2016年考研英语一真题及答案解析

·绝密★启用前2016年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）（科目代码：201）☆考生注意事项☆答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂2B铅笔填涂。考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。（以下信息考生必须认真填写）考生编号考生姓名SectionI UseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWER(10points)InCambodia,thechoiceofaspouseisacomplexonefortheyoungmale.Itmayinvolvenotonlyhisparentsandhisfriends,1thoseoftheyoungwoman,butalsoamatchmaker.Ayoungmancan2alikelyspouseonhisownandthenaskhisparentsto3themarriagenegotiations,ortheyoungman’sparentsmaymakethechoiceofaspouse,givingthechildlittletosayintheselection.4,agirlmayvetothespouseherparentshavechosen.5aspousehasbeenselected,eachfamilyinvestigatestheothertomakesureitschildismarrying6agoodThetraditionalweddingisalongandcolorfulaffair.Formerlyitlastedthreedays,7bythe1980sitmorecommonlylastedadayandahalf.Buddhistpriestsofferashortsermonand8prayersofblessing.Partsoftheceremonyinvolveritualhaircutting,9cottonthreadssoakedinholywateraroundtheandwrists,and10acandlearoundacircleofhappilymarriedandrespectedcouplestoblessthe.Newlywedstraditionallymoveinwiththeandmay12withthemuptoa13theycanbuildanewhousenearby.Divorceislegalandeasyto 14 ,butnotcommon.Divorcedpersonsare15withsomedisapproval.Eachspouseretains 16 propertyheorsheG17 intothemarriage,andjointly-acquiredpropertyis 18 equally.Divorcedpersonsmayremarry,butagenderprejudice19 up:Thedivorcedmaledoesn’thaveawaitingperiodbeforehecanremarry 20 thewomanmustwaittenmonths.[A]aswellas[A]adaptto[A]renew[A]Intheory[B]bywayof[B]providefor[B]close[B]Intime[C]onbehalfof[C]competewith[C]arrange[C]Aboveall[D]withregardto[D]decideon[D]postpone[D]Forexample5.[A]Although[B]Lest[C]After[D]Unless6.[A]within[B]into[C]from[D]through7.[A]since[B]or[C]so[D]but8.[A]test[B]recite[C]copy[D]create9.[A]folding[B]piling[C]wrapping[D]tying10.[A]passing[B]lighting[C]hiding[D]serving11.[A]association[B]meeting[C]collection[D]union12.[A]grow[B]part[C]live[D]deal13.[A]whereas[B]until[C]for[D]if14.[A]follow[B]obtain[C]challenge[D]avoid15.[A]isolated[B]persuaded[C]viewed[D]exposed16.[A]whatever[B]however[C]whenever[D]wherever17.[A]changed[B]brought[C]shaped[D]pushed18.[A]withdrawn[B]invested[C]donated[D]divided19.[A]clears[B]shows[C]warms[D]breaks20.[A]while[B]once[C]sothat[D]inthatSectionII ReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWER(40points)Text1France,whichpridesitselfastheglobalinnovatoroffashion,hasdecideditsfashionindustryhaslostanabsoluterighttodefinephysicalbeautyforwomen.Itslawmakersgavepreliminaryapprovallastweektoalawthatwouldmakeitacrimetoemployultra-thinmodelsonrunways.Theparliamentalsoagreedtobanwebsitesthat“inciteexcessivethinness”bypromotingextremedieting.Suchmeasureshaveacoupleofupliftingmotives.Theysuggestbeautyshouldnotbedefinedbylooksthatendupimpingingonhealth.That’sastart.Andthebanonultra-thinmodelsseemstogobeyondprotectingmodelsfromstarvingthemselvestodeath–assomehavedone.Ittellsthefashionindustrythatitmusttakeresponsibilityforthesignalitsendswomen,especiallyteenagegirls,aboutthesocialtape-measuretheymustusetodeterminetheirindividualworth.Thebans,iffullyenforced,wouldsuggesttowomen(andmanymen)thattheyshouldnotletothersbearbitersoftheirbeauty.Andperhapsfaintly,theyhintthatpeopleshouldlooktointangiblequalitieslikecharacterandintellectratherthandietingtheirwaytosizezeroorwasp-waistphysiques.TheFrenchmeasures,however,relytoomuchonseverepunishmenttochangeaculturethatstillregardsbeautyasskin-deep–andbone-showing.Undertheusingafashionmodelthatdoesnotmeetagovernment-definedindexofbodymasscouldresultina$85,000fineandsixmonthsinprison.Thefashionindustryknowsithasaninherentprobleminfocusingonmaterialadornmentandidealizedbodytypes.InDenmark,theUnitedStates,andafewothercountries,itistryingtosetvoluntarystandardsformodelsandfashionimagesthatrelymoreonpeerpressureforenforcement.IncontrasttoFrance’sactions,Denmark’sfashionindustryagreedlastmonthonrulesandsanctionsregardingtheage,health,andothercharacteristicsofmodels.ThenewlyrevisedDanishFashionEthicalCharterclearlystates:areawareofandtakeresponsibilityfortheimpactthefashionindustryhasonbodyideals,especiallyonyoungpeople.”Thecharter’smaintoolofenforcementistodenyaccessfordesignersandmodelingagenciestoCopenhagenFashion(CFW),whichisrunbytheDanishFashionInstitute.Butingeneralitreliesonaname-and-shamemethodofcompliance.Relyingonethicalpersuasionratherthanlawtoaddressthemisuseofbodyidealsmaybethebeststep.Evenbetterwouldbetohelpelevatenotionsofbeautybeyondthematerialstandardsofaparticularindustry.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,whatwouldhappeninFrance?Physicalbeautywouldberedefined.Newrunwayswouldbeconstructed.aboutdietingwouldthrive.Thefashionindustrywoulddecline.Thephrase“impingingon”(Line2,Para.2)isclosestinmeaningtoindicatingthestateof.heighteningthevalueof.losingfaithin.doingharmto.Whichofthefollowingistrueofthefashionindustry?TheFrenchmeasureshavealreadyfailed.Itsinherentproblemsaregettingworse.Modelsarenolongerunderpeerpressure.NewstandardsarebeingsetinDenmark.AdesignerismostlikelytoberejectedbyCFWforpursuingperfectphysicalconditions.caringtoomuchaboutmodels’character.showinglittleconcernforhealthfactors.settingahighagethresholdformodels.Whichofthefollowingmaybethebesttitleofthetext?TheGreatThreatstotheFashionIndustryJustAnotherRoundofStruggleforBeautyADilemmafortheStarvingModelsinFranceAChallengetotheFashionIndustry’sBodyIdealsText2Forthefirsttimeinhistorymorepeopleliveintownsthaninthecountry.InBritainthishashadacuriousresult.WhilepollsshowBritonsrate“thecountryside”alongsidetheroyalfamily,ShakespeareandtheNationalHealthService(NHS)aswhatmakesthemproudestoftheircountry,thishaslimitedpoliticalsupport.AcenturyagoOctaviaHilllaunchedtheNationalTrustnottorescuestylishhousesbuttosave“thebeautyofnaturalplacesforeveryoneforever.”Itwasspecificallytoprovidecitydwellerswithspacesforleisurewheretheycouldexperience“arefreshingair.”Hill’spressurelaterledtothecreationofnationalparksandgreenbelts.Theydon’tmakecountrysideanymore,andeveryyearconcreteconsumesmoreofit.Itneedsconstantguardianship.Atthenextelectionnoneofthebigpartiesseemlikelytoendorsethissentiment.TheConservatives’planningreformexplicitlygivesruraldevelopmentpriorityoverconservation,evenauthorising“off-plan”buildingwherelocalpeoplemightobject.Theconceptofsustainabledevelopmenthasbeendefinedasprofitable.Labourlikewisewantstodiscontinuelocalplanningwherecouncilsopposedevelopment.TheLiberalDemocratsaresilent.OnlyUkip,sensingitschance,hassidedwiththosepleadingforamoreconsideredapproachtousinggreenland.ItsCampaigntoProtectRuralEnglandstruckterrorintomanylocalConservativeparties.Thesensibleplacetobuildnewhouses,factoriesandofficesiswherepeopleare,incitiesandtownswhereinfrastructureisinplace.TheLondonagentsStirlingAckroydrecentlyidentifiedenoughsitesforhalfamillionhousesintheLondonareaalone,withnointrusionongreenbelt.WhatistrueofLondoniseventrueroftheprovinces.Theideathat“housingcrisis”equals“concretedmeadows”ispurelobbytalk.Theissueisnottheneedformorehousesbut,asalways,wheretoputthem.Underlobbypressure,GeorgeOsbornefavoursruralnew-buildagainsturbanrenovationandrenewal.Hefavoursout-of-townshoppingsitesagainsthighstreets.Thisisnotafreemarketbutabiasedone.Ruraltownsandvillageshavegrownandwillalwaysgrow.Theydosobestwherebuildingstickstotheiredgesandrespectstheircharacter.donotruinurbanconservationareas.Whyruinruralones?Developmentshouldbeplanned,notletrip.AftertheNetherlands,Britainismostcrowdedcountry.Halfacenturyoftownandcountryplanninghasenabledittoretainanenviableruralcoherence,whilestillpermittinglow-densityurbanliving.Thereisnodoubtofthealternative–thecorruptedlandscapesofsouthernPortugal,SpainorIreland.thisratherthanpromotingitshouldunitetheleftandrightofthepoliticalspectrum.publicsentimentaboutthecountrysideisnotwellreflectedinpolitics.isfullybackedbytheroyaldidn’tstarttilltheShakespeareanage.hasbroughtmuchbenefittotheNHS.AccordingtoParagraph2,theachievementsoftheNationalTrustareperlyprotected.effectivelyreinforced.graduallydestroyed.WhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromParagraph3?Labourisunderattackforopposingdevelopment.TheConservativesmayabandon“off-plan”building.Ukipmaygainfromitssupportforruralconservation.TheLiberalDemocratsarelosingpoliticalinfluence.TheauthorholdsthatGeorgeOsborne’spreferenceshowshisdisregardforthecharacterofruralareas.stressesthenecessityofeasingthehousingcrisis.highlightshisfirmstandagainstlobbypressure.revealsastrongprejudiceagainsturbanareas.Inthelastparagraph,theauthorshowshisappreciationofthesizeofpopulationinBritain.theenviableurbanlifestyleinBritain.thetown-and-countryplanninginBritain.thepoliticallifeinBritain.Text3“Thereisoneandonlyonesocialresponsibilityofbusiness,”wroteMiltonFriedman,aNobelprize-winningeconomist,“Thatis,touseitsresourcesandengageinactivitiesdesignedtoincreaseitsprofits.”Butevenifyouacceptpremiseandregardcorporatesocialresponsibility(CSR)policiesasawasteofshareholders’money,thingsmaynotbeabsolutelyclear-cut.NewresearchsuggeststhatCSRmaycreatemonetaryvalueforcompanies–atleastwhentheyareprosecutedforcorruption.ThelargestfirmsinAmericaandBritaintogetherspendmorethan$15billionayearonCSR,accordingtoanestimatebyEPG,aconsultingfirm.Thiscouldaddvaluetotheirbusinessesinthreeways.First,consumersmaytakeCSRspendingasa“signal”thatacompany’sproductsareofhighquality.Second,customersmaybewillingtobuyacompany’sproductsasanindirectwaytodonatetothegoodcausesithelps.Andthird,throughamorediffuse“haloeffect,”wherebyitsgooddeedsearnitgreaterconsiderationfromconsumersandothers.PreviousstudiesonCSRhavehadtroubledifferentiatingtheseeffectsbecauseconsumerscanbeaffectedbyallthree.ArecentstudyattemptstoseparatethembylookingatbriberyprosecutionsunderAmerica’sForeignCorruptPracticesActItarguesthatsinceprosecutorsdonotconsumeacompany’sproductsaspartoftheirinvestigations,theycouldbeinfluencedonlybythehaloeffect.Thestudyfoundthat,amongprosecutedfirms,thosewiththemostcomprehensiveCSRprogrammestendedtogetmorelenientpenalties.Theiranalysisruledoutthepossibilitythatitwasfirms’politicalinfluence,ratherthantheirCSRstand,thataccountedfortheleniency:Companiesthatcontributedmoretopoliticalcampaignsdidnotreceivelowerfines.Inall,thestudyconcludesthatwhereasprosecutorsshouldonlyevaluateacasebasedonitsmerits,theydoseemtobeinfluencedbyacompany’srecordinCSR.“Weestimatethateithereliminatingasubstantiallabour-rightsconcern,suchaschildlabour,orincreasingcorporategivingbyabout20%resultsinfinesthatgenerallyare40%lowerthanthetypicalpunishmentforbribingforeignofficials,”saysoneresearcher.ResearchersadmitthattheirstudydoesnotanswerthequestionofhowmuchbusinessesoughttospendonCSR.Nordoesitrevealhowmuchcompaniesarebankingonthehaloeffect,ratherthantheotherpossiblebenefits,whentheydecidetheirdo-goodingpolicies.Butatleasttheyhavedemonstratedthatwhencompaniesgetintotroublewiththelaw,evidenceofgoodcharactercanwinthemalesscostlypunishment.TheauthorviewsMiltonFriedman’sstatementaboutCSRwithtolerance.skepticism.approval.uncertainty.AccordingtoParagraph2,CSRhelpsacompanybyguardingittectingitfrombeingdefamed.winningtrustfromconsumers.raisingthequalityofitsproducts.Theexpression“morelenient”(Para.4)isclosestinmeaningtolesscontroversial.moreeffective.morelasting.lesssevere.Whenprosecutorsevaluateacase,acompany’sCSRrecordhasanimpactonesacrossasreliableevidence.increasesthechanceofbeingpenalized.constitutespartoftheinvestigation.WhichofthefollowingistrueofCSR,accordingtothelastparagraph?Itsnegativeeffectsonbusinessesareoftenoverlooked.Thenecessaryamountofcompanies’spendingonitisunknown.Companies’financialcapacityforithasbeenoverestimated.Ithasbroughtmuchbenefittothebankingindustry.Text4TherewilleventuallycomeadaywhenTheNewTimesceasestopublishstoriesonnewsprint.Exactlywhenthatdaywillbeisamatterofdebate.“Sometimeinthefuture,”thepaper’spublishersaidbackin2010.Nostalgiaforinkonpaperandtherustleofpagesaside,there’splentyofincentivetoditchprint.Theinfrastructurerequiredtomakeaphysicalnewspaper–printingpresses,deliverytrucks–isn’tjustexpensive;it’sexcessiveatatimewhenonline-onlycompetitorsdon’thavethesamesetoffinancialconstraints.Readersaremigratingawayfromprintanyway.Andthoughprintadsalesstilldwarftheironlineandmobilecounterparts,revenuefromprintisstilldeclining.Overheadmaybehighandcirculationlower,butrushingtoeliminateitsprinteditionwouldbeamistake,saysBuzzFeedCEOJonahPeretti.PerettisaystheTimesshouldn’twastetimegettingoutoftheprintbusiness,butonlyiftheygoaboutdoingittherightway.“Figuringoutawaytoacceleratethattransitionwouldmakesenseforthem,”hesaid,“butifyoudiscontinueit,you’regoingtohaveyourmostloyalcustomersreallyupsetwithyou.”Sometimesthat’sworthmakingachangeanyway.PerettigivestheexampleofNetflixdiscontinuingitsDVD-mailingservicetofocusonstreaming.“Itwasseenasablunder,”hesaid.Themoveturnedouttobeforesighted.AndifPerettiwereinchargeattheTimes?“Iwouldn’tpickayeartoendprint,”hesaid.“Iwouldraisepricesandmakeitintomoreofalegacyproduct.”Themostloyalcustomerswouldstillgettheproducttheyfavor,theideagoes,andthey’dfeelliketheywerehelpingsustainthequalityofsomethingtheybelievein.“Soifyou’reoverpayingforprint,youcouldfeellikeyouwerehelping,”Perettisaid.“Thenincreaseitatahigherrateeachyearandessentiallytrytogenerateadditionalrevenue.”Inotherwords,ifyou’regoingtomakeaprintproduct,makeitforthepeoplewhoarealreadyobsessedwithit.Whichmaybewhattheisdoingalready.Gettingtheprinteditionsevendaysaweekcostsnearly$500ayear–morethantwiceasmuchasadigital-onlysubscription.“It’sareallyhardthingtodoandit’satremendousluxurythatBuzzFeeddoesn’thavealegacybusiness,”Perettiremarked.“Butwe’regoingtohavequestionslikethatwherewehavethingswe’redoingthatdon’tmakesensewhenthemarketchangesandtheworldchanges.Inthosesituations,it’sbettertobemoreaggressivethanlessaggressive.”TheNewisconsideringendingitsprinteditionpartlyduetothehighcostofoperation.theincreasingonlineadsales.thepressurefromitsinvestors.thecomplaintsfromitsreaders.Perettisuggeststhat,infaceofthepresentsituation,theshouldendtheprinteditionforgood.makestrategicadjustments.seeknewsourcesofreadership.aimforefficientmanagement.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraphs5and6thata“legacyproduct”helpsrestorethegloryofformertimes.ismeantforthemostloyalcustomers.willhavethecostofprintingreduced.expandsthepopularityofthepaper.Perettibelievesthat,inachangingworld,traditionalluxuriescanstayunaffected.cautiousnessfacilitatesproblem-solving.aggressivenessbettermeetschallenges.legacybusinessesarebecomingoutdated.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleofthetext?ShifttoOnlineNewspapersAllatOnceMakePrintNewspaperaLuxuryGoodKeepNewspapersForeverinFashionCherishtheNewspaperStillinHandPartBDirections:ReadthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbychoosingthemostsuitablesubheadingfromthelistA-Gforeachofthenumberedparagraphs(41-45).Therearetwoextrasubheadings.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)CreateanewimageofyourselfHaveconfidenceinyourselfDecideifthetimeisrightUnderstandthecontextwithprofessionalsKnowyourgoalsMakeitefficientNomatterhowformalorinformaltheworkenvironment,thewayyoupresentyourselfhasanimpact.Thisisespeciallytrueinfirstimpressions.AccordingtoresearchfromPrincetonUniversity,peopleassessyourcompetence,trustworthiness,andlikeabilityinjustatenthofasecond,solelybasedonthewayyoulook.Thedifferencebetweentoday’sworkplaceandthe“dressforsuccess”eraisthattherangeofoptionsissomuchbroader.Normshaveevolvedandfragmented.Insomesettings,redsneakersordresscanconveystatus;inothersnotsomuch.Plus,whateverimagewepresentismagnifiedbysocial-mediaserviceslikeLinkedln.Chancesare,yourheadshotsareseenmuchmoreoftennowthanadecadeortwoago.Millennials,itseems,facetheparadoxofbeingtheleastformalgenerationyetthemostconsciousofstyleandpersonalbranding.Itcanbeconfusing.Sohowdowenavigatethis?Howdoweknowwhentoinvestinanupgrade?Andwhat’sthebestwaytopulloffonethatenhancesourgoals?Herearesometips:41.41.Asanexecutivecoach,I’veseenimageupgradesbeparticularlyhelpfulduringtransitions–whenlookingforanewjob,steppingintoanewormorepublicrole,orchangingworkenvironments.Ifyou’reinaperiodofchangeorjustfeelingstuckandinarut,nowmaybeagoodtime.Ifyou’renotsure,askforhonestfeedbackfromtrustedfriends,colleaguesandprofessionals.Lookforcuesabouthowothersperceiveyou.Maybethere’snoneedforanupgradeandthat’sOK.42.42.Getclearonwhatimpactyou’rehopingtohave.Areyoulookingtorefreshyourimageorpivotit?Foroneperson,thegoalmaybetobetakenmoreseriouslyandenhancetheirprofessionalimage.Foranother,itmaybetobeperceivedasmoreapproachable,ormoremodernandstylish.Forsomeonemovingfromfinancetoadvertising,maybetheywanttolookmore“SoHo.”(It’sOKtousecharacterizationslikethat.)43.43.Lookatyourworkenvironmentlikeananthropologist.Whatarethenormsofyourenvironment?Whatconveysstatus?Whoareyourmostimportantaudiences?Howdothepeopleyourespectandlookuptopresentthemselves?Thebetteryouunderstandtheculturalcontext,themorecontrolyoucanhaveoveryourimpact.44.44.Enlistthesupportofprofessionalsandsharewiththemyourgoalsandcontext.Hireapersonalstylist,orusethefreestylingserviceofastorelikeJ.Crew.Tryahairstylistinsteadofabarber.Workwithaprofessionalphotographerinsteadofyourspouseorfriend.notasexpensiveasyoumightthink.45.45.Thepointofastyleupgradeisn’ttobecomemorevainortospendmoretimefussingoverwhattowear.Instead,useitasanopportunitytoreducedecisionfatigue.Pickastandardworkuniformorafewgo-tooptions.Buyallyourclothesatoncewithastylistinsteadofshoppingalone,onearticleofclothingatatime.PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Mentalhealthisourbirthright.(46)don’thavetolearnhowtobementallyhealthy;itisbuiltintousinthesamewaythatourbodiesknowhowtohealacutormendabrokenbone.Mentalhealthcan’tbelearned,onlyreawakened.Itisliketheimmunesystemofthebody,whichunderstressorthroughlackofnutritionorexercisecanbeweakened,butwhichneverleavesus.Whenwedon’tunderstandthevalueofmentalhealthandwedon’tknowhowtogainaccesstoit,mentalhealthwillremainhiddenfromus.(47)Ourmentalhealthdoesn’treallygoanywhere;likethesunbehindacloud,itcanbetemporarilyhiddenfrombutitisfullycapableofbeingrestoredinaninstant.Mentalhealthistheseedthatcontainsself-esteem–confidenceinourselvesandanabilitytotrustinourcommonsense.Itallowsustohaveperspectiveonourlives–theabilitytonottakeourselvestooseriously,tolaughatourselves,toseethebiggerpicture,andtoseethatthingswillworkout.aformofinnateorunlearnedoptimism.(48)Mentalhealthallowsustoviewotherswithsympathyiftheyarehavingtroubles,withkindnessiftheyareinpain,andwithunconditi