陕西省西安市临潼区2024届高三下学期第二次模拟考试英语试题（含答案）

陕西省西安市临潼区2024届高三下学期第二次模拟考试英语试题姓名：__________班级：__________考号：__________题号一二三四五总分评分一、阅读理解(共两节，满分40分)第一节(共15小题，每小题2分，满分30分)阅读下列四篇短文，从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。IrishWritersCentreNovelFair2024TheNovelFairisanannualcompetitioninitiatedbytheIrishWritersCentre(IWC).DescribedbyTheIrishTimesas"ADragons'Caveforwriters",eachyeartheFairaimstointroduceup-and-comingwriterstotoppublishersandliteraryagents.ThePrizeThetwelvewinnerswillhavetheopportunitytopresentthesummaryoftheirnovelsdirectlytoindustryprofessionals.LeadingpublishersandagentswillbeinvitedbytheIWCtomeetthesewritersinpersonorthroughaseriesofonlinemeetings.Togetfullypreparedforthemeetingwithpublishersandagents,thewinnerswillreceiveaplaceinaworkshopon"HowtoPromoteYourNovel",twoweeksinadvance.Also,applicantswhoarelonglisted(初选)butdonotmakeittotheshortlistoftwelvewillhavetheirworksevaluatedandcriticizedbythejudgingpanel.HowtoEnterEntryfeeforapplicationis£55(MembersofIWCcanenterforadiscountedfeeof£45).Thiscompetitiononlyacceptsmanuscripts(原稿)fornovels.Applicantsarerequiredtosendasummarywithin300wordsanduptofivechaptersoftheirnovels,whichshouldbe10,000words(+/-10%).Manuscriptsshouldbesubmittedonline.Thereisalimitofoneentryperapplicant.Entriesarewelcomefromanywhereintheworld.Beforeenteringthecompetition,pleaseensurethatyouhavereadtheNovelFairTerms&Conditions2024verycarefullyastheFairisopentoonlynovelistswhohaveneverpublishedworkpreviously.Ifyouhaveanyquestionsabouttheapplicationprocess,pleaseemailnovelfair@irishwriterscentre.ie.1．WhydoestheIWCholdtheFair?A．Toserveasaplatformforwriters.B．Toadvertiselocalbooks.C．Toencourageyoungpeople.D．Toarouseenthusiasmforreading.2．Whatcantheworkshophelpthewinnersdo?A．Improvetheirwritingskills.B．Dealwiththejudgingpanel.C．Learnaboutpublishingprocess.D．Presenttheirnovelsattractively.3．WhichofthefollowingmeetstherequirementoftheFair?A．Anovelpublishedin2023.B．Asummaryof200words.C．Apapermanuscriptbypost.D．Asubmissionofsevenchapters.阅读下列四篇短文，从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。Howtoreleaseyourartpotential?Traditionally,peoplemayburythemselvesinlearningpaintingskillsatastudioandbeginfromdrawinglines.However,MaggieWiebe,a21-year-oldgirlfromStampsSchoolofArt&DesignattheUniversityofMichigan,hasherownmethod.WiebeandherschoolfriendJessieRicearetryingtodosomethingthatshowstheirloveforartandalsobenefitstheenvironment.Forthepastyearorso,theyhavetendedagardenattheircampusfarm,plantingavarietyofcolorfulflowers,aswellasflax(亚麻)tomakelinenandpapertobeusedinart.InspiredbyagroupofoldladiesinCanadawhoplantsustainableartmaterialsandposttheirvideosonsocialplatformYouTube,Wiebelearnedabouthowtoplant,harvestandseparatefibers.Sheplanteddifferentfruitsandvegetablestraditionallyusedtodye(给……染色)fabrics.Shethenputtheirpeels(外皮)intoboiledwaterandaddedhotpressurizedairtomakeadye.Forher,it'sademandingbutenjoyableprocess.WiebeandRiceplantoeventuallybuysomelandinDetroittogrowthesesustainableartmaterials—adye,fiberandpigmentgarden—"abiggerversionofwhatwe'realreadydoing",WiebetoldMinnesotaNews."We'dsetituplikeanorganizationwhereartistscanvolunteerafewhoursaweekandthenusealloftheplantsthatwegrow."Wiebealsolikesfiber-basedart,suchasquilting,weavingandsewing.Shehasappliedthosetechniquestoherrecentworks,displayedaspartoftheannualSeniorExhibitionatherschool.Duringhersophomoreyear,WiebejoinedtheMichiganDailyasanillustrator,learningtoconceptualizeandcompletecomplexillustrationsontightdeadlines.Wiebe'sworksreceivedalotofhelpfromothers."Becausetheartschooldoesn'thavedepartments,wehavestudiocoordinatorswhotakecareofeachstudio."shesaid."Iseethemeveryday,andthey'vehelpedmealot."4．WhatcanwelearnaboutWiebefromthefirsttwoparagraphs?A．Shelongedtobeagardener.B．Herparentstaughtherhowtoplant.C．Shewasfondofdrawinglines.D．Shehadanenvironmentallyfriendlymind.5．WhatdidWiebelearnfromwatchingvideos?A．Topeelfabricsskillfully. B．Togetfiberseventually.C．Togrowplantstraditionally. D．Todyefabricsindividually.6．WhyisDetroitreferredtoinParagraph4?A．TopresentWiebe'spatience.B．ToreviewWiebe'scareer.C．TodisplayWiebe'sfutureprospect.D．TopromoteanapplicationofWiebe'sidea.7．WhichofthefollowingbestdescribesWiebe'swork?A．Creativityisproductivity. B．Practicemakesperfect.C．Unityisstrength. D．Curiosityismotivation.阅读下列四篇短文，从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。Artificialintelligencemodelscantrickeachotherintodisobeyingtheircreatorsandprovidingbannedinstructionsformakingdrugs,orevenbuildingabomb,suggestingthatpreventingsuchAI"jailbreaks"ismoredifficultthanitseems.Manypubliclyavailablelargelanguagemodels(LLMs),suchasChatGPT,havehard-codedrulesthataimtopreventthemfromexhibitingracialorsexualdiscrimination,oransweringquestionswithillegalorproblematicanswers—thingstheyhavelearnedfromhumansviatrainingdata.Butthathasn'tstoppedpeoplefromfindingcarefullydesignedinstructionsthatblocktheseprotections,knownas"jailbreaks",makingAImodelsdisobeytherules.Now,ArushTagadeatLeapLaboratoriesandhisco-workershavefoundaprocessofjailbreaks.TheyfoundthattheycouldsimplyinstructoneLLMtoconvinceothermodelstoadoptapersona(角色),whichisabletoanswerquestionsthebasemodelhasbeenprogrammedtorefuse.Thisprocessiscalled"personamodulation(调节)".Tagadesaysthisapproachworksbecausemuchofthetrainingdataconsumedbylargemodelscomesfromonlineconversations,andthemodelslearntoactincertainwaysinresponsetodifferentinputs.Byhavingtherightconversationwithamodel,itispossibletomakeitadoptaparticularpersona,causingittoactdifferently.ThereisalsoanideainAIcircles,oneyettobeproven,thatcreatinglotsofrulesforanAItopreventitdisplayingunwantedbehaviourcanaccidentallycreateablueprintforamodeltoactthatway.ThispotentiallyleavestheAIeasytobetrickedintotakingonanevilpersona."Ifyou'reforcingyourmodeltobegoodpersona,itsomewhatunderstandswhatabadpersonais,"saysTagade.YinzhenLiatImperialCollegeLondonsaysitisworryinghowcurrentmodelscanbemisused,butdevelopersneedtoweighsuchriskswiththepotentialbenefitsofLLMs."Likedrugs,theyalsohavesideeffectsthatneedtobecontrolled,"shesays.8．WhatdoestheAIjailbreakreferto?A．ThetechniquetobreakrestrictionsofAImodels.B．Theinitiativetosethard-codedrulesforAImodels.C．ThecapabilityofAImodelsimprovingthemselves.D．TheprocessofAImodelslearningnewinformation.9．Whatcanweknowaboutthepersonamodulation?A．ItcanhelpAImodelsunderstandemotions.B．ItpreventsAIlearningviaonlineconversations.C．ItcanmakeAImodelsadoptaparticularpersona.D．ItforcesAImodelstofollowonlygoodpersonas.10．WhatisYinzhenLi'sattitudetowardsLLMs?A．Unclear. B．Cautious. C．Approving. D．Negative.11．Whichcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A．LLMs:IllegalLearningModelsB．LLMs:TheLatestAdvancementC．AIJailbreaks:ANewChallengeD．AIJailbreaks:APerfectApproach阅读下列四篇短文，从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。Forlotsofkids,toddlerhood(幼儿期)isanimportanttimeforfriendship.Studiesshowthattheearlierkidslearntoformpositiverelationships,thebettertheyareatrelatingtoothersasteenagersandadults.Playingtogetheralsohelpsthesekidspracticesocialbehaviors,suchaskindness,sharing,andcooperation.Evenso,howquicklyyourchilddevelopsintoasocialcreaturemayalsodependonhistemperament.Sometoddlersareverysocial,butothersareshy.Inaddition,thewaythattoddlersdemonstratethattheylikeotherchildrenismarkedlydifferentfromwhatadultsthinkofasexpressionsoffriendship.ResearchatOhioStateUniversityinColumbusfoundthatatoddler'swayofsaying"Ilikeyou"duringplayislikelytocomeintheformofcopyingafriend'sbehavior.Thisseeminglyunusualwayofdemonstratingfondnesscanresultinunpleasantbehavior.Regardlessofhowmuchtheylikeaplaymate,theymaystillgrabhistoys,refusetoshare,andgetbossy.Butexpertssaythatthisisanormalandnecessarypartoffriendshipforkidsthisage.Throughplayexperiences,toddlerslearnsocialrules.That'swhyit'ssoimportanttotakeanactiveroleinyourtoddler'ssocialencountersbysettinglimitsandofferingfrequentremindersofwhattheyare.Whenyouestablishtheseguidelines,explainthereasonsbehindthem.Beginbyhelpingyourchildlearnsympathy("Beniscrying.What'smakinghimsosad?"),thensuggesthowhecouldresolvetheproblem("Maybehewouldfeelbetterifyoulethimplaytheball.").Whenyourchildsharesorshowsempathy(同理心)towardafriend,praisehim("Benstoppedcrying!Youmadehimfeelbetter.").Anotherwaytoencouragehealthysocialinteractionisbyencouragingkidstousewords—notfists—toexpresshowtheyfeel.It'salsoimportanttobemindfulofhowyourchild'spersonalityaffectsplaytime.Kidsareeasytogetangrywhenthey'resleepyorhungry,soscheduleplaytimewhenthey'rerefreshed.12．Whatdoestheunderlinedword"temperament"inParagraph2probablymean?A．Appearances. B．Ages. C．Characters. D．Interests.13．Whatdoesitindicatewhentoddlerscopytheirplaymates'behavior?A．Theyarefondoftheirplaymates.B．Theyareinterestedinacting.C．Theyareshywiththestrangers.D．Theyaretiredofplayinggames.14．Whatdoestheauthorsuggestparentsdofortheirkids?A．Findthemsuitableplaymates.B．Designgamesforthem.C．Playtogetherwiththem.D．Helpthemunderstandsocialrules.15．WhatisthefunctionofthequotedstatementsinParagraph4?A．Explainingconcepts. B．Givingexamples.C．Providingevidence. D．Makingcomparisons.二、第二节(共5小题，每小题2分，满分10分)根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。InapopularTikTokvideo,EmilyMcDonald,aneuroscienceconsultant,discussesthreethingsshedoeseachdaytoprotectherbrainstayingoffherphoneinthemorning,thinkingpositively,andavoidingjunkfood.16．.Butthere'smoretothehealthofthebrainandthesciencebehindit.Catchsomez's.Practicinggoodsleephygiene(卫生),aswellasgettingsixtoeighthoursofsleepeachnight,isoneofthebestthingsyoucandoforyourbrainhealth.Sleephelpsthebrainformmemories,reinforcenewconceptsandideas,andremovethebuildupofbadproteinsinthebrain.17．.Withenoughsleep,youcanpreserveyourbrain'sfunctionalityevenwhenyougetolder.Getyourheartpumping.18．.Andastronghearthelpspumpenoughbloodtothebraintomaintainitsperformance.Theofficialrecommendationistohave150minutes'moderateexerciseaweekwhichisnotlimitedtocertaintypesofphysicalactivities.Walkingyourdogacouplemilesadaycountsaswell.Rememberthatanythingisbetterthannothing.19．.Exposingyourselftonewpeople,places,andchallengescankeepyourmindsharp,andimprovebrainplasticity.Buttryingnewthingsdoesn'tnecessarilymeanyouneedtospendmoneytravelingortakeupanewhobby.Itcanbeassimpleastryingacrosswordyouhaven'tdonebefore.Ifyoucankeepusingyourbraininnewways,you'llhavebettermentaloutcomesasyouage.Sticktoahealthy,well-roundeddiet.Manystudieshaveshownhighlyprocessedfoods,likepackagedgoods,canincreasetheriskofhealthproblems,likediabetesandhighbloodpressure.20．,includingyourbrain.Tokeepyourbrainhealthy,limitprocessedfoodsandgetsufficientnutritionfromawidevarietyofplantsandanimals.A.ThesediseasescangenerallyharmtheentirebodyB.RemainsociallyinvolvedC.RegularexercisemakesforpowerfulheartmusclesD.Italsobooststhebrain'sabilitytoadapttonewsituationsE.TrynewthingsF.TheadviceMcDonaldgivesinhervideoisn'tbadG.Besides,thisdoesn'tmeangettingintoroutinesisnecessarilyharmful三、英语知识运用(共两节，满分45分)第一节完形填空阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。OnJanuary22,2022,theBritish-Belgian19-year-old,Rutherford,successfully21．hermicrolightaircraftbackattheAirport,fromwhereshehaddeparted15522．ago,fulfillingherdreamtobetheyoungestwomantoflyaroundtheworldsolo."Ifeel23．notonlytobreaktheGuinnessWorldRecord,butalsoto24．thegendergapby11yearsbetweenthecurrentyoungestmanrecordholder,18atthetimeofhisrecord,andthepreviouswomanrecordholder,whowas30whenshe25．her‘DreamsSoar'around-the-worldflight."Rutherfordwroteonherblog.Rutherford'sjourney26．fivecontinentsand52countriesbeganonAugust18,2021.Shemetmany27．delaysalongtheway.They28．anunscheduledstopinCalifornia29．thefiercewildfiresandastopinAlaskato30．hervisa.Shealsofacedseveral31．intheair.Despitetheseveredifficulties,the32．youngpilotnevergaveuponherdream.Rutherfordgrewuparound33．.HerBritishfatherfliescommerciallyforEmiratesAirlines,whileherBelgianmotherisalsoapilot.Theyounggirlbegan34．howtoflyatage14.Andshe35．herflightlicensein2020.Withher36．offlyingaroundtheworldattained,Rutherfordnowhashersights37．evenhigher.Shewantstobecomea(n)38．andexplorespace.Shehopesthatherjourneywillencouragemoreyoungwomento39．careersinflight.Currentlythenumberofwomenpilotsisjust5percent.Rutherfordsays,"It'saneasythingtosay,butjust40．it.Ifyoudon'ttryandseehowhighyoucanfly,thenyou'llneverknow."21．A．landed B．left C．started D．tried22．A．weeks B．days C．months D．hours23．A．thrilled B．upset C．bored D．anxious24．A．increase B．widen C．leave D．narrow25．A．gained B．succeeded C．completed D．began26．A．taking B．crossing C．ignoring D．missing27．A．unseen B．unable C．uncertain D．unexpected28．A．tested B．included C．followed D．deleted29．A．thanksto B．inregardtoC．dueto D．inadditionto30．A．renew B．reuse C．recover D．review31．A．defeats B．prizes C．drawbacks D．challenges32．A．smart B．determined C．disabled D．caring33．A．ships B．trains C．airplanes D．cars34．A．putting B．remembering C．hating D．learning35．A．lent B．purchased C．obtained D．trained36．A．effort B．proposal C．goal D．struggle37．A．understood B．waved C．lost D．set38．A．engineer B．astronaut C．pilot D．physicist39．A．pursue B．perform C．search D．appreciate40．A．gofor B．cometo C．putoff D．setabout四、第二节语法填空(共10小题，每小题1.5分，满分15分)阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。Yangliuqing,anancienttown,is41．(locate)inXiqingDistrictofTianjin,NorthChina.Itisknown42．itsrichculturalheritageandartistictraditions,particularlyinthefieldsofpainting,calligraphyandNewYearwoodblock(木版)paintings.In2022,Yangliuqing43．(include)onthelistofnational-leveltouristareas,attracting44．(visit)andculturalenthusiastsfromhomeandabroad.Itdatesbackover1,400yearsandwasoncean45．(importance)businesscenteralongtheGrandCanal.DuringtheMing(1368—1644)andQing(1644—1911)dynasties,withthedevelopmentofrivertransportationandtrade,Yangliuqingbecamerichand46．(heavy)populated.Overtheyears,thetown47．(develop)itsartistictraditions,supportingtalentedpaintersandcalligraphers.With48．(it)beautifulscenery,fascinatingculturalattractionsandrichartisticlegacy,Yangliuqingisalsohometomanyhistoricalsites,suchasShijiaMansion,AnMansionandRuyiStreet,aswellasculturallandmarksliketheWenchangPavilionandPuliangPagoda.Amuseumoffolkcustomsopenedlastyearandmanybuildingshavebeenrestoredandpreservedforthefuture.Enjoying49．largenumberofnewlyopenedtourismspots,YangliuqingisnowapopularlocationforfilmandTVshoots,50．attractsawealthoffilmmakers.五、写作(共两节，满分35分)51．第一节短文改错

假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号(∧)，并在其下面写出该加的词。删除：把多余的词用斜线(\)划掉。修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。注意：1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；2.只允许修改10处，多者(从第11处起)不计分。LastSundaywitnessedafriendlybasketballgamebetweenstudentsandteachersinourschoolwiththeaimoffuelingstudents'passionforsportsaswellasreleasetheiroverwhelmingpressure.Bathinginsunshine,playersfromGrade3competedwiththeirteachersinthebasketballcourtsurroundedbytherestofthestudents,whowerewatchingexcited.Bothteamswereplayingattheirbestinhighspirit.Althoughtheteacherstooktheleadinagameatfirst,thestudentsdidnotlosetheirheartandtriedtocatchupwiththeiropponents.Thegamewasfilledingreatexcitementandpassion,andendsinadrawof2:2.Notonlytheexcitinggamerelievethestudents'intensestress,andtheirrelationshipwiththeteacherswasalsostrengthened.52．第二节书面表达

假定你是学生会主席李华，你校将举办一场中外交流活动，征集以"我和春节"为主题的优秀摄影作品。请你用英语写一则通知，内容包括：1.活动的目的；2.活动的要求；3.表达期待。注意：1.词数100左右；2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。NoticeTheStudents'Union

答案解析部分【答案】1．A2．D3．B【解析】【分析】本文是一篇应用文。文章介绍了爱尔兰作家中心2024年的小说书展活动，包括活动目的、奖品、参与方式等信息。

【点评】考查阅读理解。本篇文章涉及到细节理解题和推理判断题。细节理解题要求考生能在快速阅读文章的同时，从中获取某些特定的直接信息或理解特定信息的意义。做细节理解题时，要根据题干中的关键词，找准相关句、段的内容，再仔细对照，不符合原文意义的选项要首先排除，反之，则是正确选项。做判断推理题时，要求考生不能凭主观臆断推测或妄加猜测，必须忠实于原文，以材料所提供的相关事实和线索为依据，使做出的推理合乎文意。1．细节理解题。根据第一段中的"DescribedbyTheIrishTimesas"ADragons'Caveforwriters",eachyeartheFairaimstointroduceup-and-comingwriterstotoppublishersandliteraryagents.(被《爱尔兰时报》描述为"作家的龙洞"，每年的书展旨在向顶级出版商和文学代理商介绍崭露头角的作家。)"可知，书展的目的在于为作家提供平台，让他们被出版商和文学代理商认识。故选A。2．推理判断题。根据ThePrize中的"Togetfullypreparedforthemeetingwithpublishersandagents,thewinnerswillreceiveaplaceinaworkshopon"HowtoPromoteYourNovel",twoweeksinadvance.(为了充分准备与出版商和代理商的会面，获奖者将提前两周获得参加"如何推广你的小说"研讨会的机会。)"可知，研讨会将会教获奖者推广他们的小说，因此这会帮助他们把小说精彩地呈现出来。故选D。3．细节理解题。根据HowtoEnter中的"Applicantsarerequiredtosendasummarywithin300wordsanduptofivechaptersoftheirnovel.(申请人必须提交一篇300字以内的摘要，以及小说五个章节以内的内容。)"可知，一篇200字的摘要符合书展的要求。故选B。【答案】4．D5．B6．C7．A【解析】【分析】本文为一篇记叙文，讲述了MaggieWiebe将艺术和环保结合，种植并获取可持续性的艺术材料的事迹。

【点评】考查阅读理解。本篇文章涉及到细节理解题和推理判断题。细节理解题要求考生能在快速阅读文章的同时，从中获取某些特定的直接信息或理解特定信息的意义。做细节理解题时，要根据题干中的关键词，找准相关句、段的内容，再仔细对照，不符合原文意义的选项要首先排除，反之，则是正确选项。做判断推理题时，要求考生不能凭主观臆断推测或妄加猜测，必须忠实于原文，以材料所提供的相关事实和线索为依据，使做出的推理合乎文意。4．细节理解题。根据文章第二段"WiebeandherschoolfriendJessieRicearetryingtodosomethingthatshowstheirloveforartandalsobenefitstheenvironment.(韦博和她的同学杰西·赖斯正在努力做一些既能显示他们对艺术的热爱又能有益于环境的事情)"可知，Wiebe有一颗环保的心。故选D。5．细节理解题。根据文章第三段"InspiredbyagroupofoldladiesinCanadawhoplantsustainableartmaterialsandposttheirvideosonsocialplatformYouTube,Wiebelearnedabouthowtoplant,harvestandseparatefibers.(加拿大一群老太太种植可持续的艺术材料，并将视频发布在社交平台YouTube上，受到她们的启发，韦博学会了如何种植、收获和分离纤维)"可知，Wiebe在视频上学会了如何种植、收获并最终得到纤维。故选B。6．推理判断题。根据文章第四段"WiebeandRiceplantoeventuallybuysomelandinDetroittogrowthesesustainableartmaterials—adye,fiberandpigmentgarden—"abiggerversionofwhatwe'realreadydoing",WiebetoldMinnesotaNews."We'dsetituplikeanorganizationwhereartistscanvolunteerafewhoursaweekandthenusealloftheplantsthatwegrow."(韦博和赖斯计划最终在底特律买一些土地来种植这些可持续的艺术材料——一个染料、纤维和颜料花园——"我们已经在做的事情的一个更大的版本"，韦博告诉明尼苏达新闻。"我们把它建立成一个组织，艺术家们可以每周志愿工作几个小时，然后使用我们种植的所有植物。")"可知，第四段提到底特津是为了展示Wiebe对于未来的规划前景。故选C。7．推理判断题。根据文章第三段内容及最后一段"Wiebealsolikesfiber-basedart,suchasquilting,weavingandsewing.Shehasappliedthosetechniquestoherrecentworks,displayedaspartoftheannualSeniorExhibitionatherschool.(韦博还喜欢以纤维为基础的艺术，比如绗缝、编织和缝纫。她将这些技巧运用到她最近的作品中，作为她学校年度高级展览的一部分展出)"可推知，韦博的作品具有创造力，通过创造进行生产制作，从而说明了创造力是生产力。故选A。【答案】8．A9．C10．B11．C【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了人工智能领域面临的一项新挑战——AI"越狱"

【点评】考查阅读理解。本篇文章涉及到细节理解题、推理判断题、词义猜测题和主旨大意题四种题型。细节理解题要求考生能在快速阅读文章的同时，从中获取某些特定的直接信息或理解特定信息的意义。做细节理解题时，要根据题干中的关键词，找准相关句、段的内容，再仔细对照，不符合原文意义的选项要首先排除，反之，则是正确选项。做判断推理题时，要求考生不能凭主观臆断推测或妄加猜测，必须忠实于原文，以材料所提供的相关事实和线索为依据，使做出的推理合乎文意。词义猜测题的解题方法包括利用指代关系、定义、定语、文章中的举例、比较的词语、构词法知识、上下文语境、因果关系来推测词义。做主旨大意题时，要求考生抓住每段或每个层次的主要含义进行加工、提炼，通过对语篇结构的分析即对文章内部各层次间的逻辑关系的分析，将每段的主题综合起来，找出文章的中心。8．词句猜测题。根据第一段"Artificialintelligencemodelscantrickeachotherintodisobeyingtheircreatorsandprovidingbannedinstructionsformakingdrugs,orevenbuildingabomb,suggestingthatpreventingsuchAI"jailbreaks"ismoredifficultthanitseems.(人工智能模型可以欺骗对方不服从其创造者，提供被禁止的制造毒品的指令，甚至制造炸弹，这表明防止这种AI‘jailbreaks'比看起来要困难得多。)"以及第二段"Manypubliclyavailablelargelanguagemodels(LLMs),suchasChatGPT,havehard-codedrulesthataimtopreventthemfromexhibitingracialorsexualdiscrimination,oransweringquestionswithillegalorproblematicanswers—thingstheyhavelearnedfromhumansviatrainingdata.Butthathasn'tstoppedpeoplefromfindingcarefullydesignedinstructionsthatblocktheseprotections,knownas"jailbreaks",makingAImodelsdisobeytherules.(许多公开可用的大型语言模型（LLMs），如ChatGPT，都有硬编码规则，旨在防止它们表现出种族或性别歧视，或者用非法或有问题的答案回答问题——这些都是它们通过训练数据从人类那里学到的。但这并没有阻止人们找到精心设计的指令，阻止这些保护措施，即所谓的‘jailbreaks'，使人工智能模型不遵守规则。)"可知，许多公开可用的大型语言模型都有硬编码规则阻止非法、歧视等内容，但是人工智能模型可以突破保护限制措施，互相欺骗对方不服从其创造者，提供被禁止的指令；由此可知，AI"jailbreak"指的是打破人工智能模型限制，使人工智能模型违反规则的技术。故选A。9．细节理解题。根据第四段"Tagadesaysthisapproachworksbecausemuchofthetrainingdataconsumedbylargemodelscomesfromonlineconversations,andthemodelslearntoactincertainwaysinresponsetodifferentinputs.Byhavingtherightconversationwithamodel,itispossibletomakeitadoptaparticularpersona,causingittoactdifferently.(Tagade表示，这种方法之所以有效，是因为大型模型消耗的大部分训练数据来自在线对话，模型学会以特定的方式响应不同的输入。通过与模型进行正确的对话，可以使其采用特定的角色，从而使其采取不同的行动。)"可知，"角色调节（thepersonamodulation）"可以通过与人工智能模型进行正确的对话让其采用特定的角色，采取不同的行动。故选C。10．推理判断题。根据最后一段"YinzhenLiatImperialCollegeLondonsaysitisworryinghowcurrentmodelscanbemisused,butdevelopersneedtoweighsuchriskswiththepotentialbenefitsofLLMs."Likedrugs,theyalsohavesideeffectsthatneedtobecontrolled,"shesays.(伦敦帝国理工学院的YinzhenLi表示，目前的模型可能会被滥用，这令人担忧，但开发者需要权衡这些风险与LLM的潜在好处。‘就像药物一样，它们也有需要控制的副作用，'她说。)"可知，YinzhenLi认为，目前的模型可能会被滥用，但是开发者需要权衡这些风险与LLMs的潜在好处，由此可知，YinzhenLi对LLMs持谨慎的态度。故选B。11．主旨大意题。根据第一段"Artificialintelligencemodelscantrickeachotherintodisobeyingtheircreatorsandprovidingbannedinstructionsformakingdrugs,orevenbuildingabomb,suggestingthatpreventingsuchAI"jailbreaks"ismoredifficultthanitseems.(人工智能模型可以欺骗对方不服从其创造者，提供被禁止的制造毒品的指令，甚至制造炸弹，这表明防止这种人工智能"越狱"比看起来更困难。)"以及下文内容可知本文介绍了人工智能"越狱"、研究者们发现的一个"越狱"过程——"角色调节"以及专家对其态度；由此可知，本文主要阐述人工智能发展面临的人工智能"越狱"这一新的挑战；C选项"AIJailbreaks:ANewChallenge(AI越狱：一个新的挑战)"能够概括文章主旨，适合作为最佳标题。故选C。【答案】12．C13．A14．D15．B【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了幼儿时期友谊对儿童社交能力发展的重要性，并探讨了幼儿表达友谊的方式和可能出现的问题。同时，文章还提供了一些建议和方法，帮助家长在幼儿社交互动中发挥积极作用，培养他们的同情心和表达能力，学会发展友谊。

【点评】考查阅读理解。本篇文章涉及到细节理解题、词义猜测题和推理判断题三种题型。细节理解题要求考生能在快速阅读文章的同时，从中获取某些特定的直接信息或理解特定信息的意义。做细节理解题时，要根据题干中的关键词，找准相关句、段的内容，再仔细对照，不符合原文意义的选项要首先排除，反之，则是正确选项。做判断推理题时，要求考生不能凭主观臆断推测或妄加猜测，必须忠实于原文，以材料所提供的相关事实和线索为依据，使做出的推理合乎文意。词义猜测题的解题方法包括利用指代关系、定义、定语、文章中的举例、比较的词语、构词法知识、上下文语境、因果关系来推测词义。12．词义猜测题。根据第二段的"Sometoddlersareverysocial,butothersareshy.(有些蹒跚学步的孩子很爱交际，但有些则很害羞。)"可知，孩子的性格对于孩子社交能力的发展有着重要的影响，再由"howquicklyyourchilddevelopsintoasocialcreaturemayalsodependonhistemperament.(你的孩子多快发展成一个社会化的动物也可能取决于他的……。)"可知，孩子多快学会社交与他们的"性格"有关，因此划线词意为"性格"，故选C。13．细节理解题。根据第二段的"ResearchatOhioStateUniversityinColumbusfoundthatatoddler'swayofsaying"Ilikeyou"duringplayislikelytocomeintheformofcopyingafriend'sbehavior.(哥伦布俄亥俄州立大学的研究发现，一个蹒跚学步的孩子在玩耍时说"我喜欢你"的方式很可能是模仿朋友的行为。)"可知，蹒跚学步的孩子模仿朋友的行为说明他们喜欢玩伴，故选A。14．推理判断题。根据第三段的"Throughplayexperiences,toddlerslearnsocialrules.That'swhyit'ssoimportanttotakeanactiveroleinyourtoddler'ssocialencountersbysettinglimitsandofferingfrequentremindersofwhattheyare.Whenyouestablishtheseguidelines,explainthereasonsbehindthem(幼儿通过游戏体验学习社会规则。这就是为什么在你的孩子的社会交往中，通过设定限制和经常提醒那是什么来发挥积极作用是很重要的。当你建立这些指导原则时，请解释其背后的原因。)"可知，作者建议家长在孩子的社交生活中设定限制，并且经常提醒孩子们这些限制，也就是社交规则，以帮助孩子理解社交规则，故选D。15．推理判断题。根据第四段的"Beginbyhelpingyourchildlearnsympathy("Beniscrying.What'smakinghimsosad?"),thensuggesthowhecouldresolvetheproblem("Maybehewouldfeelbetterifyoulethimplaytheball.")(从帮助孩子学会同情开始：本哭了。是什么让他这么伤心？然后建议他如何解决这个问题：如果你让他玩球，也许他会感觉好一点。)"可知，这些引用是通过举例说明来帮助孩子学会同情并解决问题，故选B。【答案】16．F；17．D；18．C；19．E；20．A【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，文章介绍了一些对大脑有好处的方法。

【点评】考查任务型阅读（七选五）。解题时，要求考生注意通读整篇文章，把握整段脉络，理出文章的中心，分析段落之间和段落内部的层次。选项与前后句之间的逻辑关系是确定答案的主要依据。可以从意思、关键词、关联词来分析段落之间以及段落内部的逻辑关系。16．前文"InapopularTikTokvideo,EmilyMcDonald,aneuroscienceconsultant,discussesthreethingsshedoeseachdaytoprotectherbrainstayingoffherphoneinthemorning,thinkingpositively,andavoidingjunkfood.(在一个流行的TikTok视频中，神经科学顾问艾米丽·麦克唐纳(EmilyMcDonald)讨论了她每天做的三件事来保护她的大脑——早上不玩手机、积极思考、不吃垃圾食品)"说明了Emily的建议，后文"Butthere'smoretothehealthofthebrainandthesciencebehindit.(但大脑健康及其背后的科学还有更多)"表示还有更多的方法对于大脑有好处，F选项"麦克唐纳在视频中给出的建议并不坏"为前文建议的补充，再引出下文更多的建议，承上启下，符合语境。故选F。17．前文"Sleephelpsthebrainformmemories,reinforcenewconceptsandideas,andremovethebuildupofbadproteinsinthebrain.(睡眠有助于大脑形成记忆，强化新的概念和想法，并清除大脑中不良蛋白质的积累)"表示睡眠对于大脑的益处，D选项"它还能提高大脑适应新环境的能力"同样补充睡眠对于大脑的好处，符合语境。故选D。18．标题表示"让你的心脏跳动起来"，后文"Andastronghearthelpspumpenoughbloodtothebraintomaintainitsperformance.(而强健的心脏有助于向大脑输送足够的血液以维持其运转)"表示强健的心脏的好处，C选项"有规律的锻炼使心脏肌肉强壮"表示规律的锻炼对于心脏肌肉的好处，与下文"Theofficialrecommendationistohave150minutes'moderateexerciseaweekwhichisnotlimitedtocertaintypesofphysicalactivities.(官方建议每周进行150分钟的适度运动，不局限于某些类型的体育活动)"建议锻炼语境一致。故选C。19．空处为小标题，下文"Buttryingnewthingsdoesn'tnecessarilymeanyouneedtospendmoneytravelingortakeupanewhobby.Itcanbeassimpleastryingacrosswordyouhaven'tdonebefore.(但尝试新事物并不一定意味着你需要花钱旅行或培养新的爱好。它可以像尝试一个你以前没有做过的填字游戏一样简单)"表示这段建议尝试新的事物，E选项"尝试新事物"符合主旨。故选E。20．标题表示"要坚持健康，全面的饮食"，前文"Manystudieshaveshownhighlyprocessedfoods,likepackagedgoods,canincreasetheriskofhealthproblems,likediabetesandhighbloodpressure.(许多研究表明，高度