英语等级考试《PETS四级》试题真题及答案二

英语等级考试《PETS四级》试题真题及答案二[问答题]1.Directions:Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayoni（江南博哥）t.Inyouressay,youshould(1)describethepicturebriefly,(2)analyzethissituation,and(3)giveyourcomments.Youshouldwrite160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.正确答案：详见解析参考解析：【参考范文】DifficultiesandPressureFromthepicturewecanseeamanrunningwithspringsunderhisshoes.Withthepressurecausedbysteppingonthespring,themanisabletospeedupmoreeasilywiththecounter-actingforce.Thespringrepresentsthevariouspressuresmostofushavetofaceinourlives.Whileenormousstressislikelytoadverselyaffectourhealth,acertaindegreeofpressurewouldmotivateustoworkharderandactivateourpotential.Underpressure,wecanbringoutourpotentialtothebestinordertomeetthechallenge.Tomakethebestofpressure,weshouldthinkpositivelyinthefirstplace.Aspressureisinevitabletoalargeextent,itispointlesstobeatalosstowardsextremepressure.Onthecontrary,itwouldbeofgreathelptomaintainahealthylifestyletomoniterpressure.Whenpressuredoesarise,allwehavetodoisbraceupagainstit.Inconclusion,weneedpressureandchallengetobemotivated.Whenburdenedwithpressure,ourpotentialisexploredandwewouldbeabletoworkmoreefficientlyandmoreeffectively.Onlybythinkingpositively,regardingpressureasanimpetusandleadingahealthylifestylecanwehandlepressuresuccessfully.【范文点评】在写作过程中，要紧扣题目要求。首先，应该描述图片所描述的现象。其次，要指明图片所蕴含的深层含义。第三，针对图片中的问题提出自己的看法。最后再进行总结。【闪光词汇】1.belikelyto...可能……2.acertaindegreeof...一定量的……3.bringout发挥，激发4.ataloss束手无策5.braceupagainst...鼓起勇气面对……6.leadahealthylifestyle建立健康的生活方式共享题干题[问答题]1.Directions:ThissectionisdesignedtotestyourabilitytounderstandspokenEnglish.Youwillhearaselectionofrecordedmaterialsandyoumustanswerthequestionsthataccompanythem.Therearethreepartsinthissection,PartA,PartBandPartC.Remember,whileyouaredoingthetest,youshouldfirstputdownyouranswersinyourtestbooklet.Attheendofthelisteningcomprehensionsection,youwillhave5minutestotransferallyouranswersfromyourtestbooklettoANSWERSHEET1.Ifyouhaveanyquestions,youmayraiseyourhandnowasyouwillnotbeallowedtospeakoncethetesthasstarted.NowlookatPartAinyourtestbooklet.PartADirections:ForQuestions1-5,youwillheararadioprogramaboutresourcesontheInternet.Whileyoulisten,filloutthetablewiththeinformationyouhaveheard.Someoftheinformationhasbeengiventoyouinthetable.Writeonly1wordornumberineachnumberedbox.Youwillheartherecordingtwice.正确答案：1.rare录音中提到“That’swhyIturntotheInternettofindrarebooksIseek”，由此可知，说话者转向网络是为了寻找不常见的书，故空格处应填rare，表示“珍稀，罕见”。2.6,540录音中提到“Itlinkstomorethan6,540bookstoresinNorthAmerica,listingupto21millionrarecopies”，由此可知，这家网站连接6540家北美书店，故空格处填6,540。3.8,000录音中提到“Thisguysellsuptoasmanyas8,000booksaday”，由此可知每天可通过网站卖出八千本书，故空格处填8,000。4.Netnews录音中提到“TolinkdirectlytothisCanadiansite,visittheInternetnewsonNontheWorldWideWeb”，由此可知网站名为N，故空格处填Netnews。5.challenges录音中提到“It’saninternationalcenterofhigherlearning,providingeducationalopportunitiestomeettoday’sglobalchallenges”，由此可知，华盛顿大学提供的教育机会是为了应对全球挑战，故空格处应填challenges，表示“挑战”。【录音原文】IlovebooksandIlovebookstorestoo,butIdon’talwayshavethetimetoexplorethem.That’swhyIturntotheInternettofindrarebooksIseek.I’mCharlesBourne,reportingtotheInternetNews.Today’sreportisonDan’sbookexchange.BookloversflocktothisCanadianwebsiteandtheydosowithgoodreason.Itlinkstomorethan6,540bookstoresinNorthAmerica,listingupto21millionrarecopies,usedbooksandout-of-printvolumes.Thisguysellsuptoasmanyas8,000booksaday.Youcanusuallybuyabookfromthesiteordealdirectlywiththebookstores.Yourtimeisprecious.Spenditreadingyourbookinsteadofhuntingforit.TolinkdirectlytothisCanadiansite,visittheInternetnewsonNontheWorldWideWeb.TheInternetnewsisaserviceofGeorgeWashingtonUniversityinWashington,D.C.It’saninternationalcenterofhigherlearning,providingeducationalopportunitiestomeettoday’sglobalchallenges.ThisisCharlesBourneforCBC.WewillbehappytomailyouaCBCfrequencyscheduleifyoujustsendusa...[问答题]2.PartBDirections:ForQuestions6-10,youwillhearabrieftalkaboutthepopularityofcoffee.Whileyoulisten,completethesentencesoranswerthequestions.Usenomorethan3wordsforeachanswer.Youwillheartherecordingtwice.正确答案：6.1.25million录音中提到“Americansuseabout1.25milliontonsofcoffeeeachyear”，由此可知，美国人每年要喝125万吨咖啡，故空格处填1.25million。7.30pounds录音中提到“Swedesconsumethemost,anaverageof30poundseachyearperperson”，由此可知，瑞典人每天平均要喝30磅咖啡，因此空格处应填30pounds。8.poisonous录音中提到“KingGustavHIofSwedenbelievedthecoffeewaspoisonous”，由此可知，瑞典国王认为咖啡有毒，故空格处填poisonous，表示“有毒的”。9.Thedoctors录音中提到“Thedoctorsdiedfirst,thentheKingdied”，由此可知，医生最先去世，故空格处应填Thedoctors。10.awakeandalive录音中提到“Thisdrugmakespeoplefeelawakeandalive”，由此可知，咖啡可以让人保持清醒，让人长寿。故空格处应填awakeandalive。【录音原文】Eachmorning,millionsofAmericansstumbleoutofbedandheadforthekitchen.Thereasonistogetasteamingcupoffreshblackcoffee.Manypeoplesaytheycannotlivewithoutit.Andmostcoffeedrinkersdonotstopatonecup.Getdowncoffeeallday.Americansevenhaveaspecialtimeofdaytodrinkcoffee--thecoffeebreak.Thisbreakisevenrequiredbylaw.Allinall,Americansuseabout1.25milliontonsofcoffeeeachyear.Thatistwoandahalfcupsdailyforeachperson.Americansarenottheworld’sonlycoffeedrinkers.Allaroundtheworld,peopledrinkmorecoffeethananyotherbeverage.Swedesconsumethemost,anaverageof30poundseachyearperperson.ThepeopleofSwedenhavenotalwaysdrunkcoffee.Inthe18thcentury,KingGustavIIIofSwedenbelievedthecoffeewaspoisonous.Hedecidedtoprovethathisbeliefwascorrect.Isentencedamurderertodrinkcoffeeeverydayuntilhedied.Bycomparison,anothermurdererwassentencedtodrinkteaeveryday.Twodoctorswatchedthetwomentoseewhowilldiefirst.Thedoctorsdiedfirst.ThentheKingdied.Finally,aftermanyyears,oneofthemurderersdiedattheageof83.Hewastheteadrinker.Coffeemayormaynotgivelonglife,butitcertainlygivesenergy.Coffeecontainscaffeine.Thisdrugmakespeoplefeelawakeandalive.Thisisonereasonpeopledrinkcoffee.[单选题]3.PartCDirections:Youwillhearthreedialoguesormonologues.Beforelisteningtoeachone,youwillhave5secondsmreadeachofthequestionswhichaccompanyit.Whilelistening,answereachquestionbychoosingA,B,CorD.Afterlistening,youwillhave10secondstocheckyouranswertoeachquestion.Youwillheareachpieceonceonly.Questions11-13arebasedonatalkaboutWorldAIDSDay.WorldAIDSDayisadaytoA.considerthetreatmentofintridualswiththeAIDSvirus.B.showtheimportanceoftheAIDSAssociation.C.callondoctorstoplacemoreimportanceonAIDSpatients.D.celebratetheachievementsinthecontrolofAIDS.正确答案：D参考解析：录音中提到“theobservancegives...achancetoshowtheimportanceofthefightagainstAIDS.Italsoisadaytocelebrateprogressineffortstostopthespreadofthedisease”，由此可知，世界艾滋病日是为了告诉人们抵抗艾滋病的重要性，也是为了庆祝艾滋病的传播取得的进步，故D项正确。[单选题]4.Whatisthethemeforthenextyear’sAIDScampaign?A.DevelopmentofacureforAIDS.B.FairtreatmentofAIDSpatients.C.ProgressinAIDSresearch.D.CouragetolivewithAIDS.正确答案：B参考解析：录音中提到“HesaystheworldAIDScampaignforthenextyearisaboutthewaypeopleinfectedwiththeAIDSvirusaretreated”，由此可知，明年艾滋病运动的主题是关于艾滋病患者的治疗方法，故B项正确。[单选题]5.HowmanywomenwereinfectedwiththeAIDSviruslastyear?A.2million.B.4million.C.19million.D.39million.正确答案：A参考解析：录音中提到“Lastyear,morethan4millionadultsbecameinfected.2millionofthemarewomen”，由此可知，去年2百万女性感染了艾滋病。故答案为A项。【录音原文】SundayisWorldAIDSDay.WorldAIDSDaywasfirstdeclaredintheconferencein1988.Eachyear,theobservancegivesgovernments,otherorganizationsandintridualsachancetoshowtheimportanceofthefightagainstAIDS.Italsoisadaytocelebrateprogressineffortstostopthespreadofthedisease.ThemessageforWorldAIDSDaythisyearislivingletlive.PeachPileistheheadoftheUnitedNationsAIDSprogram.HesaystheworldAIDScampaignforthenextyearisaboutthewaypeopleinfectedwiththeAIDSvirusaretreated.Hesaysthoseinfectedcanbetreatedonhealingschool,wardplacesandreligiouscenters.Heisurgingeveryonetofighttheseunfairtreatmentswhereveritisfound.HesaysthatwouldhelpclearthewaytoprogressinfightingAIDSitself.Thisweek,UNofficialsreportedthatabouthalfofthoseinfectedworldwidearewomen.Untilnow,moremenwereinfected.TheUN’snewreportestimatesthat4,2millionpeopleareinfectedwiththeAIDSvirus,alsocalledHIV.Nearly39millionofthoseinfectedareadults.Morethan19millionofthemarewomen.Lastyear,morethan4millionadultsbecameinfected.2millionofthemarewomen.UNofficialssaymanywomenwereinfectedthroughsexwithinfectedmen.StudieshavefoundHIVpassesmoreeasilyfrommentowomenthanfromwomentomen.[单选题]6.Questions14-16arebasedonthebiographyofStephenBiko,aSouthAfricanpoliticalleaderfortheBlackConsciousnessMovement.WhatdidBikostudyintheuniversity?A.Politics.B.Blacknationalism.C.Medicine.D.Governmentpolicies.正确答案：C参考解析：录音中提到“HeenteredtheuniversityofNatalin1966tostudyMedicine”，由此可知，他学的是医学。故C项正确。[单选题]7.WhendidBikobecomethehonorarypresidentoftheBlackPeople’sConvention?A.1968.B.1972.C.1973.D.1977.正确答案：B参考解析：录音中提到“In1972,aunionofmorethan70blackorganizationsestablishedtheBlackPeople’sConventionandBikowasnamedthehonorarypresident”，由此可知，Biko在1972年成为黑人大会的荣誉主席。故B项正确。[单选题]8.WhatdidtheSouthAfricanGovernmentdowiththeBlackConsciousnessMovementatthebeginning?A.Putupwithit.B.Restricteditsactivities.C.Arresteditsleaders.D.Grantedlimitedapproval.正确答案：A参考解析：录音中提到“TheSouthAfricanGovernmentinitiallytoleratedtheBlackConsciousnessMovement”，由此可知南非政府一开始对黑人觉醒运动采取容忍态度，故A项正确。【录音原文】StephenBiko,aSouthAfricanpoliticalleaderofthelate1960s,becameknownasaheroforBlackNationalismuponhisdeathinprison.BikowasborninKingWilliam’sTowninwhatisnowtheprovinceofEastenCape.HeenteredtheUniversityofNatalin1966tostudyMedicine.In1972,BikowasexpelledforhispoliticalactivitieswhichweredirectedatthewhiteminoritygovernmentofSouthAfricaanditsrestrictiveracialpolicies.BikothoughttoliberatethemindsofAmericansandwasoneofthefoundersoftheBlackConsciousnessMovementinthelate1960s.StudentswereintheforefrontoftheBlackConsciousnessMovementandin1968theyalsofoundedtheSouthAmericanstudents’organizationwhichoperatedasablackgroup,separatefromthewhitenationalunionofSouthAfricanstudents.Bikoservedastheblackorganization’sfirstpresident.Healsowasimportantinstartingotherblackgroups.In1972,aunionofmorethan70blackorganizationsestablishedtheBlackPeople’sConventionandBikowasnamedthehonorarypresident.TheSouthAfricanGovernmentinitiallytoleratedtheBlackConsciousnessMovementandsomeoftheotherblackorganizations,butitbegancrackingdownonthemintheearly1970s.Bikowasbannedfrommanyactivitiesin1973andarrestedseveraltimes.InAugust1977,Bikowasarrestedagainandwasseverelybeatenbythepolicewhileinprison.Hediedwithinamonthofhisarrest.[单选题]9.Questions17-20arebasedonatalkaboutleft-handers.WhatisthepurposeofLeft-handersInternational?A.Tohelpleft-handersfindbetterjobs.B.Tochangepublicattitudestowardsleft-handers.C.Toridleft-handersoftheirprejudices.D.Toshowthepublicthetalentsofleft-handers.正确答案：B参考解析：录音中提到“Thepurposeoftheorganizationistofightdiscrimination,particularlyinjobsandtoinformthepublic”，由此可知，左撇子协会的目的是为了改变公众对左撇子的看法，故B项正确。[单选题]10.Whathaveresearchersfoundintheirstudiesofhandpreference?A.Childrendon’tshowstronghandpreferenceuntilsix.B.Childrenunderthreetendtohaveafavoriteeyeandear.C.Thereareasmanymaleleft-handersasfemaleones.D.Left-handersaremoreinterestingthanright-handers.正确答案：A参考解析：录音中提到“It’sbeenfound...thatallchildrenusebothhandsaboutequallyuntiltheyare3yearsold”，由此可知，A项正确。[单选题]11.Left-handersseemmoreathleticbecausetheyA.aremoreenergetic.B.persistinphysicaltraining.C.possessacreativeimpulse.D.haveabettersenseofspace.正确答案：D参考解析：录音中提到“Theyalsoseemtobemoreathleticandtodobetterinsomeprofessions，whichlikesports,requireagoodsenseofspace”，由此可知，左撇子更擅长运动是因为空间感更好。故D项正确。[单选题]12.Whatistheproblemsomeleft-handersmightsufferfrom?A.Slownessincommunication.B.Awkwardnessinaction.C.Speechdefect.D.Difficultyinwriting.正确答案：C参考解析：录音中提到“they’remorelikelytosufferfromproblemssuchasdifficultyinreadingandinabilitytospeaknormally”，由此可知，左撇子语言能力可能会有缺陷。故C项正确。【录音原文】Therearemillionsofleft-handedpeopleintheworld,25millionintheUnitedStates.Anumberofthemgottogetherin1975toformanassociationcalledLeft-handersInternational.Thepurposeoftheorganizationistofightdiscrimination,particularlyinjobsandtoinformthepublic.Thememberswanteverybodytounderstandthatleft-handersareneitherstrangenorsicknordangerous.Manystudieshavebeenmaderecentlyabouthandpreferenceinhumans.Theyhavebroughtinterestingresults.It’sbeenfound,forinstance,thatmanymorementhanwomenareleft-handed,thatallchildrenusebothhandsaboutequallyuntiltheyare3yearsoldandthathandpreferenceisnotclearlyuntilage6.Abovethatage,mostpeoplenotonlyfavoroneparticularhandbuttheyalsohaveafavoriteeye,afavoriteearandfoot.Weknowthattheleftsideofthebodyiscontrolledbytherightsideofthebrain.Itseemsthatthisparticularhalfistheseatofemotions,imaginationandofthesenseofspace.Andindeed,leftiesseemtobemorecreativethantheirright-handedfellowhumans.Theyalsoseemtobemoreathleticandtodobetterinsomeprofessions,whichlikesports,requireagoodsenseofspace.Inalargeschoolofarchitecture,itwasfoundin1977that29%oftheprofessorsand23%ofthegraduatingstudentswereleft-handedwhileleftiesrepresentlessthan10%ofthegeneralpopulation.Finally,left-handersmaybemorestubbornthanright-handersandthey’remorelikelytosufferfromproblemssuchasdifficultyinreadingandinabilitytospeaknormally.Theproblemsaremoreseriousinleft-handedpeoplewhohavebeenforcedtofavortheirrighthand.Doctorsinsistthatoneshouldnevertrytochangeachild’shandpreference.Directions:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordorphraseforeachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.PragmatismisaphilosophicalmovementthathashadamajorimpactonAmericanculturefromthelate19thcenturytothepresent.Pragmatismcalls

21

ideasandtheoriestobetestedinpractice,by

22

whetheractingupontheideaortheoryproducesdesirableorundesirableresults.Theideasofthepragmatistswereconsidered

23

whentheyfirstappeared.Tosomecritics,pragmatism’s

24

toaffirmanyabsolutestandardscardednegativeimplicationsforsociety.

25

,pragmatistsdonotbelievethatasingleabsoluteideaofgoodnessorjusticeexists,but

26

thattheseconceptsarechangeableanddependonthe

27

inwhichtheyarebeingdiscussed.The

28

oftheseabsolutes,criticsfeared,couldresultina(n)

29

inmoralstandards.Thepragmatists’denialofabsolutes,

30

,challengedthefoundationsofreligion,government,andschoolsofthought.

31

,pragmatisminfluenceddevelopmentsinpsychology,sociology,andmanyotherschoolsandmovements.

32

politicalgroupshavealsodrawn

33

theassumptionsofpragmatism,fromtheprogressivemovementsoftheearly20thcenturytolaterexperimentsinsocialreform.Pragmatismisbest

34

initshistoricalandculturalcontext.Itaroseduringthelate19thcentury,aperiodofrapidscientificadvancement

35

bythetheoriesofBritishbiologistCharlesDarwin,whosetheories

36

tomanythinkersthathumanityandsocietyareina

37

stateofprogress.Duringthissameperiod,adeclinein

38

religiousbeliefsandvaluesaccompaniedtheindustrializationandmaterialprogressofthetime.In

39

,itbecamenecessarytorethink

40

ideasaboutvalues,religion,science,community,andintriduality.[单选题]13.______.A.forB.inC.outD.off正确答案：A参考解析：句意：实用主义要求想法和理论经过实践的检验，从而确定实践这一想法或理论是否会产生令人期许的结果。联系上下文可知，此处是想表达实用主义的内涵。callfor表示“需要；提倡”，符合句意，故A项正确。callin召来。callout大叫。calloff取消，放弃。PragmatismisaphilosophicalmovementthathashadamajorimpactonAmericanculturefromthelate19thcenturytothepresent.Pragmatismcalls

21

ideasandtheoriestobetestedinpractice,by

22

whetheractingupontheideaortheoryproducesdesirableorundesirableresults.Theideasofthepragmatistswereconsidered

23

whentheyfirstappeared.Tosomecritics,pragmatism’s

24

toaffirmanyabsolutestandardscardednegativeimplicationsforsociety.

25

,pragmatistsdonotbelievethatasingleabsoluteideaofgoodnessorjusticeexists,but

26

thattheseconceptsarechangeableanddependonthe

27

inwhichtheyarebeingdiscussed.The

28

oftheseabsolutes,criticsfeared,couldresultina(n)

29

inmoralstandards.Thepragmatists’denialofabsolutes,

30

,challengedthefoundationsofreligion,government,andschoolsofthought.

31

,pragmatisminfluenceddevelopmentsinpsychology,sociology,andmanyotherschoolsandmovements.

32

politicalgroupshavealsodrawn

33

theassumptionsofpragmatism,fromtheprogressivemovementsoftheearly20thcenturytolaterexperimentsinsocialreform.Pragmatismisbest

34

initshistoricalandculturalcontext.Itaroseduringthelate19thcentury,aperiodofrapidscientificadvancement

35

bythetheoriesofBritishbiologistCharlesDarwin,whosetheories

36

tomanythinkersthathumanityandsocietyareina

37

stateofprogress.Duringthissameperiod,adeclinein

38

religiousbeliefsandvaluesaccompaniedtheindustrializationandmaterialprogressofthetime.In

39

,itbecamenecessarytorethink

40

ideasaboutvalues,religion,science,community,andintriduality.[单选题]14.______.A.discussingB.predictingC.assessingD.questioning正确答案：C参考解析：联系语境可知，想法和理论接受实践的检验，自然是为了确定某种结果。assess确定，评估。符合句意，因此C项正确。discuss讨论。predict预测。question提问，质疑。PragmatismisaphilosophicalmovementthathashadamajorimpactonAmericanculturefromthelate19thcenturytothepresent.Pragmatismcalls

21

ideasandtheoriestobetestedinpractice,by

22

whetheractingupontheideaortheoryproducesdesirableorundesirableresults.Theideasofthepragmatistswereconsidered

23

whentheyfirstappeared.Tosomecritics,pragmatism’s

24

toaffirmanyabsolutestandardscardednegativeimplicationsforsociety.

25

,pragmatistsdonotbelievethatasingleabsoluteideaofgoodnessorjusticeexists,but

26

thattheseconceptsarechangeableanddependonthe

27

inwhichtheyarebeingdiscussed.The

28

oftheseabsolutes,criticsfeared,couldresultina(n)

29

inmoralstandards.Thepragmatists’denialofabsolutes,

30

,challengedthefoundationsofreligion,government,andschoolsofthought.

31

,pragmatisminfluenceddevelopmentsinpsychology,sociology,andmanyotherschoolsandmovements.

32

politicalgroupshavealsodrawn

33

theassumptionsofpragmatism,fromtheprogressivemovementsoftheearly20thcenturytolaterexperimentsinsocialreform.Pragmatismisbest

34

initshistoricalandculturalcontext.Itaroseduringthelate19thcentury,aperiodofrapidscientificadvancement

35

bythetheoriesofBritishbiologistCharlesDarwin,whosetheories

36

tomanythinkersthathumanityandsocietyareina

37

stateofprogress.Duringthissameperiod,adeclinein

38

religiousbeliefsandvaluesaccompaniedtheindustrializationandmaterialprogressofthetime.In

39

,itbecamenecessarytorethink

40

ideasaboutvalues,religion,science,community,andintriduality.[单选题]15.______.A.reasonableB.credibleC.revolutionaryD.attractive正确答案：C参考解析：句意：实用主义者的想法一出现就被认为具有革命性意义。本段提到实用主义思想经历了批评者的质疑，因为它挑战了宗教、政府和思想流派的根本，由此可知，实用主义是一股具有革命性的思潮。revolutionary表示“革命性的”，符合句意，故C项正确。reasonable合理的。credible可靠的。revolutionary革命性。PragmatismisaphilosophicalmovementthathashadamajorimpactonAmericanculturefromthelate19thcenturytothepresent.Pragmatismcalls

21

ideasandtheoriestobetestedinpractice,by

22

whetheractingupontheideaortheoryproducesdesirableorundesirableresults.Theideasofthepragmatistswereconsidered

23

whentheyfirstappeared.Tosomecritics,pragmatism’s

24

toaffirmanyabsolutestandardscardednegativeimplicationsforsociety.

25

,pragmatistsdonotbelievethatasingleabsoluteideaofgoodnessorjusticeexists,but

26

thattheseconceptsarechangeableanddependonthe

27

inwhichtheyarebeingdiscussed.The

28

oftheseabsolutes,criticsfeared,couldresultina(n)

29

inmoralstandards.Thepragmatists’denialofabsolutes,

30

,challengedthefoundationsofreligion,government,andschoolsofthought.

31

,pragmatisminfluenceddevelopmentsinpsychology,sociology,andmanyotherschoolsandmovements.

32

politicalgroupshavealsodrawn

33

theassumptionsofpragmatism,fromtheprogressivemovementsoftheearly20thcenturytolaterexperimentsinsocialreform.Pragmatismisbest

34

initshistoricalandculturalcontext.Itaroseduringthelate19thcentury,aperiodofrapidscientificadvancement

35

bythetheoriesofBritishbiologistCharlesDarwin,whosetheories

36

tomanythinkersthathumanityandsocietyareina

37

stateofprogress.Duringthissameperiod,adeclinein

38

religiousbeliefsandvaluesaccompaniedtheindustrializationandmaterialprogressofthetime.In

39

,itbecamenecessarytorethink

40

ideasaboutvalues,religion,science,community,andintriduality.[单选题]16.______.A.effortB.refusalC.intentionD.hesitation正确答案：B参考解析：句意：对一些批评者来说，实用主义者拒绝相信绝对的标准给社会带来了负面影响。后一句提到“pragmatistsdonotbelievethatasingleabsoluteideaofgoodnessorjusticeexists”，由此可知，实用主义者不相信绝对的标准，refusal表示“拒绝”，符合句意，故选B项。effort努力。intention意图。hesitation犹豫不决。PragmatismisaphilosophicalmovementthathashadamajorimpactonAmericanculturefromthelate19thcenturytothepresent.Pragmatismcalls

21

ideasandtheoriestobetestedinpractice,by

22

whetheractingupontheideaortheoryproducesdesirableorundesirableresults.Theideasofthepragmatistswereconsidered

23

whentheyfirstappeared.Tosomecritics,pragmatism’s

24

toaffirmanyabsolutestandardscardednegativeimplicationsforsociety.

25

,pragmatistsdonotbelievethatasingleabsoluteideaofgoodnessorjusticeexists,but

26

thattheseconceptsarechangeableanddependonthe

27

inwhichtheyarebeingdiscussed.The

28

oftheseabsolutes,criticsfeared,couldresultina(n)

29

inmoralstandards.Thepragmatists’denialofabsolutes,

30

,challengedthefoundationsofreligion,government,andschoolsofthought.

31

,pragmatisminfluenceddevelopmentsinpsychology,sociology,andmanyotherschoolsandmovements.

32

politicalgroupshavealsodrawn

33

theassumptionsofpragmatism,fromtheprogressivemovementsoftheearly20thcenturytolaterexperimentsinsocialreform.Pragmatismisbest

34

initshistoricalandculturalcontext.Itaroseduringthelate19thcentury,aperiodofrapidscientificadvancement

35

bythetheoriesofBritishbiologistCharlesDarwin,whosetheories

36

tomanythinkersthathumanityandsocietyareina

37

stateofprogress.Duringthissameperiod,adeclinein

38

religiousbeliefsandvaluesaccompaniedtheindustrializationandmaterialprogressofthetime.In

39

,itbecamenecessarytorethink

40

ideasaboutvalues,religion,science,community,andintriduality.[单选题]17.______.A.InturnB.AboveallC.ForexampleD.Inaddition正确答案：C参考解析：句意：比如，实用主义者不相信存在绝对的善良和绝对的正义，而认为这些观念是变化的，取决于讨论的语境。由前文提到absolutestandards和后文的absoluteideaofgoodnessorjustice可知，此处是通过举例来具体说明前一句中实用主义者的思想。forexample表示“例如”，符合句意，故C项正确。inturn轮流。aboveall首先。inaddition除此。PragmatismisaphilosophicalmovementthathashadamajorimpactonAmericanculturefromthelate19thcenturytothepresent.Pragmatismcalls

21

ideasandtheoriestobetestedinpractice,by

22

whetheractingupontheideaortheoryproducesdesirableorundesirableresults.Theideasofthepragmatistswereconsidered

23

whentheyfirstappeared.Tosomecritics,pragmatism’s

24

toaffirmanyabsolutestandardscardednegativeimplicationsforsociety.

25

,pragmatistsdonotbelievethatasingleabsoluteideaofgoodnessorjusticeexists,but

26

thattheseconceptsarechangeableanddependonthe

27

inwhichtheyarebeingdiscussed.The

28

oftheseabsolutes,criticsfeared,couldresultina(n)

29

inmoralstandards.Thepragmatists’denialofabsolutes,

30

,challengedthefoundationsofreligion,government,andschoolsofthought.

31

,pragmatisminfluenceddevelopmentsinpsychology,sociology,andmanyotherschoolsandmovements.

32

politicalgroupshavealsodrawn

33

theassumptionsofpragmatism,fromtheprogressivemovementsoftheearly20thcenturytolaterexperimentsinsocialreform.Pragmatismisbest

34

initshistoricalandculturalcontext.Itaroseduringthelate19thcentury,aperiodofrapidscientificadvancement

35

bythetheoriesofBritishbiologistCharlesDarwin,whosetheories

36

tomanythinkersthathumanityandsocietyareina

37

stateofprogress.Duringthissameperiod,adeclinein

38

religiousbeliefsandvaluesaccompaniedtheindustrializationandmaterialprogressofthetime.In

39

,itbecamenecessarytorethink

40

ideasaboutvalues,religion,science,community,andintriduality.[单选题]18.______.A.ratherB.alsoC.stillD.even正确答案：A参考解析：not...but...表示“不是……而是……”。rather表示“而是……”，符合句意，故A项正确。also也。still仍然。even甚至。Pragmatismisaphilosophicalmovementthathashadamaj