2025年上海市高考英语热点复习：阅读理解说明文

专题13阅读理解说明文

目录

题型综述.......................................................

解题攻略.........................................................................3

题型01细节理解题..............................................................3

题型02词句猜测题...............................................................4

题型03判断推理题...............................................................6

题型04主旨大意题...............................................................9

高考练场......................................................

01题型综述

♦题型简介

说明文是高考英语阅读理解中的一个重要体裁，其目的是解释和阐述事物，通常采用比较，解释说明，引用，下定义，举

例子，列数字等方法。说明文结构清晰,语言客观简洁，旨在介绍目标对象，呈现事实和观点，作者立场不明显。说明文

的常见语篇模式包括“问题一（分析）一解决措施一（解释）一（呼吁，评价或拓展）”，“引出主题一解释主题一拓展

主题”，“新研究发现一解释新研究一（进一步实验论证）一研究结论及其评价，研究启示,未来研究方向”等。

♦命题类型

•细节理解题：考查学生对文章中具体信息的理解，如时间，地点，事件等。

•推理判断题：考查学生根据文章内容进行逻辑推理和判断的能力，包括推测隐含意思，文章出处,作者态度等。

•主旨大意题：考查学生对文章主题或中心意思的概括和归纳能力,包括段落大意，文章大意和标题概括。

•词义猜测题：考查学生根据上下文推断生词或短语的含义,包括代词指代，生僻词以及短语短句的含义。

♦解题思路

•快速把握文章结构：说明文通常开门见山，作者会在文章开篇就把要介绍的事物或表达的观点直接陈述出来。

因此，通过文章第一段可以迅速找出说明文介绍或阐述的事物。

•关注段落首尾句：说明文的每个段落通常有主旨句,支撑细节和总结句。关注每一段的段首句和段尾句,可以帮

助考生在有限的时间内把握段落的主旨大意。

•理解语篇模式：了解说明文的常见语篇模式，有助于考生从宏观层面理解语篇的框架和脉络，通过“寻读”迅速定

位问题所在位置，提高阅读理解的速度。

•同义转换能力：近几年高考对细节理解题的考查难度有所增加,除了考查原文中直接出现的信息外，还考查学生

对原文信息进行同义转换的能力。

•推理和判断：在解答推理判断题时，考生需要根据文章内容推测隐含意思，推断作者的态度和意图,以及对文章后

续内容进行预测。

02解题攻略

题型01细节理解题

提分秘籍

说明文中考查的细节理解题大致与记叙文相似。命题区域都有其共同点：⑴在列举处命题，如用first（ly）,second（ly）,

third（ly）,finally,notonly,butalso,then,inaddition等表示顺承关系的词语列举出事实。试卷要求考生从列举出的内容中

选出符合题干要求的答案项。⑵在例证处命题，句中常用由as,suchas,forexample,forinstance等引导的短语或句子作为

例证，这些例句或比喻就成为命题者设问的焦点。⑶在转折对比处命题，一般通过however,but,yet,infact等词语来引导。

对比用unlike,until,notsomuch...as等词语引导，命题者常对用来对比的双方属性进行考查。⑷在比较处命题，无端的比

较，相反的比较，偷换对象的比较,经常出现在干扰项中，考生要标记并且关注到原文中的比较，才能顺利地排除干扰。⑸在

复杂句中命题，包括同位词，插入语，定语，从句，不定式等，命题者主要考查考生对句子之间的指代关系和语法关系。

O目困

做这类题目时，一般都能在原文中找到出处,只要仔细就可以在文中找到答案。但正确的选择项不可

能与阅读材料的原文完全相同，而是用不同的语句成句型表达相同的意思。

典例剖析

Studentsandteachers,aswellassomeparents,sitontwowoodenbenchesrunningthelengthofthehallwayoftheir

school.TheytaketurnsreadingfromtheOhen:tonKarihwatehkwen,whichtranslatesfromtheMohawklanguageto"Words

beforeallelse.^^Thesewords,whichexpressappreciationforalllifeforms,marktheday'sstartattheAkwesasneFreedom

School.

Butthe60-oddstudentsherewouldn,tunderstandtheselessonsifitweren'tforthislittleschoolhouseattheUnited

States-Canadaborder."Thismakesuswhoweare,andifwedon'thavethis,whoarewegoingtobe?”asksteacher

Kawehnokwiiosthe,whosenameinEnglishmeans"Shemakestheislandbeautiful.^^

Kawehnokwiiostheturnstoheryoungpupilsandstatesthattheyarewise,orage5,Mohawkisthemediumof

educationforstudentsineveryclassfromkindergartento8thgrade.WhenachildasksaquestioninEnglish,

KawehnokwiiostherespondsinMohawk.

MostparentspayfortheirchildrenwithahandmadequiltsoldinAugust.Theschoolisrunasacooperative,where

parentsdothecleaningalongwiththestudentsandthemaintenancework.StudentscomefromAmericanandCanadiansidesof

theborder,buttheschoolhasneveracceptedfundsfromeithergovernment,saysAlveraSargent,whoheadsthenonprofit

FriendsoftheAkwesasneFreedomSchoolandisoneofthelastfirst-languagespeakersofMohawk.

Thatmakesherindispensable,saysWayionCook,formerteacherandnowprojectmanageroftheschool'snonprofit

arm.t4Wetreasureourfirst-languagespeakers,9,hesays.4tWetreasurethembecausetheyaresoimportantforustocontinueon

ourlanguage.^^

9.WhatistheOhen:tonKarihwatehkwenabout?

A.Awayofgreeting.B.Awaytostartandendaday.

C.Deeprespectforthenaturalworld.D.Old-fashionedbusinesspractices.

10.Whatcanbelearnedabouttheschool?

A.ItisheadedbyWayionCookcurrently.

B.Itisself-governedbythelocalcommunity.

C.Itacceptskidsfromkindergartentohighschool.

D.ItemploysbothEnglishandMohawkforteaching.

题型02语意猜测题

提史秘籍

说明文为了把自然规律,事物的性质等介绍清楚或把事理阐述明白，因此学术性强的生词较多，所以常进行生词词义

判断题的考查。命题方式多以theunderlinedpart...inparagraph...refersto...或whatdoestheunderlinedwordmean?或

whatisthemeaningoftheunderlinedword?为设问方式。说明文在阐述说明对象时易发生动作变换，人称转变的现象，这类

题目常以it,they,them等代词为命题点，因此考生要根据上下文语境,认真阅读原文，分析动作转换背景，弄清动作不同执行

者，以便准确判断代词的其实际指代对象。

国目困

解这类题型时，考生应认真阅读原文,分析其对某些科学原理是如何定义，如何解释的，并以此为突破

口抽象概括出生词词义。也可以通过上下文来猜测某个陌生词语的语意。或者找出某个词语在文章中的

同义词。要注意破折号，同位语从句，定语从句，插入语等具有解释，说明作用的语言成分。

典例剖析

ThepopularityofDurianPersonalitiesisalsodrivenbythelongingfordepthandgenuineemotioninmodemsociety.

Psychologicalresearchshowsthatwithincreasingrelianceonsocialnetworksandinstantmessagingtools,shallow

relationshipshavemademanylosepatienceandabilityfordeepcommunication.However,DurianPersonalitiesofferacure:Its

“unapproachability“becomesafilteringmechanism,avoidingfrivoloussocialinteractionsandencouragingdeeperengagement

invaluableinterpersonalconnections.

15.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"frivolous“inparagraph3probablymean?

A.Regular.B.Unnecessary.C.Nonprofitable.D.Time-consuming.

典例剖析

DrKatyTamattheUniversityofTorontoScarboroughsaidboredomwascloselylinkedtoattention.t4Wefeelbored

whenthere?sagapbetweenhowengagedweareandhowengagedwewanttobe,“shesaid."Whenpeoplekeepswitching

throughvideos,theybecomelessengagedwiththevideosandtheyarelookingforsomethingmoreinteresting.Thiscanleadto

increasedfeelingsofboredom.^^

Theresultsappeartochimewithotherstudies:astheteamnotes,previousresearchhassuggestedthatwhileboredom

reliefisadriverforpeopletousesocialmediaorsmartphones,theuseofsuchtechnologyappearstomakethefeelingworse.

30.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“chimewith“meaninParagraph3?

A.agreewithB.comparewithC.contrastwithD.disagreewith

典例剖析

Yourownexperienceofrevisingforexamsmighttellyouthatsessionsofuninterruptedconcentrationcanhelpyouto

betterrememberkeypiecesofinformation.Indeed,manystudentswillengageinintensiverevisionjustbeforeatest-inthe

beliefthatessentialsubjectfactsandfigureswillbememorizedreadyforexamday.

However,thiscommonlyheldwisdomhasbeencontradictedbyanobservationmadeinapsychologicalstudy.Now

knownastheZeigamikeffect,itwasfoundthatinterruptionduringataskthatrequiresfocuscaninfactimproveaperson's

abilitytorememberitafterwards.

49.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“thiscommonlyheldwisdom“inparagraph2referto?

A.Rememberingessentialsubjectfactsguaranteessuccessinexams.

B.Interruptiononmemoryprocessinggeneratesunexpectedresults.

C.Uninterruptedconcentrationcontributestoeffectiverevision.

D.Revisionwithfullconcentrationboostslong-termmemory.

题型03判断推理题

提史秘籍

推理判断题是高考阅读理解试卷中的重要题型之一，包括判断和推理两个方面,属于主观题，是阅读理解中层次较

高的题目，因此也是考生失分率较高的题型。需要在理解原文字面意义的基础上，通过对语篇逻辑关系的分析和细节的

暗示，做出一定的判断和推理，从而得出文章的深层意义及隐含意义。

推断则是指通过对文章进行符合逻辑的综合分析，推出文章未直接陈述的言外之意。推断正确与否彳艮大程度上取决

于是否能正确把握作者潜隐在字里行间的语气及观点。推理判断题主要有以下几种形式：细节推断题，重章的来穗或留

者对象推断题，写作意图推断题，观点态度图等。

这类题目常见的设问方式有：

1.Whatwastheauthor9sattitudetowards...?

2.Thepassageisintendedto...

3.Theauthorsuggeststhat...

4.Thestoryimpliesthat...

5.Whichpointofviewmaytheauthoragreeto?

6.Fromthepassagewecanconcludethat...

7.Thepurposeofthepassageisto...。

回国圆画

解决这类题型时,应该根据不同的推理判断方法解题。学生要在阅读理解整体语篇的基础上,把握文

章的真正内涵。答案不可能在文章中直接找到,而且推理时我们务必要忠于原文,在文章中寻找并确定可

推论的依据,准确理解文中的已知部分,切忌过度推测或无理由推测，要结合语境和常识推论出未知部

分，把握作者的言外之意。

典例剖析

ResearchersfromSunYat-senUniversitysharedtheirfindingsinInternationalEnvironmentthatmicroplastics（微塑料）

canmakehairlossworsebyhurtingtheskin'sprotectivebarriersthroughaprocesscalledoxidativestress（氧化应激）.

Microplasticsareverysmallpiecesofplastic,smallerthan5millimeters.Theycomefrombiggerplasticitemsbreaking

down,likeshoppingbags,take-outcontainers,anddrinkbottles.Thesetinybitscangetintowater,soilandairandtheycan

moveupthefoodchainanddepositinourbody.

Theresultofthefirststudyshowswhenmicroplasticsaretestedinlivinganimals,theycancreateoxidativestressand

stopcertainproteinsfromworkingproperly.Thiscanhurttheskinandthepartsofthehairfollicleswherehairgrows,finally

leadingtohairfallingout.

Inthesecondstudy,researchersexploredhownewandagedmicroplasticsaffecttheskinandhairinmice.Theygave

micewaterwiththesemicroplasticsfortwomonthstoseewhatwouldhappentotheirhair.Afterjustoneday,researcherscould

seethatthemicroplasticshadmovedthroughthemice'sstomachs,gotintotheirbloodandendedupintheirhair.Aftertwo

months,themicethatdrankwaterwithagedmicroplasticshadmoredamagedskinandfallinghairthanthosewithnew

microplastics.Butfurtherexperimentsareneededtodecidewhetheragedmicroplasticsaremoreharmful.

"Notably,indailylifemicroplasticscanbefoundinbottledwater,clotheswewear,andeventheairwebreathe.Itis

estimatedthatapersonconsumesapproximately5gramsofmicro-plasticparticlesperweekonaverage,saidresearchleader

WangXusheng.

17.Howdoestheauthordevelopparagraph2?

A.Byquotation.B.Bylistingnumbers.

C.Bycomparison.D.Bygivingadefinition.

18.Whatcanbeinferredfromparagraph34?

A.Microplasticsareabsorbedthroughmanyorgans.

B.Microplasticsfinallydepositinthemice'sstomachs.

C.Researcherswillcarryoutfurtherexperimentsonhumanbeings.

D.Newandagedmicroplasticsaffectthemicetothesameextentinthefirststudy.

19.WhatisWangXusheng'sattitudetowardsmicroplasticsindailylife?

A.Indifferent.B.Objective.C.Concerned.D.Skeptical.

20.Whydoestheauthorwritethepassage?

A.Tostressontheimportanceofhairprotection.

B.Tointroducesomenewfindingsofmicroplastics.

C.Tocallforurgentactiononplasticbanworldwide.

D.Towarnreadersthedangerofmicroplasticsindailylife.

题型04主旨大意题

提史秘籍

说明文常用文章大意判断题考查考生对通篇文意的理解。即对文章的主题或中心意思的概括和归纳。主要考查考

生对文章的整体理解能力。命题形式常以Thispassagemainlytalksabout.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?为设

问方式。这种试卷多以Thispassagemainlytalksabout...

回国陶因

答题时首先阅读题干，掌握问题的类型,了解试卷题干以及各个选项所包含的信息，然后有针对性地

对文章进行扫读对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合，甄别，分析，对比，有根有据地排除干扰

项，选出正确答案。

典例剖析

Thebrainisprotectedbyshock-absorbingfluidand,outsidethat,theskull.Inaconcussion（月囱震荡），thebrainbounces

aroundintheskull,accelerating,deceleratingorrevolving.Thiscreatesaseriesofimpacts.Theneurons（神经元）inthebrain

aredisturbed,andbetweenthoseneurons,theaxons-thinfibersthattransmitelectricalimpulses-stretchorbreak.Insidethe

brain,it'slikeanearthquakethathashappened.Everythingisstillstanding,buttherearecracksintheroadsandinbuilding

foundations.

Thisextremelysmalldamagehasbigconsequences.Butdecadesago,thepublichada“walkitoff'attitudetowards

concussions.Thafschanged,thanksinparttoanincreasedawarenessaboutthelong-termeffects.The2015film“Concussion”

tellsthetruestoryofDrBennetOmalu,aforensicpathologiststudyingchronictraumaticencephalopathy（CTE）,abrain

disordercausedbyrepeatedheadinjuries.

Untilrecently,thedark-roomtreatmentwasthestandardprescribedbymostdoctors,involvingpatientsrestingin

darknessandwithoutanymentalstimulation,untiltheirsymptomseasedoff.Thissuggestioncameoutofstudiesinthe1990s

andearly2000sthatfoundwhenathleteswithconcussionscontinuedwithhighlevelsofactivity,theyrecoveredmoreslowly

thanthosewhorested.

Butpeoplewhospendmoretimeinadarkroom-sometimescalled'"cocooning^-arealsomorelikelytoexperience

anxiety,depressionandsleepproblems.Theirbodiesgetweakerduetounderuse,aswell.

"Scienceandresearchhaveevolvedoverthepastdecade,showingthatwhenyoustopdoingactivityaltogether,that

actuallyaffectsyourrecoveryprocess,9,saysBabul,asports-injuryspecialist.Theactive-restapproachtoconcussionrecovery

promotesaslowincreaseinactivity,startingwithadayortwooflightdailymovement,andgraduallyaddingactivity,building

toafullreturntonormal,unrestrictedactivity.

“Peoplewhofollowtherightguidanceandmanagementtendtorecoveruneventfully,andthosewhodon'tandcontinue

todotheiractivitiescontinuetotaxtheirbrainandarelikelytohavelong-term,persistingsymptoms,Babulsays."Thekeyis

torecognizeitimmediatelyandknowwhattodo.”

41.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?

A.Theworkingsofconcussion.B.Thecausesofconcussion.

C.Thesymptomsofconcussion.D.Theeffectsofconcussion.

44.Whatisthebesttitleofthetext?

A.FromInactiontoAction:ConcussionShocks.B.FromDarknesstoLight:ConcussionRecovery.

C.FromOutsidetoInside:ConcussionTreatment.D.FromNothingtoSomething:ConcussionStudy.

03高考练场

题型oi细节理解题

（2025年浦东新区一模）

Insociology,consumptionisaboutsomuchmorethanjusttakinginorusingupresources.Humansconsumetosurvive,of

course,butintoday'sworld,wealsoconsumetoentertainandamuseourselves,andasawaytosharetimeandexperiences

withothers.Weconsumenotonlymaterialgoodsbutalsoservices,experiences,information,andculturalproducts.

Consumptiontodayisacentralorganizingprincipleofsociallife.

Sociologistsrecognizethatmanyaspectsofourdailylivesarestructuredbyconsumption.Infact,Polishsociologist

ZygmuntBaumanwroteinthebookConsumingLifethatWesternsocietiesarenolongerorganizedaroundtheactof

production,butinstead,aroundconsumption.ThistransitionbeganintheUnitedStatesinthemid-twentiethcentury,after

whichmostproductionjobsweremovedoverseas,andoureconomyshiftedtoretailandtheprovisionofservicesand

information.

43.WhatwasthechangeintheUnitedStatesinthemid-twentiethcentury?

A.Ashifttolocalproduction.B.Agrowthofoverseasconsumption.

C.Afocusonretailandservices.D.Adeclineinthevalueofconsumption.

（2025年浦东新区一模）

Insociology,consumptionisaboutsomuchmorethanjusttakinginorusingupresources.Humansconsumetosurvive,of

course,butintoday5sworld,wealsoconsumetoentertainandamuseourselves,andasawaytosharetimeandexperiences

withothers.Weconsumenotonlymaterialgoodsbutalsoservices,experiences,information,andculturalproducts.

Consumptiontodayisacentralorganizingprincipleofsociallife.

Sociologistsrecognizethatmanyaspectsofourdailylivesarestructuredbyconsumption.Infact,Polishsociologist

ZygmuntBaumanwroteinthebookConsumingLifethatWesternsocietiesarenolongerorganizedaroundtheactof

production,butinstead,aroundconsumption.ThistransitionbeganintheUnitedStatesinthemid-twentiethcentury,after

whichmostproductionjobsweremovedoverseas,andoureconomyshiftedtoretailandtheprovisionofservicesand

information.

43.WhatwasthechangeintheUnitedStatesinthemid-twentiethcentury?

A.Ashifttolocalproduction.B.Agrowthofoverseasconsumption.

C.Afocusonretailandservices.D.Adeclineinthevalueofconsumption.

（2025年闵行一模）

TheconversationaltoneofanAIchatbotorvoice-basedassistantisagoodwaytolearnnewconcepts,butitmayactually

makeusmorewillingtobelieveinaccuracies,comparedwithinformationpresentedinastatic（静态的）article.

Toinvestigatethisissue,SonjaUtzfromGermanyasked1,200participantstoengagewithoneofthreeformats.Thefirst

involvedtextappearingletterbyletterinthestyleofalargemodel,similartoChatGPT;thesecondprovidedinformation

throughavoice-baseddevice;andthethirdwasastatic,text-basedcopyofcontent.

43.WhatwasthemainfocusofSonjaUtz*sstudy?

A.FeaturesofAIchatbotsorvoice-basedassistants.

B.People'spreferenceforinformationsources.

C.Whystaticarticlesdifferfromconversationalcontent.

D.Howtextformatsinfluenceinformationtrustworthiness.

题型02语意猜测题

（2025年嘉定一模）

Thesimplicityofthefondant-asingle-servingdessertwithamoltencore-beliesitscomplexity.Achievingtheperfect

textureandensuringthecenterflowsattheexactmomentofcuttingarethechallengesthatonlyaskilledchefcanconsistently

conquer.There'sanelementofanticipationbuiltintotheexperience:willthewarmchocolatefloworremaindisappointingly

solid?

44.Whatdoestheword“belies”（paragraph4）mostprobablymean?

A.Reveals.B.Defines.C.Masks.D.Explains.

（2025年虹口一模）

Buttrade-offsexist.Givenpeople'sanxietyaboutmathandlevelofmathematicalability,thereisanupperlimitwhen

communicatingthesekindsofdetails.Inpastresearch,itwasfoundthatpeoplefindnumbershelpful,solongastherearen'ttoo

manyofthem.Nohard-and-fastrulesuggestshowmanyistoomany-itdependsonthecomplexityofthetopic,people's

familiaritywiththesubjectandtheiroverallnumeracy.Communicatorsthereforeneedtoknowandattendtotheiraudience:ifa

speakerseessomeonelookingbored,forexample,ifsasigntobackoffonthenumbers.

44.Whichofthefollowingbestfitsthedescriptionof"trade-offs”（paragraph4）?

A.Numberscausedifficultiesinunderstandingthematter.

B.Peoplefindthesubjectbeingtalkedaboutunfamiliar.

C.Ittakestimetoconfirmtheprecisionofallnumbers.

D.Peopletendtoholdmoredebatesaboutthetopic

题型03判断推理题

（2025年徐汇一模）

Mosttaxidriversneedasmartphonetogettotheirdestinations.Butsharks,itseems,neednothingmorethantheirown

bodies——andEarth'smagnetic（磁的）field.AnewstudysuggestssomesharkscanreadEarth'sfieldlikeamapanduseitto

travellongdistanceswithaccuracy.

Sincethe1970s,researchershavesuspectedthatsomefishcandetectmagneticfields.Butnoonehadshownthatsharksuse

thefieldstofindtheirlocationornavigate（导航）,partlybecausetheanimalsaren'tsoeasytoworkwith.Ifsonethingifyouhave

asmallfish,orababyseaturtle,butwhenyouworkwithsharks,youhavetoupscaleeverything.

（2025年杨浦一模）

Neurodiversityisatermthatreferstothenaturalrangeofdifferencesinpeople'sbrains.Theneurodiversitymovementsays

thatthebrainsthatwanderfromtheaveragewithinthatrangeshouldn'tbedismissedasinsufficientautomatically.Thetermdates

backtotheautism（自闭症）communityinthe1990s,thoughit'snowappliedtoallsortsofmentaldifferences.Inthepast,

“autismwaswidelyseenasanindividualmedicaltragedy,9,saysRobertChapman,aneurodivergent（脑功能异于常人的）

philosopherwithautism,t6Theonlyhopeforautisticpeopleandourfamilies,itwasthought,wasthatwewouldonedaybefixed

throughbehavioralorbiomedicalintervention.

Crucially,theneurodiversitymovementallowsneurodivergentpeopletotransformtheirthinkingaboutthemselves.tcThe

dominantmedicalizednarrativesuggestedthatbeingautisticmademesomehowtragic,broken,andinneedoffixing“Chapman

writesinhis2023book."ThiswaswhyIfounddiscoveringneurodiversitymovement,whichofferedadifferentanalysis,so

liberating.^^

45.WhatcanbeinferredaboutRobertChapman?

A.Hebelievesbeingautisticisalife-longtragedy.

B.Hehasbeenfixedthroughbio-medicalintervention.

C.Heisbotheredbythenegativenarrativesurroundingautism.

D.Hethinksautisticpeoplecanbeliberatedfromthemovement.

46.Themainpurposeofthearticleisto.

A.introducetheeffectivetreatmentmethodsforautism

B.explainthehistoryandsignificanceoftheneurodiversitymovement

C.argueforthenecessityofpromotingtheneurodiversitymovement

D.criticizethewrongfocusofresearchinunderstandingautism

题型04主旨大意题

（2025年静安一模）

About150yearsafterhisdeath,questionsappearedabouttheauthorshipofWilliamShakespeare5splays.Scholarsand

literarycriticsbegantofloatnameslikeChristopherMarlowe,EdwarddeVereandFrancisBacon-menofmoreknown

backgrounds,literaryrecognition,orinspiration-asthetrueauthorsoftheplays.Muchofthiscamefromtheincompleterecord

ofShakespeare'slifeandthelackofeye-witnesssources.OfficialfilesfromtheHolyTrinityChurchandtheStratford

governmentrecordtheexistenceofaWilliamShakespeare,butnonebearsthestatementslikehimbeinganactororplaywright

（剧作家）.

46.Thepassageismainlyabout.

A.waystodeterminetherealauthorofclassicliteraryworks

B.thefightsbetweenShakespeare^supportersandhisopponents

C.doubtsandproofsabouttheauthorshipofShakespeare'splays

D.thecriticismonShakespeare9splaysandtheirvalues

（2025年奉贤一模）

Forthefirsttime,scientistshaveobservedthebrainthroughoutthepregnancy（怀孕）timeline.Sexhormones,likeestrogen

andtestosterone,arepowerfulplayersinthebrain,affectingmood,memory,andmore.Someofthemostdramatichormonal

changesthathumansexperiencehappenduringpregnancy,andyetthoseninemonthshavebeenablackboxforhuman

neuroscienceuntilnow.

AnewstudypublishedthisweekinNatureNeuroscienceprovidesthemostextensivelookinsidethatblackboxyet.

Researchersscannedthebrainofonewoman26timesovertheentirecourseofherpregnancy-before,duringandafter.Brain

scansshowthattracksofwhitemattergetstrongerduringpregnancy.Previousbrainimagingstudiesfrombeforeandafter

pregnancyhaveshownthatpregnancyshrinks（缩d、）partsofthebrain,specificallyitsgraymatter.Theseouterlayersofthebrain

areresponsibleformostofsensation,learningandothergreatthingsthebraindoes.

43.Thepassagemainlytellsus.

A.howpregnancyimpactswomen'smemoryB.howbrainscansleadtoabreakthrough

C.howpubertydiffersfrompregnancyD.howbrainchangesduringpregnancy

变式演练

A

（2025年崇明一模）

ThePulitzersareAmericanawardsgivenwithintheUnitedStatesforoutstandingachievementinjournalismaswellas

books,dramaandmusic.Undertheseheadings,thereare22categoriesincludingonlinejournalism,newspaperreporting,

fiction,history,music,drama,poetry,photographyandmore.Recipientscanbeanewsorganization,anindividualoragroupof

people.

Eachofthefirst21winnersreceivesa$15,000cashprizeandacertificate.Thetwenty-secondprize,however,isthe

PublicServicePrize,whichisalwaysgiventoanewsagency.Insteadofcash,thenewsorganizationreceivesthePulitzerGold

Medal.Thenameoftheyear'swinnerisononesideofthecoinandtheyearisontheother.Allwinnersarehonoredand

awardedtheirprizesatanannuallunchparty.TheeventtakesplaceatColumbiaUniversity,whichwasoriginallytaskedwith

administeringtheaward,andusuallyoccursinMay.

Ifithadn'tbeenforaHungarian-AmericannamedJosephPulitzer,theawardswouldneverhavecomeintoexistence.

PulitzerwasbornintoawealthyfamilyinHungaryin1847.HemadehiswaytoAmericaandbuiltacareerinjournalism.He

developedareputationasanambitiousandenergeticyoungjournalist.By1872Pulitzerhadbecomeapublisher,andsixyears

laterheownedanewspapercompany.In1883hepurchasedyetanothernewspaper.Hebecameknownassomeonewhowas

notafraidtotakeapublicstandagainstcorruption（腐败）.

Afterasuccessfulcareerinjournalism,sevenyearsbeforehisdeath,Pulitzerwroteawill,leaving$2,000,000to

ColumbiaUniversity.ThemoneywastoestablishaschoolofjournalismatColumbiaandasetofawards.Pulitzer'sdesirewas

toraisethestandardsofjournalism.Hehopedtheprizewouldactasastimulusforjournaliststoworkforexcellence-then

andintothefuture.

FaithfullyfollowingPulitzer'sinstructions,ColumbiaUniversityawardedtheveryfirstPulitzerPrizesin1917.Today

theseawardsareconsideredsomeofthemostdistinguishedprizesinAmerica.

36.WhatcanbeknownaboutthePulitzers?

A.Theirrecipientsallgetcashprizes.B.Thereare21winnerseachyear.

C.Theyareawardedworldwide.D.Theygobeyondjournalism.

37.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatJosephPulitzer.

A.washumorousandcourageousB.wasraisedupinajournalist,sfamily

C.hadastrongsenseofjusticeD.