2025年国际贸易专业词汇

国际贸易专业英語（商务詞汇汇總）目录：一、進出口贸易詞汇…………………第2页二、贸易价格术語……第5页三、贸易保险、国际组织术語………第8页四、贸易价格术語……第11页五、贸易伙伴术語……第14页六、数量条件与外汇术語……………第16页一、進出口贸易詞汇1.commercetheactivityofbuyingandselling,especiallyonalargescale贸易

2.ExportDeclarationAformtobecompletedbytheexporterortheirauthorizedagentandfiledintriplicatebyacarrierwiththeUnitedStateCollectorofcustomsatthepointofexit.出口申报單3.importtobringorcarryinfromanoutsidesource,especiallytobringin(goodsormaterials)fromaforeigncountryfortradeorsale進口

4.importlicenceAcertificate,issuedbycountriesexercisingimportcontrols,thatpermitsimportationofthearticlesstatedinthelicense.Theissuanceofsuchapermitfrequentlyisconnectedwiththereleaseofforeignexchangeneededtopayfortheshipmentforwhichtheimportlicensehasbeenrequested.進口許口证

5.exportlicenceAdocumentsecuredfromagovernment,authorizinganexportertoexportaspecificquantityofaparticularcommoditytoacertaincountry.Anexportlicenseisoftenrequiredifagovernmenthasplaceembargoesorotherrestrictionsuponexports.SeeGeneralExportLicense.出口許口证

6.inquiryanactofaskingforinformation询盘7.deliveryanitemoritemsdeliveredonaparticularoccasion.交货

8.orderathingmade,supplied,orservedasaresultofsucharequest订货9.BillofLadingAdocumentthatestablishesthetermsofacontractbetweenashipperandatransportationcompanyunderwhichfreightistobemovedbetweenspecifiedpointsforaspecifiedcharge.Usuallypreparedbytheshipperonformsissuedbythecarrier,itservesasadocumentoftitle,contractofcarriage,andareceiptforgoods.AlsoseeAirWaybillandOceanBillofLading.提單

10.EndorsementinBlankCommonlyusedonabankcheck,anendorsementinblankisanendorsementtothebearer.Itcontainsonlythenameoftheendorserandspecifiesnoparticularpayee.Also,acommonmeansofendorsingbillsofladingdawntotheorderoftheshipper.Thebillsareendorsed"For..."(seeBillofLading,Order).空白背書

11.endorsedsign(achequeorbillofexchange)onthebacktomakeitpayabletosomeoneotherthanthestatedpayeeortoacceptresponsibilityforpayingit背書

12.cargoreceiptIsareceiptofcargoforshipmentbyaconsolidator(usedinoceanfreight).承运货品收据

13.catalogueapublicationcontainingdetailsandoftenphotographsofitemsforsale商品目录

14.RedClauseLetterofCreditAletterofcreditthatallowstheexportertoreceiveapercentageofthefacevalueoftheletterofcreditinadvanceofshipment.Thisenablestheexportertopurchaseinventoryandpayothercostsassociatedwithproducingandpreparingtheexportorder.紅条款信用证15.exportsubsidyAneconomicbenefitgrantedbyagovernmenttoproducersofgoodsorservices,oftentostrengthentheircompetitiveposition.出口津贴16.favorablebalanceoftradeWhencountriesexportmorethantheyimport,theyaresaidtohaveafavorablebalanceoftrade.

贸易顺差17.unfavorablebalanceoftradeWhentheyimportmorethantheyexport,anunfavorablebalanceoftradeexits.

贸易逆差18.freetradezoneAportdesignatedbythegovernmentofacountryforduty-freeentryofanynon-prohibitedgoods.Merchandisemaybestored,displayed,usedformanufacturing,withinthezoneandre-exportedwithoutdutiesbeingpaid.Dutiesareimposedonthemerchandise(oritemsmanufacturedfromthemerchandise)onlywhenthegoodspassfromthezoneintoanareaofthecountrysubjecttotheCustomsAuthority.自由贸易区19.most-favorednationtreatment（MFNT）Thelistofacountry'simportdutiesiscalledatariffschedule.Asingletariffscheduleappliestoallgoods,nomatterwhattheircountryoforigin.Adoubleormulticolumnscheduleprovidesfordifferingratesdependingonthecountryoforigin.Mostmoderntradeagreementsaremadeonthebasisofwhatiscalledmost-favored-nationtreatment.最惠国待遇20.GeneralAverageWhendamagetocargoonboardavesselexceedscarrier'sinsurance,carrierwillreleasecargoonlywithanacceptanceagreementtoclaimonlyageneralpercentageofallthedamagesustained.共同海损21.CommercialInvoiceAnitemizedlistofgoodsshipped,usuallyincludedamonganexporter'scollectionpapers.商业发票22.OceanbillsofladingAreceiptforcargointransit,andacontractbetweentheexporterandanoceancarrierfortransportationanddeliveryofgoodstoaspecifiedpartyataspecifiedforeigndestination.Issuedafterthevesselhassailedandthecargohasbeenenteredintheship'smanifest.海运提單23.CustomsliquidationThefinalizationofacustomsentry.清关24.CustomsBondedWarehouseIsa

warehousewhereimportedgoodsmaybestoredforatotalofthreeyearswithoutthepaymentofdutyortaxes.保税仓库25.dumpingsending(goodsunsaleableinthehomemarket)toaforeignmarketforsaleatalowprice.商品倾销26.exportsend(goodsorservices)toanothercountryforsale出口27.CorrespondentBankAbankthat,initsowncountry,handlesthebusinessofaforeignbank.告知行28.sightdraftadraftpayableuponpresentation.即期汇票29.transferableL/Caletterofcreditpartofwhosevaluewhentheapplicantdefaultsonanotheragreedmethodofpayment可转让信用证30.markinformationplacedonoutersurfaceofshippingcontainersorpackagessuchasaddresslabels,identifyingnumbers,boxspecifications,caution,ordirectionalwarning.唛頭二、贸易价格术語1.FOB(freeonboard)Sellerisresponsibleforinlandfreightandallothercostsuntilthecargohasbeenloadedonthevessel/aircraft.Buyerisresponsibleforocean/airfreightandmarine/airinsurance离岸价（船上交货价）2.C&F(costandfreight)

Isaquotedpriceincludescostofgoodsandfreight.成本加运费价（离岸加运费价）3.CIF(cost,insuranceandfreight)Isaquotedpriceincludescostofgoods,insuranceandfreight.到岸价

（成本加运费、保险费价）4.reightAllmerchandise,goods,products,orcommoditiesshippedbysail,air,road,orwaterotherthanbybaggage,expressmail,orregularmail.运费5.wharfageAchargeassessedbyapierordockowneragainstthecargoorasteamshipcompanyforuseofthepierordock.码頭费6.tariffcustoms,duty；DutiesoradutyimposedbyagovernmentonImportedorexportedgoods.关税7.commissionTheamountpaidtoanagent,whichmaybeanindividual,aborker,orafinancialinstitutionforconsummatingatransactioninvolvingsaleorpurchaseofassetsorservices.佣金8.returncommissionAcommissionwhichispaidbackbytheagentifapolicyiscancelledbeforeitsnormalexpirationdate.回佣，回扣

9.netpricepriceofproduct(service)whichdoesnotcontainValueAdeedTax净价10.wholesalepriceWholesalingisthesaleofgoodsormerchandisetoretailers,toindustrial,commercial,institutional,orotherprofessionalbusinessusers批发价11.discount/allowanceAreductionfromthefullorstandardamoutofapiceordebt折扣12.retailpriceThepricepaidbyaconsumertoadealerorindividualforavehicle.Thedealerorindividualsetstheretailpriceofausedcarbycalculatingthewholesalepricepaidplusreconditioningexpensesandothercosts零售价13.spotpricethecurrentdeliverypriceofacommoditytradedinthespotmarket現货价格14.currentpriceprevailingprice，thepricesofgoodsandservicesinthereferenceperiod現行价格/時价15.customsvaluationEstablishment,accordingtodefinedcriteria,ofthevalueofgoodsforthepurposeoflevyingadvaloremcustomsdutiesontheirimportation海关估价16.pricelistmeansthelistofchargesfortheProductasfoundontheSiteandVATattheprescribedrateandanyothertax,dutyorlevyimposedbylegislation.价目表17.stampdutystamptax，ataxcollectedbyrequiringastamptobepurchasedandattached(usuallyondocumentsorpublications).印花税18.revenuethetotalincomeabusinessfirmorgovernmentreceivesfromallsource税收，收入19.forwardpriceReferstosalesintothefutureofaphysicalcommoditybytheuseofforwardcontractingorfuturesandoptionshedging.Itisamarketingtoolforgrainbuyersandsellers.期货（遠期）价格，期货价20.deductionanamountthatisormaybededucted；theactofdeducting；subtraction扣除（额）；減除（额）21.averagecostUsuallyreferstoaveragetotalcost，whichisthetotalcostofproductionofagoodorservice(includingthecostsoffixedinputsandvariableinputs)dividedbythequantityproduced.平均成本22.interestrateThefeechargedbyalendertoaborrowerfortheuseofborrowedmoney，usuallyexpressedasanannualpercentageoftheprincipal；therateisdependentuponthetimevalueofmoney，thecreditriskofthebprrowedandtheonflationrate.利率Interestratescanbecalculatedassimple，compoundedoreffective.23.importsurchargeAtemporarytaxonimportsoverandaboveestablishedtariffs,usuallyenactedintimesofeconomiccrisis進口附加税24.importlicenceAnimportlicenseisadocumentissuedbyanationalgovernmentauthorizingtheimportationofcertaingoodsintoitsterritory.進口許口证25.exportlicenceAdocumentsecuredfromagovernment,authorizinganexportertoexportaspecificquantityofaparticularcommoditytoacertaincountry.Anexportlicenseisoftenrequiredifagovernmenthasplaceembargoesorotherrestrictionsuponexports.SeeGeneralExportLicence出口許口证26.totalvaluefacevalue*placevalue.總值27.world(International)MarketpriceWorldmarketpricesofcommoditiesexchange国际市場价格28.openaccountCreditextendedthatisnotsupportedbyanote，mortage，orotherformalwrittenevidenceofindebtedness.Becausethismethodposesanobviousrisktothesupplier，itisessentialthatthebuy’sintegritybyunquestionable.赊账29.averagepriceThepriceofahomedeterminedbytotalingthesalespricesofallhousessoldinanareaanddividingthatnumberbythenumberofhomes.平均价格30.PortofDischargePortwherevesselisoffloadedandcargodischarges.卸货港三、贸易保险、国际组织术語Insurer:insurancecompany:afinancialinstitutionthatsellsinsurance保险人Insured:apersonwhoseinterestsareprotectedbyaninsurancepolicy投保人Insurancepolicy:AnInsurancecontractdeterminesthe\o"Law"legalframeworkunderwhichthefeaturesofan\o"Insurance"insurancepolicyareenforced.保险單proximatecause:aneventsufficientlyrelatedtoalegallyrecognizableinjurytobeheldthecauseofthatinjury.近因原则TotalLoss:Totaled(shorthandfortotalloss)isatermusedinthe\o"Insurance"insuranceindustry.Generally,theinsuranceproviderwillonlypayoutthelessercostofbuyingareplacementvehicle,insteadofpayingtorepairtheoldonetoitspreviousstate.所有损失/全损PICC:People’sInsuranceCompanyofChina.aChineseinsurancecompany中国人民保险企业I.C.:ChinaInsuranceClause中国保险条款W/Wclause:WarehousetoWarehouseClause仓至仓条款AllRisks：Thisisaninsurancetermandthe“AllRisks”insurancewillnormallycoveragainstallrisksofwhatevernatureprovidedthattheyarerisksandnotcertainties.一切险W.A./W.P.A：(WithAverageorWithParticularAverage)Aninsurancetermmeaningthatpartiallossordamageofgoodsisinsured.Generallymustbecausedbyseawater.Manyhaveaminimumpercentageofdamagebeforepayment.Maybeextendedtocoverlossbytheft,pilferage,delivery,leakage,andbreakage.水渍险F.P.A.：(FreeofParticularAverage)Atermusedinmarineinsurancepoliciestoindicatethatwhiletheunderwriterisunwillingtoassumeliabilityforordinarypartiallossesduetothepeculiarqualitiesoftheparticulararticleortoitsformofpackage,heiswillingtobearpartiallosses,thedirectresultofstranding,sinking,burning,collision,orothernamedperil平安险WarRisk:Thepossibleaggressiveactionsagainstashipanditscargobyabelligerentgovernment.Thisriskcanbeinsuredbyamarinepolicywithariskclause.战争险Strike，riotsandcivelcommotion：（S.R.C.C.）Aninsuranceclausereferringtolossordamagedirectlycausedbystrikers,locked-outworkmen,personsparticipationinlabordisturbances,andriotsofvariouskinds.Theordinarymarineinsurancepolicydoesnotcoverthisrisk;coverageagainstitcanbeaddedonlybyendorsement.罢工、暴乱、民变险Claim:anassertionofaright(astomoneyorproperty)索赔Disputes:disputeisacommencementofaconflictbetweenstatementsofacceptedfactandaneworunacceptedproposalthatdisagreeswith,\o"Argument"arguesagainst,or\o"Debate"debatestheaccepted\o"Knowledge"knowledgeor\o"Opinion"opinion.争议Penalty:theactofpunishing罚金条款Arbitration:(law)thehearinganddeterminationofadisputebyanimpartialrefereeagreedtobybothparties仲裁ForceMajeure:alleventswhicharebeyondthecontrolofthePartiestothisContract,andwhichareunforeseen,unavoidableorinsurmountable,andwhichariseaftertheEffectiveDateandWhichpreventtotalorpartialperformancebyandParty.不可抗力Arbitraltribunal:Anarbitraltribunal(orarbitrationtribunal)isapanelofoneormore\o"Adjudicator"adjudicatorswhichisconvenedandsitstoresolveadisputebywayof\o"Arbitration"arbitration.仲裁庭ArbitrationClause:Isastandardclausetobeincludedinthecontractsofexportersandimporters,assuggestedbytheAmericanArbitrationAssociation.ItstatesthatanycontroversyorclaimwillbesettledbyarbitrationinaccordancewiththerulesoftheAmericanArbitrationAssociation.仲裁条款Certificateoforigin:Astatementsignedbytheexporter,orhisagent,andattestedtobyalocalChamberofCommerce,indicatingthatthegoodsbeingshipped,oramajorpercentageofthem,originatedandwereproducedintheexporter'scountry产地证明書Inspectioncertificate:Adocumentcertifyingthatmerchandise(suchasperishablegoods)wasingoodsconditionimmediatelypriortoshipment.品质检查证書WTO：(WorldTradeOrganization)an\o"Internationalorganization"internationalorganizationdesignedtosuperviseand\o"Freetrade"liberalize\o"Internationaltrade"internationaltrade.世界贸易组织IMF：(InternationalMonetaryFund)an\o"Internationalorganization"internationalorganizationthatoverseesthe\o"Globalfinancialsystem"globalfinancialsystembyfollowingthe\o"Macroeconomicpolicies"macroeconomicpoliciesofitsmembercountries,inparticularthosewithanimpacton\o"Exchangerate"exchangeratesandthe\o"Balanceofpayments"balanceofpayments.国际货币基金组织EFTA：(EuropeanFreeTradeAssociation)aEuropeantradeblocwhichwasestablishedasanalternativeforEuropeanstateswhodidnotjointhethen-EuropeanEconomicCommunity.欧洲自由贸易联盟AFTA：(ASEANFreeTradeArea)a\o"Tradebloc"tradeblocagreementbythe\o"AssociationofSoutheastAsianNations"AssociationofSoutheastAsianNationssupportinglocalmanufacturinginallASEANcountries.東盟自由贸易区JCCT：(China-USJointCommissiononCommerceandTrade)中美商贸联委會

NAFTA：(NorthAmericanFreeTradeArea)atrilateral\o"Tradebloc"tradeblocin\o"NorthAmerica"NorthAmericacreatedbythegovernmentsofthe\o"UnitedStates"UnitedStates,\o"Canada"Canada,and\o"Mexico"Mexico.北美自由贸易区

UNCTAD：(UnitedNationsConferenceonTradeandDevelopment)Itistheprincipalorganofthe\o"UnitedNationsGeneralAssembly"UnitedNationsGeneralAssemblydealingwithtrade,investmentanddevelopmentissues.联合国贸易与发展會议

GATT：（GeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade)theoutcomeofthefailureofnegotiatinggovernmentstocreatethe\o"InternationalTradeOrganization"InternationalTradeOrganization(ITO).关贸總协定四、贸易价格术語1.stocks[massnoun]thecapitalraisedbyabusinessorcorporationthroughtheissueandsubscriptionofshares资本，股本2.cashsaleAlegaltermdenotingamercantiletransactioninwhichtitletomerchandisepasseswhenthebuyerpaystheseller.現货

3.purchasetheacquisitionofsomethingforpayment;购置,進货

4.bulksalesometimescalledabulktransfer,isasaleofgoodsbyabusinessthatrepresentsallorsubstantiallyallofitsinventorytoasinglebuyerunlesssuchasalewouldbecommonintheordinarycourseofitsbusiness.整批销售，趸售

5.distributionchannelsDistribution(orplace)isoneofthefourelementsofmarketingmix.Anorganizationorsetoforganizations(go-betweens)involvedintheprocessofmakingaproductorserviceavailableforuseorconsumptionbyaconsumerorbusinessuser.销售渠道

6.wholesalehistoricallycalledjobbing,isthesaleofgoodsormerchandisetoretailers,toindustrial,commercial,institutional,orotherprofessionalbusinessusers,ortootherwholesalersandrelatedsubordinatedservices.批发

7.retailtradeRetailingconsistsofthesaleofgoodsormerchandisefromafixedlocation,suchasadepartmentstoreorkiosk,orbypost,insmallorindividuallotsfordirectconsumptionbythepurchaser.零售业

8.hire-purchasemethodofbuyingsomethingbypayingoveranextendedperiod分期付款购置

9.exclusiverightInAnglo-Saxonlaw,anexclusiverightisadefacto,non-tangibleprerogativeexistinginlaw(thatis,thepoweror,inawidersense,right)toperformanactionoracquireabenefitandtopermitordenyotherstherighttoperformthesameactionortoacquirethesamebenefit.独家經营/专营权10.unfaircompetitionCommercialconductthatthelawviewsasunjust.不合理竞争

11.dumpingsellinggoodsabroadatapricebelowthatchargedinthedomesticmarket商品倾销

12.antidumpingtheactofamanufacturerinonecountryexportingaproducttoanothercountryatapricewhichiseitherbelowthepriceitchargesinitshomemarketorisbelowitscostsofproduction反倾销

13.unfavorablebalanceoftradeAnexpressiondenotingasituationwhereageographicalentity(beitanation,region,state,orcity)importsmoregoodsandservicesthanitexports.Itisusedtodescibethesituationforbothindividualgoodsorservicesandforallgoodsandservicescombined.贸易逆差14.freetradeFreetradeexistswhentheinernationalexchangeofgoodsisneitherrestrictednorencouragedbygovernment-imposedtradebarriers.Subsequently,thedeterminationofthedistributionandlevelofinternationaltradeislefttotheoperationofmarketforces.自由贸易15.non-tariffbarriersEconomic,political,administrativeorlegalimpedimentstotradeotherthanduties,taxesandimportquotas.非关税壁垒16.favorablebalanceoftradeAnyexcessofcreditsoverdebitsattheendofagivenaccountingperiod.贸易顺差

17.partialshipmentAprocessinwhichastoreships/providesonlysomeofthegoods/servicesinasingleorder.Therefore,thePostAuthamountwouldbelessthantheamountoftheapprovedPreAuthfortheorder.分批装运

18.restraintoftrade[massnoun](Law)actionthatinterfereswithfreecompetitioninamarket(律)贸易限制，贸易管制19.SettlementAsthesalestransactionvaluemovesfromthemerchanttotheacquiringbank,totheissuer,eachpartybuysandsellsthesalesticket.Settlementiswhatoccurswhentheacquiringbankandtheissuerexchangedataorfundsduringtransactions.清算,交割20.tradeconsultationAnactofprocesswhereadviceisgivenorviewsareexchanged.贸易磋商

21.bondedwarehouseacustoms-controlledwarehousefortheretentionofimportedgoodsuntilthedutyowedispaid.保税仓库

22.chaindebtsCompetitiveproductsorknock-outproducts;blockbuster;coreproduct;Downsizingforefficiency;cutpayrolltoimproveefficiency三角债...23.sanctionAcoercivemeasureadoptedusuallybyseveralnationsactingtogetheragainstanationviolatinginternationallaw.国际制裁24.customsbondCustomsBonds(alsoknownasSuretyBonds)arerequiredbytheU.S.CustomsService(Title19USC,section1623)asameanstoensurethatimportersguaranteepaymentintheeventthatliquidateddamagesareassessedagainstshipmentsimportedintothecountry.海关担保

25.consignment[massnoun]theactionofconsigningordeliveringsomething.寄售26.taxrebateAtaxrefundortaxrebateisarefundontaxeswhenthetaxliabilityislessthanthetaxespaid.出口退税

27.freightforwarderAfreightforwarder(oftenjustforwarder)isathirdpartylogisticsprovider.Asathirdparty(ornonassetbased)provideraforwarderdispatchesshipmentsviaassetbasedcarriersandbooksorotherwisearrangesspaceforthoseshipments.货运代理

28.RTA(RegionalTradeArrangements)ResourceprovidedbyWTOonregionaleconomicintegrationlikecustomsunionandfreetradearea.Includesthelistingofsuchagreements.区域贸易安排

29.INT(auction)avarietyofbridgeinwhichtricksmadeinexcessofthecontractarescoredtowardgame;nowgenerallysupersededbycontractbridge.拍卖30.agencyagreementInsomestates,thetermdescribingalistingunderwhichthebrokerÕscommissionisprotectedagainstasalebyotheragentsbutnotbyasalebytheprincipal.CalledaÒnon-exclusiveÓlistinginsomestates.代理协议五、贸易伙伴术語1.manufacturerpeoplewhomakeorproducesomethingbymachineryinafactory制造商2.middlemaapersonwhobuysgoodsfromproducersandsellsthemtoretailersorconsumers中间商，經纪人3.dealerapersonorbusinessthatbuysandsellsgoods;apersonwhobuysandsellsshares,securities,orotherfinancialassetsasaprincipal(ratherthanasabrokeroragent).經销商;交易员，证券商4.wholesalersomeonewhobuyslargequantitiesofgoodsandresellstomerchantsratherthantotheultimatecustomers批发商5.retaileramerchantwhosellsgoodsatretail零售商6.merchanapersonorcompanyinvolvedinwholesaletrade,especiallyonedealingwithforeigncountriesorsupplyingmerchandisetoaparticulartrade商人，批发商，零售商7.concessionairetheholderofaconcessionorgrant,especiallyfortheuseoflandorcommercialpremisesorfortradingrights受让人8.consumerthepersonwhopurchasesgoodsandservicesforpersonaluse消费者，顾客9.clientapersonororganizationusingtheservicesoralawyerorotherprofessionalpersonorcompany委托人，顾客，客户10.buyerapersonwhomakesapurchase买主11.carrierapersonorthingthatcarries,holds,orconveyssomething承运人12.consigneethepersontowhommerchandiseisdeliveredover收货人13.freightforwardertheintermediarybetweenthecarrierandtheshipper,whoisentrustedbytheshipper,andhandlesloadingandunloadingandothertransportationbusinessforthegoodsimported/exportedinhisownname,andchargethefreightandcommision货运代理人14.insurancebrokeronekindofinsurancesalespersonrepresentingthecustomerinsteadoftheinsurancecompany保险經纪人15.exportmanagementcompanyaprivatefirmthatservesastheexportdepartmentforseveralproducersofgoodsorservices,eitherbytakingtitleorbysolicitingandtransactingexportbusinessonbehalfofitsclientsinreturnforacommission,salary,orretainerpluscommission出口經营商16.commissionhouseanorganizationthattradescommoditiesand/orfuturesandoptionscontractsforcustomeraccountsinreturnforafee佣金行，委托交易行17.thedrawerthepersonwhowritesacheckordraftinstructingthedraewwtopaysomeoneelse发票人，出票人，開票人18.thedraweetheindividualorfirmonwhomadraftisdrawnandwhoowestheindicatedamount付款人19.thepayeeonewhoreceivesapayment,suchasthroughcash,check,moneyorder,orpromissorynote收款人，领款人20.importmerchantafirmlocatedintheforeignmarketthatpuchasesgoodsfromabroadforre-saleinhishomemarket進口批发商21.multinationalcorporation(MNC)amultinationalcorporationisabusinessenterprisethatretainsdirectinvestmentsoverseasandthatmaintainsvalue-addesholdingsinmorethanonecountry跨国企业22.subsidiaryasubsidiaryisacompanywhichisownedorcontrolledbyanotherfirmorcompany子企业23.jointventureatypeofpartialstructuralintegrationinwhichoneormoreseparateorganizationscombimeresourcestoachieveastatedobjective合资企业24.whollyownedsubsidiaryasubsidiarysubstantiallyallofwhoseoutstandingvotingsecuritiesareownedbyitsparentand/ortheparent’sotherwhollyownedsubsidiaries全资子企业25.majorityownedsubsidiaryasubsidiarymorethan50percentofwhoseoutstandingvotingsharesisownedbyitsparentand/ortheparent’sothermajority-ownedsubsidiaries控股子企业26.offeranamountofmoneythatsomeoneiswillingtopayforsomething出盘，出价27.counterofferofferandacceptanceanalysisisatraditionalapproachincontractlawusedtodeterminewhetheranagreementexistsbetweentwoparties還盘，還价28.indentmakearequisitionorwrittenorderforsomething订單29.bidofferacertainpriceforsomething,especiallyatanauction递盘30.referencepriceapricecalculatedcontinuouslyupdatedinrealtimeandrepresentingaweightedaverageofprices参照价六、数量条件与外汇术語1.number①thepropertypossessedbyasumortotalorindefinitequantityofunitsorindividuals②aconceptofquantityinvolvingzeroandunits個数2.netweight(ActualNetWeight)Weightofgoodsalonewithoutanyimmediatewrappings.净重3.capacityThemaximumloadageneratingunit,generatingstation,orotherelectricalapparatusisratedtocarry.容积4.volumeAunitofthreedimensionalmeasureofspacethatcomprisesalength,awidthandaheight.体积5.tareanadjustmentmadefortheweightofthepackaginginordertodeterminethenetweightofthegoods.皮重6.grossweighEntireweightofgoods,packing,andcontainer,,readyforshipment.毛重7.quality①anessentialanddistinguishingattributeofsomethingorsomeone.②acharacteristicpropertythatdefinestheapparentindividualnatureofsomething.品质8.duplicatesampleOneoftwosamplescollectedatasamplingpointatthesametimeinamannerthatminimizesdifferencesbetweenthesamples.复样9.Specifytostipulateasaconditionorrequirementinacontractoragreement阐明10.countersamplePre-productionsamplessentfromavendorforpurposessuchasfitting,commentsonexecutionorinterpretationofadesignormodel.對等样品11.criterionastandard,rule,ortestonwhichajudgmentordecisioncanbebased.原则12.catalogueAcompletelistinprintedorelectronicformatofthestockheldinaparticularcollection,library,orgroupoflibraries,recording,descri