课件英语选择性必修四Unit5Usinglanguage

Unit5IntotheunknownUsinglanguageReview:nounclausesBYMICHELLEGrammar01Lookatthesentencesfromthereadingpassageandanswerthequestions.aAlthoughhistheoryhasbeendismissedbyscholars,itshowshowpowerfulthesecretsofAncientMayacivilisationareamongpeople.bButthegreatestmysteryofalliswhatcausedtheMayatoabandonmostoftheirgreatcities.c

WhyMayacivilisationcollapsedremainsamystery.1

Whichsentence

containsaclause

thatserves

asthesubjectofthesentence?2Whichsentence

containsaclause

thatserves

astheobjectofthesentence?3Whichsentence

containsaclause

thatgives

furtherinformationaboutthe

subjectinthesentence?4Whatdo“how”,“what”and“why”ineachsentencereferto?Insentencea,“how”referstotheextentofpowerofAncientMayacivilization’ssecrets.Insentencec,“why”referstothereasonthatMayacivilizationcollapsed.Insentenceb,“what”referstothethingthatcausedtheMayatoabandonmostoftheirgreatcities.Nowlookformoresentenceswithnounclausesinthereadingpassage.1.IntriguedbyMayacivilizationfromaveryyoungage,15-year-oldCanadianWilliamGadourythoughthehadmadeanincrediblediscoveryfromhisstudyofancientstarcharts.(OC)2.Throughcomparison,hefoundthatthelocationsofthe117knownMayacitiescorrespondtothepositionsofthestars.(OC)3.Basedonthis,hebelievedhehadspottedanunknownMayacityburieddeepinthejungle.(OC)Nowlookformoresentenceswithnounclausesinthereadingpassage.4.

Whatismostextraordinaryaboutthesecomplexstructuresis

howtheywerebuiltwithouttheuseofwheels,metaltoolsorevenanimalpower.(SC&PC)

5.ThefactthatMayasocietywastechnologicallyprimitivemakesitsachievementsallthemoreincredibleandmysterious.(AC)6.Bychangingthelandscapeinthisway,itispossiblethattheMayapeopleunknowinglyreducedtheirabilitytodealwithnaturaldisasters.(SC)Nowlookformoresentenceswithnounclausesinthereadingpassage.7.Somerecentstudieshavefoundthattherewerefarfewertropicalcyclonesthanusualbetween700ADand1000AD.(OC)8.ManyscientistsbelievethatthesedroughtswerethemainreasonwhyMayacivilisationbegantocollapseatdifferentratesindifferentplaces.(OC)Review:nounclause名词性从句概述定义在句子中起名词作用的从句类型主语从句SC、宾语从句OC、表语从句PC、同位语从句AC连接词连接词that,whether,if连接代词what,who,whom,whose,which,whatever,whoever,whomever,whichever连接副词when,where,how,why名词性从句主语从句宾语从句表语从句同位语从句一个句子放于主语的位置上一个句子放于宾语的位置上一个句子放于表语的位置上一个句子放于同位语的位置上What’spastisprologue.Tomorroworanaccident-youneverknowwhichwillcomefirst.Thatitwillnevercomeagainiswhatmakeslifesosweet.Ihaveadreamthatonedaylittleblackboysandgirlswillbeholdinghandswithlittlewhiteboysandgirls.分类在从句中的作用常见词连接词连接作用，不充当成分that,whether,if连接代词连接作用+充当n.成分what,who,whom,whose,which,whatever,whoever,whomever,whichever连接副词连接作用+充当状语when,where,why,howIdon’tknowwhat

you’retalkingabout.That

Imissyouisobvious.Doyouknowwhyyou’relearningEnglish?从句成分：*不缺任何成分👉连接词 *缺主宾表👉连接代词 *缺状语意义👉连接副词名词性从句要点主语从句that从句位于句首时,that不能省略。

That

theorymustgohandinhandwithpracticeisaprincipleweshouldalwayskeepinmind.有时可用形式主语it代替主语从句,将it放在句首,主语从句放在句末,以避免句子头重脚轻。Itisnotknownyetwhereshehasgone.宾语从句当宾语从句后有宾语补足语时,需要用it作形式宾语,而将宾语从句后置。Imadeitclearthatweweredeterminedtocarryouttheplan.当主句主语是第一人称，且谓语为think,believe,suppose,expect等动词时,如果宾语从句表示否定意思,通常否定前移,即否定主句的谓语。Idon’tthinkthere’sacomputerstoreinthetown.Idon’tbelievethatshe’severbeentoHongKong.宾语从句也可用作介词或形容词的宾语。Shewasneversatisfiedwithwhatshehadachieved.宾语从句引导宾语从句的连词that在口语中可省略,但在下列情况中，that需保留。主、从句之间有表示时间等的状语时that不能省略,否则会产生歧义。Thegeographyteachertoldusyesterdaythat

thenearestneighbouroftheearthisthemoon.主、从句之间有插入语时不可省去that。—It’sthirtyyearssincewelastmet.—ButIstillremember,believeitornot,that

wegotlostonarainynight.引导两个或两个以上的宾语从句时,第二个以及第二个以后的宾语从句中的连词that不能省略。FromwhatiswrittenhereIcanseeyouhadaverybadcoldthreeyearsagoandthat

youalsohadasmalloperationlastyear.表语从句当主语是reason且后面的表语从句表示原因时通常用that引导;而当it,this或that作主语,后面的表语从句常用because或why引导。Myreasonisthatthecostwillbetoohigh.Ihadtocatchthefirsttrain.That/This/ItwaswhyIleftsoearly.表语从句还可由asif/asthough引导。asif/asthough引导表语从句时,主句中的动词可用be,seem,appear,look,taste,sound,feel等。Shelooks

asif/asthoughshehadseenaghost.Thismeattastes

asif/asthoughithasalreadygonebad.同位语从句同位语从句通常由that引导,但whether,who,where等有时也可引导同位语从句。Tearsfilledhereyesatthethoughtthatshemightneverseehim.IhavenoideawhetherIshouldbuyacarornot.可接同位语从句的通常是一些表示抽象意义的名词,常见的有news,idea,fact,belief,message,conclusion,decision,doubt,hope,chance,thought等。Thefactthattheagreementwassignedwasimportant.同位语从句有时不直接跟在它所解释说明的名词后面,而是被其它成分隔开。

Thequestioncameupatthemeeting

whetherwehadenoughmoneyforourresearch.引导名词性从句的连接词辨析what与thatwhat引导名词性从句时不仅起连接作用，而在从句中充当主语、宾语、表语、定语等。Whatmakestheschoolproudisthatmorethan90%ofitsstudentshavebeenadmittedtokeyuniversities.Hehasfullyliveduptowhathepromised.Iwanttoknowwhatthedifficultyisnow.Jackcollectedwhatinformationhecouldfind.that引导名词性从句时只起连接作用,在从句中不作任何成分。whether与ifwhether引导的主语从句可位于句首或句尾,而if不能引导位于句首的主语从句。Whetheritrainsornotdoesn’tconcernme.It’sstilluncertainif/whetherhe’scomingornot.whether可引导表语从句和同位语从句,if则不能。Thequestioniswhetheritisworthdoing.Weoughttodiscussthequestionwhetherweshoulddoit.whether可引导介词后的宾语从句,if则不能。HewasworriedaboutwhetherhepassedtheEnglishexamination.whether后可直接跟ornot,if则不能。Ireallydon’tcarewhetherornothewillstay.whoever与whomever在正式语体中,whomever是whoever的宾格形式;在非正式语体中,人们用whoever来代替whomever。Whomeveryouinvitewillbewelcome.Giveittowhoever/whomeveryoulike.whatever与whichever与whatever相比，whichever常有明确的选择范围。Itisgenerallyconsideredunwisetogiveachildwhateverheorshewants.Allthebooksarehere.Youmayborrowwhicheveryoulike.考点归纳名词性从句考查要点主要是连接代词和副词的正确使用，主语、谓语的语序，双重连接词以及特殊句型的使用等。其考点主要包括：1.名词性从句的连接词。如：有词义的连接代词who,whose,whom,what,which;连接副词when,where,why,how;从属连词that,whether,if,asif;无词义的that在从句中不担任成分，有时可省略。2.名词性从句的语序和时态。3.it作形式主语、形式宾语的情况。It+be+形容词+that从句It+be+过去分词+that从句It+be+名词+that从句It+不及物动词(appear,happen等)+that从句4.名词性从句中的虚拟语气。Itis(was)+essential(important,natural…)+that…；Itis(was)suggested(demanded,wished,desired…)that…5.what引导名词性从句时的语义功能和语法功能。what=thethingthat/anythingthat…what=theplacethat…what=thetimethat…what=thepersonthat…6.whoever,whatever,whichever引导名词性从句时的语义功能和语法功能。1（2022新高考II卷）“Idon’tknow___________tothankhim.”2（2022年浙江1月）Cobb,forherparty,startedtoaskconferenceorganizerswhoinvitedhertospeak___________shecoulddosoremotely.3（2021新课标I卷）________issobreathtakingabouttheexperienceistheout-of-this-worldscenes.4（2021年北京卷）Thepoorwomanwasn’tabletogivehimanyinformationabout________shelived．5（2021年天津卷）WhatpuzzlesLily’sfriendsis________shealwayshassomanycrazyideas.A.whether B.why C.what D.whenhowwhether/ifWhatwhereB6（2021年天津卷）ItseemedthatIhadbecome________myparentshadwantedmetobe.A.when B.where C.what D.whether7(2019全国卷Ⅰ)Whiletheyarerarenorthof88°，thereisevidence________theyrangeallthewayacrosstheArctic,andasfarsouthasJamesBayinCanada.8(2018全国卷Ⅲ)I’mnotsure________ismorefrightened,meorthefemalegorilla(大猩猩)thatsuddenlyappearsoutofnowhere.9(2020全国新高考I）Writeapoemabout________courage,determination,andstrengthhavehelpedyoufacechallengesinyourlife.10(2018全国卷I）TenyearsaftermychessclasswithAshley,I’mstillputtingtouse________hetaughtme.CthatwhohowwhatCompletethepassageusingnounclauseswithwordsinbrackets.Looklike?<>xDINOSAURSWhatdidlooklike?Therearemanymysteriesaboutdinosaurstowhichwelongtofindexplanations.Youmaythinkthatdinosaurswerebig,greenandscaly,right?Infact,itseemsthattheyappearedverydifferentform1____________(think).Inrecentyears,scientistshaveworkedout2___________________________

_________(look):manyofthemweresmallwithfeathers.However,3_______________(have)feathersstillisn’tclear—itmighthavebeenforcommunicatingorforstayingwarm,butnotjustforflight.Scientistsalsobelievethatmanydinosaurshadbrightcolours.Itseems4

_________________(dependon)theirhabitats.Thatis,dinosaurswhichcouldflywouldhavehaddifferentcolourstothoselivinginthesea.whatwethinkwhattheylookedlike/howtheylookedwhethertheyhadthatdependedonTalkaboutwhatcausedthedisappearanceofdinosaursusingnounclauseswhereappropriate.Youmayusethenotestohelpyou.Amongthemanyunsolvedmysteriesaboutdinosaurs,whatreallyinterestsmeistheirdisappearance.Onepossibleexplanationisthat…TheCretaceous-Tertiaryextinctionevent,ortheK-Textinctionevent,isthenamegiventothedie-offofthedinosaursandotherspeciesthattookplacesome65.5millionyearsago.Formanyyears,paleontologistsbelievedthiseventwascausedbyclimateandgeologicalchangesthatinterruptedthedinosaurs’foodsupply.However,inthe1980s,father-and-sonscientistsLuisandWalterAlvarezdiscoveredinthegeologicalrecordadistinctlayerofiridium—anelementfoundinabundanceonlyinspace—that

correspondstotheprecisetimethedinosaursdied.Thissuggeststhatacomet,asteroidormeteorimpacteventmayhavecausedtheextinctionofthedinosaurs.Inthe1990s,scientistslocatedthemassiveChicxulubCrateratthetipofMexico’sYucatánPeninsula,whichdatestotheperiodinquestion.Doresearchintoanotherextinctcreature.Shareyourideasaboutwhyitdisappearedusingnounclauseswhereappropriate.TheGoldenToadTheAmericanCheetahTheEskimoCurlewTheBlackfinCiscoSchomburgk’sDeerBroad-FacedPotorooEveryoneknowsthatbirdsdescendedfromdinosaurs—and,likedinosaurs,birdshavebeensubjecttothekindsofecologicalpressures(lossofhabitat,climatechange,humanpredation)thatcanrenderaspeciesextinct.Initsheyday,thePassengerPigeonwasthemostpopulousbirdintheworld.ItsvastflockshadbillionsofbirdsandliterallydarkenedtheskiesoverNorthAmericaduringtheirannualmigrations.Huntedandharassedbythemillions—andshippedinrailroadcars,bytheton,tothestarvingcitiesoftheeasternseaboard—thePassengerPigeondwindledbeforevanishingbythelate19thcentury.ThelastknownPassengerPigeon,whowasnamedMartha,diedincaptivityattheCincinnatiZooin1914.VocabularyBuilding02FacingtheunknownReadthepassageandanswerthequestions.Payattentiontothewordsandexpressionsinbold.Whensomethingstrangeorunfamiliarhappens,theflightinstinct

cankickin.Often,makingaquickgetaway

isasensible

and

understandablenaturalresponse,datingbacktoatimewhenour

ancestors

wererunningfortheirlivesfromdangers,suchas

wild

animals,lightningandfire.Sowhileyoumaybetemptedtocheck

outastrange

object

ortotestthewatersofanewsituation,itcan

besafertosteerclearof

theunfamiliar.快速逃离为了躲避危险而拼命奔跑核实，检查试水，试探避开，绕开However,noteveryonechoosesto

followthisinstinct.Insteadof

retreatingto

their

caves,

some

of

ourancestors

chose

to

subdue

their

fearsandpursue

theunknown-and

thiscuriosityledthemto,

for

instance,discovertheuse

offire.Inmorerecenttimes,Norwegianexplorer,RoaldAmundsenenduredoneofthemosthostileenvironmentsonEarthwhenhesetoutintounchartedterritorytoreachtheSouthPole-aregionoftheplanetripeforexploration.撤退到征服忍耐，忍受打算，着手Thesereactionshelphumankinddelveintotheunknownandadvancetowardsamoreprogressiveandcivilisedsociety.Ofcourse,explorationdoesn’thavetomeanblindlythrowingourselvesintotheunknown,andit’sneverwrongtothinktwicebeforetakingaction.Whilethereisnoneedforusto

shrinkfrom

newsituations,weshouldalways

lookintothingsfirstandconsiderouroptions.钻研，探究三思而后行采取行动回避，避免调查考虑我们的选择Whatistheflightinstinct?Whydosomepeoplereactthatwayinthefaceoftheunknown?Whatotherreactionscouldpeoplehavewhenfacingtheunknown?Flightinstinctisourinstinctivereactiontogetawayfromastrange,unfamiliarordangeroussituation.Somepeoplereactthatwayinthefaceoftheunknownbecauseitisasensibleandunderstandablenaturalresponse.Somepeoplechoosetoovercometheirfearsandfacetheunknown.PutthewordsandexpressionsinActivity5intothetable.Addanymoreyoucanthinkof.AvoidingExploringOvercomingHesitatingmakingaquickgetawayrunningfortheirlives

fromsteerclearofretreatingtoshrinkfromcheckouttestthewatersofsetoutintodelveintotakingactionsubdueenduredthinktwicelookintoconsiderouroptionsListening&Speaking03Readthepassageandanswerthequestions.Whatfunctionsofthebrainarementionedinthepassage?What