《BIM建模》课件-章节3.1.1

《机械员》

“Mechanic”土方机械earthmovingmachinery3.1.5土方施工机械的选择3.1.5Selectionofearthworkconstructionmachinery第三章常见建筑机械Chapter3CommonConstructionMachinery3.1.1挖掘机3.1.1Excavator3.1.1挖掘机3.1.1Excavator常见建筑机械包括:Commonconstructionmachineryincludes:土方机械earthworkmachinery桩工机械pilingmachinery混凝土机械concretemachinery钢筋机械steelreinforcementmachinery起重及运输机械liftingandtransportationmachinery土方机械化施工应根据基础形式、工程规模、开挖深度、地质、地下水情况、土方量运距、现场和机具设备条件、工期要求以及土方机械的特点等合理选择挖土机械，以充分发挥机械效率,节省机械费用,加速施工进度。Formechanizedearthworkconstruction,excavationmachineryshallbereasonablyselectedaccordingtothefoundationform,projectscale,excavationdepth,geology,groundwaterconditions,earthworktransportationdistance,siteandequipmentconditions,constructionperiodrequirements,andcharacteristicsofearthworkmachinery,soastogivefullplaytoMechanicalefficiency,savemachinerycosts,andacceleratetheconstructionprogress.土方机械化施工常用机械有：挖掘机、推土机、铲运机、装载机等。Thecommonlyusedmachineryforearthworkmechanizationconstructionincludesexcavators,bulldozers,scrapers,loaders,etc.第三章常见建筑机械Chapter3CommonConstructionMachinery3.1.1挖掘机3.1.1Excavator1.定义1.Definition挖掘机，又称挖土机，是用铲斗挖掘高于或低于承机面的物料，并装入运输车辆或卸至堆料场的土方机械。Excavators,alsoknownasExcavator,areearthmovingmachinesthatusebucketstodigmaterialshigherorlowerthanthebearingsurfaceandloadthemintotransportvehiclesorunloadthemtothestockyard.第三章常见建筑机械Chapter3CommonConstructionMachinery3.1.1挖掘机3.1.1Excavator2.分类2.Classification挖掘机按操纵机构不同，可分为机械传动和液压传动，后者已经得到广泛应用；Excavatorscanbedividedintomechanicaltransmissionandhydraulictransmissionaccordingtotheirdifferentoperatingmechanisms,whichhavebeenwidelyused;2.分类2.Classification挖掘机按操纵机构不同，可分为机械传动和液压传动，后者已经得到广泛应用；Excavatorscanbedividedintomechanicaltransmissionandhydraulictransmissionaccordingtotheirdifferentoperatingmechanisms,whichhavebeenwidelyused;2.分类2.Classification按行走装置可分为履带式和轮胎式，其中履带式挖掘机重心低，稳定性好，行走能力强，应用广；Accordingtothewalkingdevice,itcanbedividedintotracktypeandtiretype.Amongthem,tracktypeexcavatorshavelowcenterofgravity,goodstability,strongwalkingability,andwideapplications;2.分类2.Classification按工作装置可分为正铲、反铲、拉铲、抓铲等。Accordingtotheworkingdevice,itcanbedividedintofrontshovel,backhoe,pullshovel,grabshovel,etc.第三章常见建筑机械Chapter3CommonConstructionMachinery3.1.1挖掘机3.1.1Excavator3.适应范围和施工方法3.Applicablescopeandconstructionmethods（1）正铲挖土机(1)FrontshovelExcavator正铲挖土机的挖土特点是“前进向上,强制切土”。TheexcavationfeatureoffrontshovelExcavatoris"forwardupward,forcedcutting".第三章常见建筑机械Chapter3CommonConstructionMachinery3.1.1挖掘机3.1.1Excavator3.适应范围和施工方法3.Applicablescopeandconstructionmethods（1）正铲挖土机(1)FrontshovelExcavator正铲挖土机挖掘力大，生产率高，适用于开挖停机面以上的一至四类土，工作面(工作面是指挖土机一次开行中，在一个停机位置进行挖土时的工作范围)的开挖高度一般不小于1.5m，开挖高度超过挖土机挖掘高度时，可分层开挖。ThefrontshovelExcavatorhaslargeexcavationforceandhighproductivity,andissuitableforexcavatingClassItoIVsoilabovetheparkingsurface.Theexcavationheightoftheworkingsurface(theworkingsurfacereferstotheworkingrangeoftheExcavatorwhenexcavatingataparkingpositioninasingletrip)isgenerallynotlessthan1.5m.WhentheexcavationheightexceedstheExcavator'sexcavationheight,itcanbeexcavatedinlayers.第三章常见建筑机械Chapter3CommonConstructionMachinery3.1.1挖掘机3.1.1Excavator3.适应范围和施工方法3.Applicablescopeandconstructionmethods（1）正铲挖土机(1)FrontshovelExcavator宜用于开挖含水量较小的基坑、边坡及大型场地整平。Suitableforexcavationoffoundationpits,slopes,andlarge-scalesitelevelingwithlowwatercontent.第三章常见建筑机械Chapter3CommonConstructionMachinery3.1.1挖掘机3.1.1Excavator3.适应范围和施工方法3.Applicablescopeandconstructionmethods（2）反铲挖土机(2)BackhoeExcavator反铲挖土机的挖土特点是“后退向下，强制切土”，适用于开挖停机面以下的一至三类土，主要用于开挖深度不大的基坑(槽)或管沟及含水量大的土，最大挖土深度为4〜6m,经济合理的挖土深度为1.5〜3m反铲挖土机.BackhoeExcavatorischaracterizedby"backwarddownward,forcedsoilcutting",whichisapplicabletoexcavationofClassItoIIIsoilbelowtheparkingsurface.Itismainlyusedforexcavationoffoundationpit(groove)orpipetrenchwithsmalldepthandsoilwithlargewatercontent.Themaximumexcavationdepthis4~6m,andtheeconomicalandreasonableexcavationdepthis1.5~3m.第三章常见建筑机械Chapter3CommonConstructionMachinery3.1.1挖掘机3.1.1Excavator3.适应范围和施工方法3.Applicablescopeandconstructionmethods（2）反铲挖土机(2)BackhoeExcavator根据开挖路线与运输汽车相对位置的不同，有两种挖土方式：BackhoeExcavatorhastwoexcavationmethodsaccordingtotherelativepositionoftheexcavationrouteandthetransportvehicle:挖土机停在沟槽一端沿沟槽方向后退挖土，汽车停在两旁装土，开挖工作面较宽，同时可挖到最大深度，这种开挖方式应用较广。TheExcavatorstopsatoneendofthetrenchandmovesbackwardalongthedirectionofthetrench.Thetruckstopsatbothsidestoloadthesoil.Theexcavationfaceiswideandthemaximumdepthcanbereachedatthesametime.Thisexcavationmethodiswidelyused.1）沟端开挖1)Trenchendexcavation2）沟侧开挖2)Trenchsideexcavation挖土机沿沟槽一侧开行挖土，由于挖土方向与开行方向垂直,同时机身靠沟边停放，稳定性较差，挖土宽度和深度也较小，且不能很好地控制边坡。TheExcavatordigsalongonesideofthetrench.Sincetheexcavationdirectionisperpendiculartothedrivingdirection,andthebodyisparkednearthetrench,thestabilityispoor,theexcavationwidthanddeptharealsosmall,andtheslopecannotbewellcontrolled.2）沟侧开挖2)Trenchsideexcavation但能将土弃于距沟边较远处，一般只在无法采用沟端开挖或所挖的土不需运走时采用。Butthesoilcanbediscardedatadistancefromtheditchedge,usuallyonlywhenexcavationattheditchendisnotfeasibleortheexcavatedsoildoesnotneedtobetransportedaway.第三章常见建筑机械Chapter3CommonConstructionMachinery3.1.1挖掘机3.1.1Excavator3.适应范围和施工方法3.Applicablescopeandconstructionmethods（3）拉铲挖土机(3)DraglineExcavator拉铲挖土机的铲斗用钢丝绳悬挂在挖土机的机臂上，挖土时土斗在自重作用下可凭惯性力将铲斗甩出落到地面切人土中，工作面较大。ThebucketofthedraglineExcavatorissuspendedonthearmoftheExcavatorwithasteelwirerope.Whendigging,thebucketcanbethrownoutofthegroundandcutintotheearthwithinertiaforceundertheactionofitsownweight.Theworkingfaceislarge.第三章常见建筑机械Chapter3CommonConstructionMachinery3.1.1挖掘机3.1.1Excavator3.适应范围和施工方法3.Applicablescopeandconstructionmethods（3）拉铲挖土机(3)DraglineExcavator挖土半径和挖土深度较大，但钢丝绳控制灵活性差，挖土精确性也就较差。Theexcavationradiusanddeptharerelativelylarge,buttheflexibilityofsteelwireropecontrolispoor,resultinginpoorexcavationaccuracy.宜用于开挖较深较大的基坑、沟槽以及水下挖土。Suitableforexcavatingdeepandlargefoundationpits,trenches,andunderwaterexcavation.拉铲挖土机的挖土特点是“后退向下，自重切土”，适用于开挖停机面以下的一至二类土。TheexcavationfeatureofthedraglineExcavatoris"backwarddownward,selfweightsoilcutting",whichisapplicabletotheexcavationofClassItoIIsoilbelowtheparkingsurface.第三章常见建筑机械Chapter3CommonConstructionMachinery3.1.1挖掘机3.1.1Excavator3.适应范围和施工方法3.Applicablescopeandconstructionmethods（4）抓铲挖土机(4)GrabshovelExcavator抓铲挖土机的机臂端用钢丝绳吊装一个抓斗，挖土特点是“直上直下，自重切土”，适用于开挖停机面以下的一至二类土。ThearmendofthegrabshovelExcavatorisusedtohoistagrabbucketwithawirerope.Theexcavationfeatureis"straightupanddown,selfweightsoilcutting",whichisapplicabletoexcavationofClassItoIIsoilbelowtheparkingsurface.第三章常见建筑机械Chapter3CommonConstructionMachinery3.1.1挖掘机3.1.1Excavator3.适应范围和施工方法3.Applicablescopeandconstructionmethods（4）抓铲挖土机(4)GrabshovelExcavator一般用于开挖土质比较松软，窄而深的基坑、沟槽、沉井等，最适宜于水下挖土，或用于装卸碎石、矿渣等松散材料。Generallyusedforexcavatingsoft,narrowanddeepfoundationpits,trenches,opencaissons,etc.,itismostsuitableforunderwaterexcavationorforloadingandunloadingloosematerialssuchascrushedstonesandslag.第三章常见建筑机械Chapter3CommonConstructionMachinery3.1.1挖掘机3.1.1Excavator3.适应范围和施工方法3.Applicablescopeandconstructionmethods（4）抓铲挖土机(4)GrabshovelExcavator抓铲能在回转半径范围内开挖基坑以上任何位置的土方，并可在任何高度上卸土。ThegrabshovelcanexcavateearthworkatanypositionabovethefoundationpitwithintheRadiusofgyration,andcanunloadsoilatanyheight.2.1.2推土机2.1.2Bulldozer1.定义1.Definition推土机是一种能够进行挖掘、运输和弃土的土方工程机械，一般采用液压式操纵机构，强制切土，切土强度大，操纵轻便。Abulldozerisanearthworkmachinerythatcanexcavate,transport,anddisposeofsoil.Itgenerallyusesahydrauliccontrolmechanismtoforciblycutsoil,withhighcuttingstrengthandeasyoperation.履带式推土机行走能力强，在湿软场地也可进行作业，使用范围较广。Crawlerbulldozershavestrongwalkingabilityandcanoperateonwetandsoftsites,withawiderangeofapplications.2.1.2推土机2.1.2Bulldozer1.定义1.Definition2.1.2推土机2.1.2Bulldozer2.适应范围2.Scopeofadaptation推土机操纵灵活，运转方便，所需工作面较小，既可挖土，又可短距离运土，易于转移，行驶速度快，应用范围较广。Thebulldozerisflexibleinoperation,convenientinoperation,requiresasmallworkingsurface,canexcavatesoilandtransportsoilovershortdistances,easytotransfer,fastindrivingspeed,andhasawiderangeofapplications.2.1.2推土机2.1.2Bulldozer2.适应范围2.Scopeofadaptation推土机适于开挖一至四类土，运距100m以内，效率最高为60m，多用于平整场地，开挖深度1.5m以内的基坑(槽)，回填基坑、管沟。BulldozersaresuitableforexcavatingClass1toClass4soil,withatransportationdistanceoflessthan100mandamaximumefficiencyof60m.Theyaremostlyusedforlevelingsites,excavatingfoundationpits(trenches)withadepthoflessthan1.5m,andbackfillingfoundationpitsandpipetrenches.2.1.2推土机2.1.2Bulldozer2.适应范围2.Scopeofadaptation还可以配合挖土机平整土方、清理场地。 ItcanalsocooperatewiththeExcavatortoleveltheearthandcleanthesite.2.1.2推土机2.1.2Bulldozer3.施工方法3.Constructionmethods推土机开挖的基本作业包括铲土、运土和卸土三个工作行程和空载回驶行程。Thebasicoperationofbulldozerexcavationincludesthreeworkingstrokes:shovel,transport,andunload,aswellastheemptyreturnstroke.2.1.2推土机2.1.2Bulldozer3.施工方法3.Constructionmethods为提高工作效率，常用以下几种施工方法。Toimproveworkefficiency,thefollowingconstructionmethodsarecommonlyused.3.施工方法3.Constructionmethods（2）槽形推土（2）Troughshapedsoilpushing在斜坡上，推土机顺下坡方向铲土与推土，借机械向下的重力作用切土，增大切土深度和运土数量，可提高生产率30%〜40%，Onslopes,bulldozersshovelandpushsoilinthedownhilldirection,usingthedownwardgravitationalforceofthemachinerytocutsoil,increasingthedepthofsoilcuttingandtheamountofsoiltransported,canincreaseproductivityby30%to40%.（1）下坡推土（1）Bulldozingdownhill（3）并列推土（3）Parallelsoilpushing（2）槽形推土（2）Troughshapedsoilpushing但推土坡度不宜超过15°，以避免后退时爬坡困难。However,theslopeofthebulldozershouldnotexceed15°toavoiddifficultiesinclimbingwhenretreating.（1）下坡推土（1）Bulldozingdownhill（3）并列推土（3）Parallelsoilpushing3.施工方法3.Constructionmethods（2）槽形推土（2）Troughshapedsoilpushing（1）下坡推土（1）Bulldozingdownhill（3）并列推土（3）Parallelsoilpushing推土机重复多次在一条作业线上切土和推土,使地面逐渐形成一条浅槽，以减少土从铲刀两侧散失，可增加10%〜30%推土量。Thebulldozerrepeatedlycutsandpushessoilonaworkingline,graduallyformingashallowgrooveonthegroundtoreducesoillossfrombothsidesoftheblade,whichcanincreasetheamountofsoilpushedby10%to30%.3.施工方法3.Constructionmethods（2）槽形推土（2）Troughshapedsoilpushing（1）下坡推土（1）Bulldozingdownhill（3）并列推土（3）Parallelsoilpushing槽的深度以1m左右为宜，槽间±0.5m宽，土槽推到一定深度再推土埂。Thedepthofthegrooveshouldbearound1m,withawidthof±0.5mbetweengrooves.Thesoilgrooveshouldbepushedtoacertaindepthbeforepushingthesoilridge.3.施工方法3.Constructionmethods（2）槽形推土（2）Troughshapedsoilpushing（1）下坡推土（1）Bulldozingdownhill（3）并列推土（3）Parallelsoilpushing用2、3台推土机并列推土，可减少土的散失，但必须注意推土机间的配合。Usingtwoorthreebulldozerstopushsoilinparallelcanreducesoilloss,butattentionmustbepaidtothecoordinationbetweenbulldozers.3.施工方法3.Constructionmethods（2）槽形推土（2）Troughshapedsoilpushing（1）下坡推土（1）Bulldozingdownhill（3）并列推土（2）Parallelsoilpushing一般采用2台推土机并列推土，铲刀相距150〜300mm，可增加15%〜30%推土量，平均运距不宜超过50〜70m，也不宜小于20m。Generally,twobulldozersareusedtopushsoilinparallel,withbladesspaced150-300mmapart,whichcanincreasetheamo