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题型03主旨大意题
需高=♦常见题型解读
1'命题特点
主旨大意题在高考中出现次数稳定,通常1-2题,但题目具有一定难度。这类试题主要考查通过快
速浏览文章,获得主旨大意,并对文章的标题、主题、段落大意等进行归纳、概括的能力。
厂’考查方向
主旨大意题题干关键词besttitle,mainidea/theme/subject,mainlyabout等。题目类型包括标题归纳
题、段落大意题、文章大意题。
n命题规律
1.段首、段尾处常考
2.转折词处常考
3.因果关系处常考
4.问题处常考
02
跟我学•解题思维剖析
主旨大意题解题思维
i.主题句必须能简洁明了地概括全文的主要内容,具有高度的综合性和概括性,文章或段落的其他句
子都是对主题句的进一步的解释、说明、论证或拓展。
2.一般说来说明文和议论都有主题句,而且多位于文章的开头,有时也位于文章的中间或末尾。
3.不能直接在文章中直接找到主题句,抓每一段的主旨句,一般在段首。理清楚段与段之间逻辑关系
然后自己归纳总结。
模板1标题归纳题
1.简洁:短小精悍,多为短语,动名词短语或祈使句。
2.概括:概括全文、涵盖性强、体现主旨;
标题模板
3.针对:标题外延与文章内容相符,范围一致,不会以偏概全;
4.醒目:新颖奇特,激发读者的阅读兴趣;
1.正面思维肯定法:在理解文章主旨的基础上,串联细节共同点,断定标题。;
2.逆向思维否定法:抛开原文,设想各个选项为“标题”用它们写出来的“文章”会是什
答题规律么内容,然后和原文章对照,依次排除不符选项;
3.研读备选项差异:研读四个选项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、概括性等。
干扰项特点断章取义(仅为文中一细节)、以偏概全、物种生有、范围过大。
模板2段落大意题
结构法和关键词法
L总分:主题句在段首;
2.分总:主题句在段尾;
3.总分总:主题句段首尾前后呼应;
4.分总分:开头抛砖引玉,主题在段总;
5.关键词:抓住段落中出现频率较高的关键词,然后对其概括和归纳,确定段落大意。
答题规律主题句的判断
段首1.主题句多为段首第一句(观点或对象);或第一句抛砖引玉引出第二句。
段尾2.主题句也常为段尾句(结论或总结)。
段中前面的话是为引出主题而摆出问题或现象。
无主题句没有主题句,需根据段落内容自己概括。重点提炼各个段落首句,兼顾尾句。
模板3文章大意题
四种方法巧利用
1.文体法:新闻报道主旨在第一句;说明文主旨在第一段或第二段;议论文主旨在首段或尾段;记叙文主
旨一般在尾段或首尾呼应。
2.主题句法:读文章标题;略读各段首尾句;读首段和尾端;读逻辑关联词后的句子内容。
3.高频词法:寻找文中出现频率较高的关键词。
4.概括法:中心主旨隐含在句子中,需要考生根据已知的细节归纳出文中的大意。
主题句特点
1.段落中出现表示转折的词语(如however,but,infact,actually等)时,该句很可能是主题句。
2.首段出现疑问句时,对该问句的回答很可能就是文章主旨。
3.作者有意识地重复的观点,通常是主旨;反复出现的词语,一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。
4.表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefore,thus,inshort,conclude,conclusion等词,通常是主旨。
命题点01标题归纳题
【典例01]
(2023•浙江嘉兴•统考一模)
Itwasaquietmorninginthelibrary,andwelibrarianswereenjoyingaratherloudchat.Suddenly,apatron
(常客)marcheduptous,gaveusanannoyed“Shush!”andwentbacktoherseat.Howstrangeforagroupof
librarianstobeshushedbyapatron!Shouldn'titbetheotherwayaround?
Well,ifscomplicated.Ifyou'relikeme,amiddle-agedwoman,youprobablyrememberlibrariesasplacesof
silentreading.Thesedays,however,librariesaremorelikeactivecommunitycenters.
Inthepast,mostlibrariesdidn'tfocusmuchonprogramsforkidswhoseagemadeitimpossibleforthemtobe
quietondemand.Butgrowingknowledgeabouttheimportanceofkidsandteenslearningthroughhands-on
experienceshassincecausedaseachangeinhowlibrariesconnectwithyoungreaders.Nowlibrariesbegin
offeringinteractiveprogramsforkids,includingcrafts,boardgames,andstorytimes.Thesetypesofprograms
certainlyaren'tdesignedtobesilent.
Alongwithmoreprogramsforever-youngerchildren,technologytodayhasplayedapartinthetransformation
oflibrariesintoplaceswherebothkidsandadultscanusecomputers,makesomethingona3Dprinterandmore.In
addition,manylibrariesnowofferprogramsforadults,whocanparticipateininbookdiscussion,learncalligraphy,
andeventakecollegeclasses.
Ofcourse,librariesstillneedpeacefulphones.Thesedays,manylibrarieshaveglassed-offstudyroomsor
quietareas.Theyarealsolessnoisyintheearlyafternoons,aftermorningchildren'sprogramsandbeforethe
after-schoolkidcrowdarrive.
IfscleartomenowthatonthedaymycolleaguesandIwereshushedbyapatron,weshouldhavebeenusing
our“libraryvoices“aswetalked.Still,it'sunlikelythatlibrarieswilleverreturntothedayswhentheywereplaces
ofsilence.There5sjusttoomuchfunandlearninghappening.
46.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?
A.LibrariesShouldbeLoudB.ReadingCanbeFuninLibraries
C.LibrariesMakeLearningHappenD.LibraryProgramsTargetChildren
【典例02]
(2023•广东深圳•高三校考阶段练习)
Today,poetryandscienceareoftenconsideredtobemutuallyexclusivecareerpaths.Butthatwasn'talways
thecase.ThemathematicianAdaLovelaceandthephysicistJamesClerkMahwahwerebothaccomplishedpoets.
ThepoetJohnKeatswasalicensedsurgeon.Combiningthetwopracticesfelloutoffavorinthe1800s.But
translatingresearchintolyrics,haiku,andotherpoeticformsisresurging(再现)amongscientistsastheylookfor
alternativewaystoinspireotherswiththeirfindings.
“Poetryisagreattoolforquestioningtheworld,saysSamIllingworth,apoetandageoscientistwhoworks
attheUniversityofWesternAustralia.Throughworkshopsandanewscience-poetryjournal,calledConsilience,
Illingworthishelpingscientiststotranslatetheirlatestresultsintopoemsthatcanattractappreciationfromthose
outsideoftheirimmediatescientificfield.
StephanyMazon,ascientistfromtheUniversityofHelsinkiinFinland,joinedoneofIllingworth'sworkshops.
Intheworkshop,shewasgroupedwithotherscientistsandtaskedwithwritingahaiku,a17-syllable-longpoem,
whichspotlightedwater,afluidthatfeaturedinallofthegroupmembers5researchprojects.64Itwasalotoffun,
andsurprisinglyeasytowritethepoem,^^Mazonsays.Sheplanstocontinuewriting.t4Wedoadisservice(伤害)to
ourselvestothinkthatscientistscan'tbeartisticandthatartcan'tbeuseatocommunicatescientificideas,Mazon
says.
ThatviewpointisechoedbyIllingworth,whothinkssciencecommunicationinitiativesaretoooften
dominatedbypubliclectureswiththeirhands-offPowerPointslides."Actually,whensciencecommunication
involveswritingandsharingpoems,itinvitesatwo-waydialoguebetweenexpertsandnonexperts,hesays.
Scientist-poetManjulaSilva,aneducatoratImperialCollegeLondon,agrees.Poetryprovidesawaytotranslate
complexscientificconceptsintoalanguagethateveryonecanunderstand,Silvasays.
Scientistsandpoetsarebothtryingtounderstandtheworldandcommunicatethatunderstandingwithothers.
Thedistinctionbetweenscientistsandpoetsislessthanpeoplemightthink.We'realljustpeoplewithhopefully
reallyinterestingthingstosayandtoshare.
39.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?
A.Poetry:AGreatTooltoQuestiontheWorld
B.ScientistsTakeonPoetry
C.ScienceCommunication:ATwo-wayDialogue
D.ScientistsandPoetsThinkAlike
命题点02段落大意题
【典例oil
(2023•湖南长沙•高三湖南师大附中校考阶段练习)
Despitebeingconnectedonline,nomatterwhatstateyou'refrom,eachcitystillretainsitsownlanguageand
slang.AtmypublichighschoolinLosAngeles,wehadourownsecretlanguage.Apartywasa"yart”.Abeerwas
a"brewsky”.IfItriedtousethesewordsinfrontofanyonethatdidn'tliveinLosAngeles,theywouldhaveno
ideawhatwasgoingon.WhenIcametocollegeandusedthesewordsaroundmyroommatefromtheEastCoast,
shewouldlookatmewithablankstare.
Whetherthewaywetalkisregionalorfromonline,thesoulofcommunicationliesinitspowertoconnect
people,fosterunderstanding,andfacilitateinteractionsthatshapeourpersonalandsociallives.Ihaveoftenfound
it'sthewayweconnectwiththepeoplewelivearound.
58.Whatismainlytalkedaboutinthelastparagraph?
A.Themeansofcommunication.B.Thenatureofcommunication.
C.Theelementsofcommunication.D.Theprocessofcommunication.
【典例02】
(2023•浙江嘉兴•统考一模)
Inthepast,mostlibrariesdidn'tfocusmuchonprogramsforkidswhoseagemadeitimpossibleforthemtobe
quietondemand.Butgrowingknowledgeabouttheimportanceofkidsandteenslearningthroughhands-on
experienceshassincecausedaseachangeinhowlibrariesconnectwithyoungreaders.Nowlibrariesbegin
offeringinteractiveprogramsforkids,includingcrafts,boardgames,andstorytimes.Thesetypesofprograms
certainlyaren'tdesignedtobesilent.
44.Whatisparagraph3mainlyabout?
A.Thepastandthepresentoflibraries.B.Thereasonforthechangeoflibraries.
C.Theactivitiesforyoungchildreninlibraries.D.Theconnectionbetweenlibrariesandreaders.
命题点03文章大意题
【典例】
(2023•河南驻马店•高三校联考阶段练习)
WehadfinallydecidedtoskipourtraditionalfamilydinnerandmakethetriptoMacy'sThanksgivingDay
ParadewhenKerrywas5.Likemanyotherfamilieswepackedasmallbackpackwithslicedturkeysandwiches
andjuiceboxes.Aftergettingoffthetrain,wewerewalkinguptotheentrancewhenKerryspottedahomeless
womansittingintheshadows,invisibletoallexceptmycuriousdaughter.
“What'sthat?"sheasked.LindaandIlookedateachother,worriedabouttheneedtoexplainsomethingvery
differentthanthehappyscenewewereabouttojoin.Duringourfirstyearsofparenthoodwe'ddiscussedhowwe
wouldexplainsuchtopicsaslife,death,andlove.Buthomelessness?Itcamesosuddenlythatwejustgaveas
simpleanexplanationaswecouldandcontinuedontotheparade.
Thefollowingyear,wedecidedtoattendtheparadeagain.SothenightbeforeThanksgivingwewent
shoppingforslicedturkeyforsandwiches.atCanwebringsomesandwichesforthosepeople?^^sheinquired,Again,
Kerrycaughtusoffguard.tcWhy??,wasmyfirstreaction.Butweknewimmediatelywhomshemeant.Howcould
werefuse?Whywouldwerefuse?ThiswasagoldenopportunitytohonorKerry'ssenseofcharity.Six-year-old
Kerrywasteachingusanimportantlesson.Thatnightwepreparedandpackedtwo-dozensandwichesintoournow
overstuffedbackpack.
ScanningtheshadowsafterreachingManhattanagain,Kerryspottedahomelessmansittinginthesamespot
aslastyear.Westoppedandtookoutthefirstofthelittlefeastsfromthepack.Withoutawordofinstruction,we
handedittoKerry.Shewalkedovertothemanslowly,handingthesandwichtohim.Neitherspokeaword.Then
wewereofftotheparade,stoppingalongthewaytodistributetherestofthesandwiches,exceptoneforeachofus.
Somehow,nogiantThanksgivingsit-downfeastevertastedasgoodasthosesandwiches.Overthenext
decadewedidthesamethingsagainandagain.Afterall,there9snothinglikesharingaturkeysandwichwithnew
friends.
8.WhatdoestheauthormainlywanttotellusaboutThanksgiving?
A.Ifsawordofaction.B.Ifsanoldtradition.
C.Ifsagoodtimeofreunion.D.Ifsasurprisingfeast.
吃篇ii•知识迁移强化
L(2023•河南驻马店•高三校联考阶段练习)
Fallenleavesareeverywhereaswintercomes.Traditionally,peoplesweepupthefallenleaves,putthemin
bagsandsendthemtolandfills.Butthereisagrowingmovementtoleaveleavesontheground.They511naturally
breakdownoverthewinterintorichorganicmatter.Thematteralsoshelterssomeinsects.
Butsomeleavespreventthegrowthofotherplants.Blackwalnut(黑胡桃),forexample,containsapoisonin
itsleavesthatkillsmanyplants,includingapples,peppers,tomatoesandpotatoes.Besides,wholeleavesshouldnot
bepermittedtoremainonwalkways,wheretheycouldmakethepathdangerouslyslippery.Theyshouldalsonotbe
leftongrasslawns,wheretheyarelikelytocausedisease.Inareasthatexperiencesnowcover,waterwould
becometrappedbetweengrassandleaves.Inareaswithoutsnow,wholeleavesthatcovergrassesblockwaterand
sunlightfromreachingthesoilbelow.
Manypeoplechoosetobreakuptheleavesusingamachineandletthepiecesfallbetweenpiecesofgrass.
Thenthepiecesbreakdownfurtherinthesoil.However,thistreatmentcankillinsectsandtheireggs.
Anothermethodistotaketheleavesoffthelawnandspreadthemlightlytocovergardenbeds.Theleaves
mostlybreakdownbyspringandalmostentirelybysummer.Butifnot,theyshouldberemovedbeforespring
growthbegins.
Leavesalsocanbeusedtomakeleafmold(腐叶土),atypeoffertilizermadeentirelyfromleaves.Justputthe
leavesinacorner,addnitrogenfertilizer(氮月巴),andthenwaterthemtokeepthemwetinside.Itmaytakeayearor
two,buttheleaveswillbreakdownintoanutritioussoil.
Fallenleavesbuildrichsoil,protectplantrootsandshelterwildlife,inyourgarden,andelsewhere.Done
correctly,leavingtheleavesisoneofthebestwaystoturnyardwasteintofreefertilizer,whichisgoodforplants,
theenvironment,andsavingmoney.Whywastethatimportantresource?
31.Whatisthemostsuitabletitleforthetext?
A.HowCanFallenLeavesBeTurnedintoArt?B.DoLeavesFalltotheGroundAroundtheRoots?
C.ShouldYou"LeavetheLeaves^^ontheGround?D.WillWhatComesfromLeavesReturntotheSoil?
2.(2023•宁夏银川•高三银川唐徐回民中学校考)
LanguageslikeItalianorFinnishcanbespelledmoreeasilybecauseeachletterofthealphabetmatchestoone
sound.Studentsstudyingtheselanguagescanhave90percentreadingaccuracyafterthefirstyear.However,
studentsevenafteryearsoflearningEnglisharestillfarbelowItalianorFinnishstudentsinreadingaccuracy.
EnglishstartedasaGermaniclanguage.ItismostcloselyconnectedtoGermanandDutch,especiallyin
grammarandbasicvocabulary.DuringtheNormaninvasioninthe12thcentury,OldEnglishwasspokenbut
Frenchwasusedingovernmentandlegaldocuments.AndLatinwasusedinreligiousandeducationalactivities.As
aresult,moreFrenchandLatinwordsenteredtheEnglishlanguage.Theprintingpressinventedinthelate1400s
helpedtoestablishEnglishspelling.TheEnglishoftodayishowthelanguagewaswrittenatthetime.However,
thespokenlanguagestartedtochangeinthe1500swiththepronunciationofalllongvowels(元音).Forexample,
“bite"waspronouncedcloserto"beet"inthe1400s,beforechangingthroughtheyearstoitscurrentsound.The
effectwasthattheEnglishlanguagehadoldspellings,butnewsounds.
Englishhas26lettersinthealphabet,butover44individualsoundsdependingonthevariationofspoken
English.Thereareseveralsoundsrepresentedbyonlyoneletter.Forexample,theletter"C"cansoundlikean"S"
asin"city”.Anditalsosoundslikea"K"asin"cat”.
Thereareonly5or6vowellettersintheEnglishalphabet.TheyincludeA,E,I,O,U,andsometimesY.But
thereare20differentwaystosoundthem.Atthecentreisthemostcommonvowelsoundof"uhhh”.Itisthemost
relaxedandnaturalsound.Ittakesalmostnoeffortofthetongueorthroattocreatethesound.Sinceittakeslittle
effort,thesound"uhhh"oftenmakesitswayintopronunciations.Forexample,theword"please“oftenturnsinto
“PUH-lease“whensomeoneistryingtocallattention.ThisisanotherreasonwhyspellinginEnglishissodifficult!
25.Whatisparagraph2mainlyabout?
A.ThecomplexhistoryofEnglish.
B.TheformationofmodernEnglish.
C.TheinfluenceofEnglishonotherlanguages.
D.FactorspromotingthedevelopmentofEnglish.
3.(2023•福建•高三校联考期中)
Imagineyoucanopenyourfridge,openanapponyourphoneandimmediatelyknowwhichitemswillgobad
soon.ThisisoneoftheapplicationsthatanewtechnologydevelopedbyengineersattheUniversityofCalifornia
SanDiegowouldenable.
Thetechnologycombinesachip(芯片)integratedintoproductpackagingandasoftwareupdateonyour
phone.Thephonebecomescapableofidentifyingobjectsbasedonsignalsthechipsendsoutfromspecific
frequencies,inthiscaseBluetoothorWiFi.Inanindustrialsetting,asmartphoneequippedwiththesoftwareupdate
couldbeusedasaradiofrequencyidentification(RFID)reader.
Theworkusesbreakthroughsinbackscatter(反向散射)communication,whichusessignalsalreadygenerated
byyoursmartphoneandre-directsthembackinaformatyourphonecanunderstand.Effectively,thistechnique
useslesspowerthanthelatesttechnologytogenerateWiFisignals.
Thecustomchip,whichisroughlythesizeofagrainofsandandcostsonlyafewpenniestoproduce,needs
solittlepowerthatitcanbeentirelypoweredbyLTEsignals,atechniqueforwirelessbroadbandcommunication
formobiledevices.ThechipturnsBluetoothsignalsintoWiFisignals,whichcaninturnbedetectedbya
smartphonewiththatspecificsoftwareupdate.
Thetechnology'sbroaderpromiseisthedevelopmentofdevicesthatdonotneedbatteriesbecausetheycan
harvestpowerfromLTEsignalsinstead.Thisinturnwouldleadtodevicesthataresignificantlylessexpensivethat
lastlonger,saidDineshBharadia,oneofthepaper'sseniorauthors.
“E-waste,especiallybatteries,isoneofthebiggestproblemstheplanetisfacing,afterclimatechange,
Bharadiasaid.
Forfutureresearch,theteamwillintegratethistechnologyintootherprojectstodemonstrateitscapabilities,
andtheyalsohopetocommercializeit,eitherthroughastartuporthroughanindustrypartner.
16.Whichisthemostsuitabletitleforthetext?
A.NewtechnologyturnssmartphonesintoRFIDreaders
B.Smartphonesneedtobeequippedwithsoftupdates
C.RFIDreadersobtainnewchipsandhavenewfunctions
D.Backscattercommunicationmakesthebestofsmartphones
4.(2023•河北•高三泊头市第一中学校联考期中)
Researchhasfoundthatusingwoodforconstructioninsteadofconcreteandsteelcanreduceemissions.But
TimSearchingeratPrincetonUniversitysaysmanyofthesestudiesarebasedonthefalsefoundationthat
harvestingwoodiscarbonneutral(碳中和).“Onlyasmallpercentageofthewoodgetsintoatimber(木料)
product,andapartofthatgetsintoatimberproductthatcanreplaceconcreteandsteelinabuilding,9,hesays.
Efficienciesvaryindifferentcountries,butlargeamountsofaharvestedtreearelefttobedividedintoparts,used
inshort-livedproductslikepaperorburnedforenergy,allofwhichgenerateemissions.
InareportfortheWorldResourcesInstitute,Searchingerandhiscolleagueshavemodelledhowusingmore
woodforconstructionwouldaffectemissionsbetween2010and2050,accountingfortheemissionsfrom
harvestingthewood.Theyconsideredvarioustypesofforestsandpartsofwoodgoingtowardsconstruction.They
alsofactoredintheemissionssavingsfromreplacingconcreteandsteel.
Undersomecircumstances,theresearchersfoundsignificantemissionsreductions.Buteachcaserequired
whattheyconsideredanunrealisticallyhighportionofthewoodgoingtowardsconstruction,aswellasrapid
growthonlyseeninwarmerplaces,likeBrazil.Ingeneral,theyfoundalargeincreaseinglobaldemandforwood
wouldprobablyleadtorisingemissionsfordecades.Accountingforemissionsinthisway,theresearchersreported
inarelatedpaperthatincreasingforestharvestsbetween2010and2050wouldaddemissionsequaltoroughly10
percentoftotalannualemissions.
AliAmiriatAaltoUniversityinFinlandsaysthereporfsconclusionsaboutemissionsfromrisingdemandare
probablycorrect,butthestoryisdifferentforwoodwealreadyharvest."'Boostingtheefficiencyofcurrentharvests
andusingmorewoodforlongerlivedpurposesthanpaperwouldcutemissions,hesays."Wecannotjustsaywe
shouldstopusingwood.^^
10.Whatdoesparagraph2mainlytalkabout?
A.Theprocessofthenewresearch.B.Thebackgroundofthenewstudy.
C.Thechallengeofthenewresearch.D.Theachievementsofthenewstudy.
5.(2023•福建泉州•高三校考期中)
IT'SATYPICALmorning:youwakeup,takeashower,brushyourteeth,andthenprick(刺;扎)yourarm
withatinyneedle.Wait,what?Unlessyouhaveaseriousdiseasesuchasdiabetes,youprobablyhaven,tevertested
yourownblood.Butinthefuture,thatmightchange.
ThecompanyCoralreadysellsasystemforhomebloodtesting.Youstickyourarmusingasupposedly
painless,one-off,blood-drawingcartridge(针筒)aboutthesizeofalipstick.Thenyoustickthecartridgeintoa
devicethatlookslikethebaseforanelectrictoothbrush.Afewminuteslater,anapponyourphonebuzzeswith
updatedinformation,includingyourcurrenthealthdataandtipsonwhattoeatandhowtoexerciseduringtheday.
Ifstruethatbloodcontainsawealthofinformationaboutaperson'shealth.Bloodtestscanshowifapersonis
infectedwithadiseaseoratriskforavarietyofproblems,includingaheartattackorastroke.Butmostpeople
don'ttesttheirownblooduntiladoctorsaysit'stime.Healthyyoungadultsgetregularbloodtestsabouteveryfive
years.Thesetestshappenatalab,whereatechnicianoranursesticksalongneedleintothearmtodrawout
severaltubesfullofblood.Corandsimilarcompanies,suchasWellnessFX,aretryingtochangeallthat.They
thinkpeopledeserveaccesstomoreinformationabouttheirownhealth.
Butnoteveryoneisconvincedthatregularbloodtestingforhealthypeopleisagreatidea.Cor'ssystemis
expensiveandmaypotoffermuchbenefit."Thelightestresulthereisthatyouloseyourmoneyandthenyou're
remindedtogetmoresleepandtoeatmorefruits,vegetables,andfish,“PieterCohenofHarvardMedicalSchool
toldtheNewYorkTimes.46Theworstresultisthatyouendupgettingfrightenedbyprobablyabnormalresultsthat
areactuallycompletelynormalforyou.^^
Plus,theresultsofahomebloodtestmightbewrong.It'shardtogetaccurateresultsfromatinyamountof
blood.Sowhatdoyouthink?Ismonitoringyourownhealthviapinpricksthewayofthefuture?Orisitbetterto
leavebloodtestingtomedicalprofessionals?
8.Whichofthefollowingcouldbethebesttitleforthetext?
A.Homebloodtests:yesorno?B.Shouldbloodtestsbeallowedathome?
C.Anewsystemofimprovingyourhealth.D.Homebloodtesting:yourhealthmonitor!
6.(2023•四川雅安•高三统考阶段练习)
Newresearchlinksoutdoorairpollution-evenatlevelsconsideredsafe-toanincreasedriskofdiabetes
(糖尿病)globally,accordingtoastudyfromtheVASt.LouisHealthCareSystem.Thefindingsraisethe
possibilitythatreducingpollutionmayleadtoadropindiabetescasesinheavilypollutedcountriessuchasIndia
andlesspollutedonessuchastheUnitedStates.
Diabetesisoneofthefastestgrowingdiseases,affectingmorethan500millionpeopleworldwide.Themain
driversofdiabetesincludeeatinganunhealthydiet,havingasedentarylifestyleandobesity,butthenewresearch
indicatestheextenttowhichoutdoorairpollutionplaysarole.
“Ourresearchshowsasignificantlinkbetweenairpollutionanddiabetesglobally,9,saidZiyadAl-Aly,MD,
thestudy'sseniorauthorandanassistantprofessorofmedicineattheUniversityofWashington.t6Wefoundan
increasedrisk,evenatlowlevelsofairpollutioncurrentlyconsideredsafebytheUSEnvironmentalProtection
Agency(EPA)andtheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO).Thisisimportantbecausemanyindustrylobbying(游
说)groupsarguethatcurrentlevelsaretoostringentandshouldberelaxed.Evidenceshowsthatcurrentlevelsare
stillnotsufficientlysafeandneedtobetightened.
Whilegrowingevidencehassuggestedalinkbetweenairpollutionanddiabetes,researchershavenot
attemptedtoquantifythatburdenuntilnow."Overthepasttwodecades,therehavebeenbitsofresearchabout
diabetesandpollution,saidAl-Aly.”Wewantedtothreadtogetherthepiecesforabroader,moresolid
understanding.^^
Theresearchersalsofoundthattheoverallriskofpollution-relateddiabetestilted(倾斜)moretoward
lower-incomecountriessuchasIndiathatlacktheresourcesforenvironmentalmitigationsystemsandclean-air
policies.Forinstance,poverty-strickencountriesfacingahigherdiabetes-pollutionriskincludeAfghanistan,Papua
NewGuineaandGuyana,whilerichercountriessuchasFrance,FinlandandIcelandexperiencealowerrisk.The
USexperiencesamediumriskofpollution-relateddiabetes.
32.Whatcanbethebesttitleforthetext?
A.Currentpollutioncontrollevelsneedtobetightened
B.Diabetesisoneofthefastestgrowingdiseasesglobally
C.Airpollutioncontributessignificantlytodiabetesglobally
D.Poverty-strickencountriesfaceahigherdiabetes-pollutionrisk
7.(2023•河南驻马店•高三校联考阶段练习)
We,modernhumans,spend90%ofourtimeinside,travelingbetweenhomesandoffices,schoolsand
apartments,restaurantsandgyms.I'vebeenhearingthisstatisticsomuchthatIstartedtowonderifitwasanurban
legend.Ifsnot!ThebestreferenceforthestatisticappearstobeTheNationalHumanActivityPatternSurvey
(NHAPS).
ThesurveywasfundedbytheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA)."EPA'smainpurposefor
collectingtheNHAPSdatawastoprovidediaryrecordsthatcouldbeusedasinputsforcomputer-basedhuman
exposuremodels,9,saysthestudy.Inotherwords,inordertounderstandhowhumansmightbeimpactedby
pollutantsinourvariousindoorandoutdoorenvironments,scientistsneededtoknowhowmuchtimewespendin
differentlocations.
ThesurveywasconductedbytheUniversityofMaryland'sSurveyResearchCenter.Thesurveyused
telephoneinterviewstocollect24-hourretrospective(回顾的)diariesfromeachrespondent(调查对象).Between
340and1,713respondentswereinterviewedineachofthetenEPAregionsacrossthe48neighboringstates.
Respondentsweregenerallyrepresentativeofthewholenationforgender,age,race,andeducationalattainment.
Americansspend87%oftheirtimeindoorsandanadditional6%inanenclosedvehicle.Theseproportions
(比色!J)arealsofairlyconstantacrossvariousregionsoftheUnitedStatesandCanada.Thefindingthatemergesis
thatwearebasicallyanindoorspecies.Inamodernsociety,totaltimeoutdoorsisthemostnegligiblepartofthe
day,oftensosmallthatitbarelyshowsupinthetotal.
Isthestudyaccurate?Probablynot.Itmaynottakeintoaccountsomepopulationsthatspendahigh
proportionoftimeoutside.Asthestudystates,"Thosewhowereawayfromahomeforextendedperiodswerenot
includedinthesurvey.Theseindividualsmaybemorelikelythanthosewhowereathometospendlargequantities
oftimeoutdoors.Also,thesurveymethodologyalsodoesn'taccountwellforbitsoftimespenttakingoutthe
trash,walkingtothecar,ortakingasmokebreakoutside.
35.Whatisthelastparagraphmainlyabout?
A.Asuggestionforfurtherstudies.B.Apossi
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