters.Thisled
tosignificantimprovementsincommunicationbetweenmanagersandstaff.
AsimilareffectwasfoundfromtheimpIementationofthethirdstrategy.
Manyofthenurseshadnotrealizedtheimpacttheirbehaviorwashaving
ontheorganizationandtheircoIIeaguesbuttherewereaIsostaffmembers
whofeltthattalkingtothemabouttheirabsenteeismwas''picking''
onthemandthisusuaIIyhadanegativeeffectonmanagement-empIoyee
reIationships.ConeIusionAlthoughtherehasbeensomedecreasein
absencerates,nosinglestrategyorcombinationofstrategieshashad
asignificantimpactonabsenteeismperse(本身).Notwithstandingthe
disappointingresults,itisourcontention(论点)thatthestrategies
werenotinvain.Asharedownershipofab
A.Y
B.N
C.NG
6.ThisisforpeoplewhoareinterestedinadoptingaIow-fatIifestyle
orforthosewhoareaIreadyIivingaIow-fatlifestyle.Myhusband
andI(47)consume2040gramsoffateachday.I(48)gramsoffat
ratherthancaIcuIatethepercentageoffat/caloriesbecauseIfindit
much(49)andlesscompIicated.Ourdailyfatpercentageofcalories
(50)from10%to20%.Todaywehavelosta(51)amountofweightand
weareveryhealthyandfulIofenergy.LivingaIow-fatIifestyIeis
not(52),itJusttakesaIittleorganizationandacommitmentto
changethewayyoueatasaIifestyIechange,notasadieu.Theproblem
withadietisthatwhenyouthinkabout(53)onadiet,youthinkof
itashavingabeginningandanend.The(54)istheproblem.Ihave
beenon(55)dietsinmyIifetimeandlostmoreweightthanIcareto
thinkabout,onlytogainitalIbackinlesstimethanittooktolose
it!Makinga(56)tolivingaIow-fatIifestyIefortherestofyour
lifeisthekey.WORDBANKA)endI)
difficuItB)presentlyJ)goingC)significantK)countD)
numerousL)symbolicE)easierM)committeeF)hops
N)meansG)presumably0)runsH)commitment
7.DemandsforstrongerprotectionforwiIdIifeinBritainsometimeshide
thefactthatsimilarneedsarefeltintherestofEurope.Studiesby
theCounciIofEurope,ofwhich21countriesaremembers,haveshownthat
45percentofreptiIe(爬行的)speciesand24percentofbutterfliesare
indangerofdyingout.EuropeanconcernforwiIdlifewasoutIinedby
Dr.PeterBaum,anexpertintheenvironmentandnatureresourcesdivision
ofthecounciI,Whenhespokeataconferencearrangedbythe
administratorsofaBritishnationaIpark.Theparkisoneofthefew
areasinEuropetoholdthecounciIsdipIomafornaturereservesofthe
highestquaIity,andDr.Baumhadcometopresentittotheparkonce
again.HewasafraidthatpubIicopinionwasturningagainstnationaI
parks,andthatthosesetupinthe1960sand1970scouldnotbesetup
today.ButDr.Baumclearlyremainedastrongsupporteroftheviewthat
naturalenvironmentsneededtobea11owedtosurviveinpeaceintheir
ownright.Noareacouldbeexpectedtosurvivebothasatruenature
reserveandasatouristattraction,hewenton.Theshortsightedview
thatreserveshadtoserveimmediatehumandemandsfuroutdoorrecreation
shouldbereplacedbyfulIacceptanceoftheirimportanceasplacesto
preservenatureforthefuture."Weforgetthattheyaretheguarantee
ofIifesystems,onwhichanybuilt-upareaultimatelydepends,"Dr.
Baumwenton,"Wecouldmanagewithoutmostindustrialproducts,butwe
couldnotmanagewithoutnature.However,ournaturalenvironmentareas,
whicharetheoriginalpartsofourcountryside,haveshrunktobecome
mereislandsinaspoiledandhighlypo11utedlandmass."
AIthoughitisdifficu11nowadaystoconvincethepubIicoftheimportance
ofnaturereserves,Dr.Baumfeltthat.
A.peoplewouldsupportmovestocreatemoreenvironmentareas
B.certainareasofcountrysideshouldbeleftundisturbedbyman
C.existingnationalparkswouldneedtobemoreindependenttosurvive
D.peoplewouldcarryonsupportingthosenationalparksinexistence
8.ThisisforpeopIewhoareinterestedinadoptingaIow-fatIifestyle
orforthosewhoarealreadyIivingaIow-fatIifestyle.Myhusband
andI(47)consume2040gramsoffateachday.I(48)gramsoffat
ratherthancaIcuIatethepercentageoffat/caloriesbecauseIfindit
much(49)andlesscompIicated.Ourdailyfatpercentageofcalories
(50)from10%to20%.Todaywehavelosta(51)amountofweightand
weareveryhealthyandfulIofenergy.LivingaIow-fatIifestyIeis
not(52),itjusttakesaIittIeorganizationandacommitmentto
changethewayyoueatasaIifestyIochange,notasadieu.Th©probIem
withadietisthatwhenyouthinkabout(53)onadiet,youthinkof
itashavingabeginningandanend.The(54)istheproblem.Ihave
beenon(55)dietsinmyIifetimeandlostmoreweightthanIcareto
thinkabout,onlytogainita11backinlesstimethanittooktolose
it!Makinga(56)tolivingaIow-fatIifestyIefortherestofyour
Iifeisthekey.WORDBANKA)endI)
difficuItB)presentlyJ)goingC)significantK)countD)
numerousL)symboIicE)easierM)conmitteeF)hops
N)meansG)presumably0)runsH)commitment
9.DemandsforstrongerprotectionforwiIdIifeinBritainsometimeshide
thefactthatsimilarneedsarefeltintherestofEurope.Studiesby
theCounciIofEurope,ofwhich21countriesaremembers,haveshownthat
45percentofreptiIe(爬行的)speciesand24percentofbutterfliesare
indangerofdyingout.EuropeanconcernforwiIdIifewasoutIinedby
Dr.PeterBaum,anexpertintheenvironmentandnatureresourcesdivision
ofthecounciI,Whenhespokeataconferencearrangedbythe
administratorsofaBritishnationsIpark.Theparkisoneofthefew
areasinEuropetoholdthecounciIsdipIomafornaturereservesofthe
highestquaIity,andDr.Baumhadcometopresentittotheparkonce
again.HewasafraidthatpubIicopinionwasturningagainstnational
parks,andthatthosesetupinthe1960sand1970scouIdnotbesetup
today.ButDr.Baumclearlyremainedastrongsupporteroftheviewthat
naturalenvironmentsneededtobeallowedtosurviveinpeaceintheir
ownright.Noareacouldbeexpectedtosurvivebothasatruenature
reserveandasatouristattraction,hewenton.Theshortsightedview
thatreserveshadtoserveimmediatehumandemandsfuroutdoorrecreation
shouIdberepIacedbyfulIacceptanceofth©irimportanceaspIacesto
preservenatureforthefuture."Weforgetthattheyaretheguarantee
ofIifesystems,onwhichanybuilt-upareaultimatelydepends,"Dr.
Baumwenton,"Wecouldmanagewithoutmostindustrialproducts,butwe
couldnotmanagewithoutnature.However,ournaturalenvironmentareas,
whicharetheoriginalpartsofourcountryside,haveshrunktobecome
mereisIandsinaspoiIedandhighlypollutedIandmass."
InDr.Baum''sopinion,atruenaturereserveshould.
A.befarawayfromurban-crowdedness
B.preventwhatevertouriststovisit
C.beregardedasaplacewherenatureisprotected
D.providebuildingsforhumanactivities
10.DemandsforstrongerprotectionforwiIdIifeinBritainsometimeshide
thefactthatsimilarneedsarefeltintherestofEurope.Studiesby
theCounciIofEurope,ofwhich21countriesaremembers,haveshownthat
45percentofreptiIe(爬行的)speciesand24percentofbutterfliesare
indangerofdyingout.EuropeanconcernforwiIdlifewasoutIinedby
Dr.PeterBaum,anexpertintheenvironmentandnatureresourcesdivision
ofthecounciI,Whenhespokeataconferencearrangedbythe
administratorsofaBritishnationaIpark.Theparkisoneofthefew
areasinEuropetoholdthecounciIsdipIomafornaturereservesofthe
highestquaIity,andDr.Baumhadcometopresentittotheparkonce
again.HewasafraidthatpubIicopinionwasturningagainstnationaI
parks,andthatthosesetupinthe1960sand1970scouldnotbesetup
today.ButDr.Baumclearlyremainedastrongsupporteroftheviewthat
naturalenvironmentsneededtobeallowedtosurviveinpeaceintheir
ownright.Noareacouldbeexpectedtosurvivebothasatruenature
reserveandasatouristattraction,hewenton.Theshortsightedview
thatreserveshadtoserveimmediatehumandemandsfuroutdoorrecreation
shouldbereplacedbyfulIacceptanceoftheirimportanceasplacesto
preservenaturefort
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