2025年中石化专业职称外语考试试卷

中国石化集团企业专业技术人员外語水平考试英語（120分钟内完毕）第一部分客观題（50分钟）一、詞汇与使用方法（根据文意，從A、B、C、D四個选项中选择一种對的答案，共10分）Iamlooking_____toseeingyouinBeijingthisMay!up B.forward C.toward D.down2.—John,isthisyourfirsttimeinChina?—No,it’smy_____A.two B.twice C.three D.third3.Youshouldkeepthemeatinthefridge,____itwillgobad.A.so B.or C.and D.but4.—We’regoingtoTianjinovertheweekend.Whydon'tyoujoinus?—____,butI'mhavingafriendover.A.You'reright B.Idon’tcare C.Idon'tmind D.I'dloveto5.TheSmithfamily______alltheirfruitandvegetables,whichsavesmoney.plant B.produce C.grow D.raise6.TellSusansheshould______worryingandgetsomerest.start B.stop C.sick D.stay7.Thefollowingdayhefoundtheoldmanlyinginbed,______.A.dead B.wasdead C.die D.hasdied 8.Helenlookedatthebaby_____loveinhereyes.A.on B.in C.with D.at9.—MysistersentmeawonderfulgiftfromArgentina.—Oh,isthatso?________________?A.Whereisitfrom B.What'sitlikeC.WhoisitforD.Whosentittoyou10.Havingsuffered______seriousdamagefromwar,itmaybetoodifficulttorestorethecity.such B.so C.too D.many二、阅讀理解（阅讀下面的短文，根据文章内容，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個选项中选择一种對的答案，共40分）短文一（10分）"Whenoneofthedoctorscriticizesme,Igetdefensive.Ifeellikeachildagain,beingscolded,andIwanttoexplainthatI'mnotwrong."saysViola,anurse.Thisisacommonreactiontocriticism,butnotagoodone.Therearebetterwaysofdealingwithcriticism.Thefollowingarethreegoldenrulesonecankeepinmindwhenfacedwithsuchasituation.1.Trytobeobjective.WhenSolwascriticizedbyhisnewemployerfornothavingmadeasale,Sol'sreactionwastofeelsorryforhimself."IhadputeverythingIhadintomakingthatsale,"Solsays,"andIfeltthatIhadfailedasaperson.Ihadtolearnthroughexperiencenottoreactlikethattoeachfailure."2.Taketimetocooldown.Ratherthanreactingimmediatelytocriticism,takesometimetothinkoverwhatwassaid.Yourfirstquestionshouldbewhetherthecriticismisfairfromtheotherperson'sposition.Theproblemmaybeasimplemisunderstandingofwhatyoudidoryourreasonsfordoingit.3.Takepositiveactions.Afteryoucooldown,considerwhatyoucandoaboutthesituation.Thebestanswermaybe"nothing"."IfinallyrealizedthatmybosswashavingpersonalproblemsandtakingthemoutonmebecauseIwasthere,"saysSheila."Hiscriticismsdidn'treallyhaveanythingtodowithmywork,sonothingIsaidordidwasgoingtochangethem."InSheila'scase,thebestwaytodealwithitwastoleaveherjob.However,that'sanextremereaction.Youmaysimplyexplainyouropinionwithoutexpectinganin-depthdiscussion.Youmayevendecidethatthebattleisn'tworthfightingthistime.Thekey,inanycase,istohaveareasonableplan.1.Theword“reaction”inParagraph1isclosestinmeaningto____________.A.referenceB.reasonC.responseD.reminder2.WhenSolfacescriticismnow,hewillmostlikely____________.thinkmoreobjectivelyfeelsorryforhimselftrytomakeasalefeellikehehas3.Accordingtothewriter,youshouldthinkaboutwhetherthecriticismisfairfromtheotherperson’sperspectivebecause___________.otherpeople’sopinionsarevaluableyouneedtimetounderstandyourownsituationhemayjusthaveamisunderstandingofwhatyoudidhemaywanttohaveanin-depthdiscussionwithyouaboutit4.Sheila’sexampleinthefourthparagraphistoprovethatthebestwaytodealwithcriticismisto_______.cooldowndonothingleaveherjobhaveareasonableplan5.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueaccordingtothepassage?Peopleshouldnotgetdefensivewhenfacedwithcriticism.Peopleshouldavoidreactingimmediatelytocriticism.Peopleshouldtakesometimetothinkaboutthecriticismtheyreceive.Peopleshouldexplaintheiropinionwhenfacedwithcriticism.短文二（10分）It'shardtothinkofanearly

HYPERLINKretirement

asanythingotherthanapositive.Whowouldn'twanttotradeintheirsuitandtieforapairofbeachshorts?Whenconsideringearlyretirement,itisimportantthatyoupreparefinanciallyandinotheraspectstoo.Someguyseventhinktheidealtimetostartplanningandsavingforanearlyretirementiswhiletheystartworking.Whileretiringaheadofschedulemaybeeasieronthebody,anewsetofresearchhasfoundthatitmaynotbesobeneficialforthemind.

Thestudy,conductedatBinghamtonUniversity,findsthatanearlyretirementcanacceleratetheusualrateof

HYPERLINKcognitive

(认知的)declineamongtheelderly.Theresearchteam

HYPERLINKanalyzed

China'snewruralpension(养老金)scheme(NRPS),aswellasChina'smostrecentRetirementLongitudinalSurvey(CHARLS),inordertoinvestigatetheeffectsofearlyretirementandpensionbenefitsonindividualcognitionamongadultsovertheageof60.Forreference,CHARLSisarepresentativenationalsurveyofChina'spopulationovertheageof45thattestsrespondentsregardingmentalcognition,episodicmemory(情景记忆)andoverallmentalwellbeing.Aftergoingoverallofthedata,theresearchteam

HYPERLINKnotedacleartrend:individualsreceivingpensionbenefitswereexperiencingmuchmorerapidmentaldeclinethantheircounterpartsstillonthe

HYPERLINKworkforce.Themostprominent

HYPERLINKindicatorofmentaldeclineamongretireeswasdelayedrecall,atraitwidelyconsideredtobeanaccuratepredictorofdementia.Surprisingly,femalesseemedtoexperienceevensharpermentaldeclineafterretiringearly.Overall,theresultssupportthehypothesisthatdecreasedmentalactivityacceleratescognitivedecline.

Thisstudy'sfindingsweresimilartopreviousresearchthathadfocusedontheimpactofretirementonelderlyindividualslivingintheUnitedStates,England,andtheEuropeanUnion.So,thisishardlyatrendlimitedtoAsia.Theresearchershadactuallyconductedpreviousstudiesthatfoundretirementledtoanumberofpositivephysicalhealthbenefitsforretirees,suchasimprovedsleeppatterns,lessstress,andreducedalcoholconsumption.However,retirementisalsousuallyaccompaniedwithadeclineinsocialactivitiesandlessoverallinteractionwithpeople,whichhasalsobeenlinkedtocognitivedecline.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEaccordingtoParagraph1?Nobodylikesearlyretirementfornotbeingsobeneficialforhismind.Earlyretirementisnotapositiveviewpointformalebutforfemale.Mostpeoplelikeearlyretirement,butitmightnotbegoodfortheircognition.Everybodylikesearlyretirementbecauseheorshewouldn’twanttradein.Which of the following statements aboutCHARLSis NOTtrue?ItisoneofdataresourcesofthestudyatBinghamtonUniversity.Itinvolvesfinancialpreparation,pensionandindividualcognition.ItisanationwidesurveyofChina'spopulationovertheageof45.Itinvolvesmentalcognition,recallandmentalwellbeing.Theword“indicator”inParagraph3isclosestinmeaningto________.signthinkingdementiaimpressionWhichofthefollowinglivingpatternsismentionedasoneofpositivebenefitsofearlyretirementaccordingtothepassage?Lessalcoholintake.Morefinancialpreparation.Morelifestress.Lesssocialparties.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat___________.thecognitionofworkerswillincreasemoresharplyafterearlyretirementtheimpactofearlyretirementhasabitdifferentbetweenAsiaandEuropetheincreasedmentalactivitiesacceleratethecognitivedeclineofretireessocialactivitiesarenecessaryforretireesaswellaspositivephysicalpatterns短文三（10分）IntheearlydaysoftheInternet,somepeoplesaidthatitwasgoingtorevolutionisethewaythatwemanageourbankaccounts.Theypredictedthatallbankingwouldeventuallytakeplaceonline.Bankswhichonlyexistonlineare,ofcourse,muchcheapertorunthantraditionalbanksbecausetheyhavelowerstaffandbuildingcosts.Itseemedpossiblethatthetraditionalstreetbankcoulddisappearinthespaceofafewdecades.However,thesepredictionshavenotcometrueanditseemsunlikelythattheywill.TheInternethasnotreplacedordinarystreetbanks.Insteadithasjustbecomeonemorewayinwhichthebankcanreachitscustomers.Indeed,customersurveysseemtoagreethatmostcustomerswanteverything:abranchoftheirbankinthehighstreet,a24-hourATM,andawayofcheckingtheiraccountonline.Onlinebankingisalsonotwithoutitsdrawbacks.Tobeginwith,theservicerequiresabiginvestmentonthepartofthebanktomakesurethattheinformationtechnologyiscompatiblewiththecomputersystemsinthebranches.Anevenbiggerproblemisthepossibilityoffraud.Oneofthemostcommonisso-called‘phishing’.Thisiswhenfraudsterssendoutfalseemails,suchasafakejoboffer,totrytomakepeoplegivetheiraccountdetails.Theythenusethispersonalorfinancialinformationtoobtainmoney.Thishasaffectedanumberofcompaniesand,ifitcontinues,someofcustomersmaydecidenottobankonline.Despitethis,thereisevidencethatbankswhichhavedevelopedalargenumberofonlineservicescanhaveacompetitiveadvantage.Itseemsthatonlinecustomersaremorelikelytobuyextrabankingproducts.Forexample,INGDirect,theonlinebranchoftheDutchbank,gainedanumberofcustomersbyofferingonlinesavingsaccountswithverycompetitiveinterestrates.Theythenincreasedtheirprofitsfurtherbylaunchingotherproductswhichtargetedthesesameonlinecustomers.Onlineservicesseem,inshort,averygoodwayforbankstomarketproductstoexistingcustomersandtoreinforceexistingrelationships.11.Whichofthefollowingstatementsdoesthepassagesupport?A.Thetraditionalbankwillbesubstitutedbyonlinebanking.B.Onlinebankingoffersnewwaystoconnectwithcustomers.C.Customersaremorelikelytobuybankingproductsfromstreetbanks.D.Itismuchcheapertorunthetraditionalbanksthanonlinebanks.12.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatmostbankcustomerswant.A.longeropeningtimefortraditionalbanksB.moreproductsandservicesavailableonlineC.variouswaysofgettingbankingservicesD.morecompetitiveonlinebankingproducts13.WhatisParagraph3mainlyabout?A.Theproblemswithonlinebanking.B.Whybanksshouldofferonlineservices.C.Whypeopleshouldn’tbankonline.D.Howonlinebankingcanincreaseprofits.14.Theword“drawbacks”inParagraph3isclosestinmeaningto.A.punishmentsB.abusesC.questionsD.disadvantages15.Accordingtothepassage,whatisoneofthereasonsthatcustomersmayNOTwanttobankonline?A.Computersystemmayfail.B.Customersmayreceivesomeunwantedadvertisements.C.Misoperatingoftenoccurswhenbankingonline.D.Criminalsmaystealmoneyfromtheaccount.短文四（10分）本部分包括三篇文章，請根据個人工作专业方向，选择一篇作答。油气工程类請选择篇章A，炼化工程类請选择篇章B，综合类請选择篇章C。篇章A油气专业Itisanetworkofpipelinesthatbringsoilandgasfromthereservoirtousersaroundtheworld.Thenetworktransportsoil,naturalgasandotherproductsfromfieldstoconsumers.Thisnetwork,gatheringoilandgasfromalargenumberofdifferentwells,finallypassesonarangeofproductstoindividuals,businessesandplants.Thislargesystemcontainshundredsofthousandsofmilesofpipelines,varyinginsizefrom2inchesindiametertoasmuchas60inches.Thoughpumpingstationsandotherfacilitiesarelocatedalongpipelineroutes,mostoftheworld’soilandgaspipelinesystemisnotvisible.PipelinesbringoilandnaturalgasfromremoteareaslikeAlaskatoconsumers.Oilandgasproducedfromoffshorewellsarealsobroughtbypipeline,oftenthroughwaterseveralhundredfeetdeep.Oilandgaspipelinesystemsarewellknownfortheirlowtransportationcostandefficiency.Anumberofstudiesofenergyefficiencyhavebeenmade.Arecentstudyfindsthatcrudelinesconsumeabout0.4%oftheenergycontentofthecrudeoiltransportedper1,000km.Productpipelinesuseabout0.5%oftheenergycontentoftheoilproductsmovedper1,000km.Incomparison,theestimateis0.8%forcoaltrains,1.0%foroilmovementbyrail,2.5%fornaturalgaspipelines,3.2%foroiltrucksand5.4%forcoaltrucks.Meanwhile,justaswellknownisthetechnologythatmakesitpossibletoinstalllargepipelinesinextremelycoldareasanddeepwaterregionswithoutdamagetotheenvironmentandwithahighdegreeofsafety.Thelinkbetweenpipelinesizeandeconomyisobvious.Therelationshipbetweensizeandcapacityisalsodramatic.A36-inchdiameterlinecancarryupto17timesmoreoilorgasthana12-inchdiameterpipeline,butconstructionandoperationcostsdonotincreaseatnearlythesameratio.Oilandgasarenottheonlymaterialstransportedbypipeline.Coalandothersolidsaresuccessfullypipelinedtodayaswell.Thephrase“passeson”inParagraph1isclosestinmeaningto.advancessubmitsdistributescommunicatesAccordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingsystemsisthemostefficient?Crudeoilpipelines.Productpipelines.Naturalgaspipelines.Coaltrucks.ThepipelinesystemhasthefollowingbenefitsEXCEPT.lowtransportationcosthighenergyefficiencyahighdegreeofsafetylargetransportationcapacityAccordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?Therearenopipelinesinstalledinthemostremoteareas.Installingpipelinesinwatercausesdamagetotheenvironment.Whenpipelinesgetlargerinsize,thecoststaysthesame.Coalsandothersolidscanalsobepipelinedtoday.Whatisthebesttitleforthispassage?PipelineTechnologyPipelineIndustryEnergyEfficiencyEnergyTransportation篇章B炼化专业CanadianengineeringcompanyGenoilhasannounceda$50billionletterofintent(意向書)foramodern,integratedoilproduction,transportandrefiningsystem

inChechnya–

includinghydro-conversionequipmenttodesulfurizeandpurifycrudeoil,whichwillreduceresidualsandimproveoperatingefficiency.Genoilsaysthattheagreementcovers3.5millionbarrelsadayofproductionandsixmilliontonnesofannualrefiningcapacity.Thefirmwillserveasthemastercontractorinchargeofallphasesoftheproject.Theprojectwillbesubstantiallyengineered,financedandinsuredbyChinesepartners,andithasthesupportoftheRussiangovernment.ItwillformapartofatradeagreementbetweenRussiaandChina,andtherefinedproductwillgotoChinaunderlong-termcontracts.

Genoilsaysthatitshydro-conversionequipment

increasestheproductyieldsfromheavycrude,bitumen,andrefineryresidues,atlowcostrelativetotraditionalhydrocrackingandcokingmethods.Thefirmsaysthatitcandesulfurizeheavyfueloilfractionsandproduceahigherratioofproductslikedieselandgasoline.

Genoil'sannouncementfollowsshortlyaftertheIMOMarineEnvironmentProtectionCommittee'sdecisiontoimplementaglobalbanonhigh-sulfurresidualfuelbeginningin.Someobservershaveexpressedskepticismthatrefinerswillchoosetomakeadditionalinvestmentindesulfurizationastherequirementapproaches;however,Genoil'sagreementisonesignthatrefinersmayelecttousenewtechnologytoconvertahigherportionofresidualsintolighterfractions–

atleastinnewgreenfield

construction.Chechnya’soilrefiningindustryhasbeenapointofpoliticaltensionbetweenregionalleadersandMoscow;afteryearsoflobbying,RussiaagreedtotransferChechenrefiningcompany

Chechenneftekhimpromtolocalcontrolin,andChechenRepublicleaderRamzanKadyrovhascalledforconstructionofanewrefineryforthefirm.Oilrefiningisthe

HYPERLINKmainemploymentoption

withintheprovince,makingitpoliticallyimportant,butRussian

HYPERLINKanalysts

saythatsupplyinganewrefinery

mayrequirereversingthedeclineofChechnya’supstreamcrudeproduction.Asoflastyear,Chechnyaproducedabout600,000tonnes,downfromannualoutputinthemillionsoftonnesintheSovietera.

WhichisNOToneofthesupportersforthisnewlyinvestedoilrefiningsystem?Chechnya.Chinesepartners.Genoil.Russiangovernment.Theword“it”inParagraph4refersto.thefirmGenoilhydro-conversionequipmentrefineryresiduesdieselandgasolineAccordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisTRUEaboutthe“hydroconversionequipment”?Thisequipmentcanhelptoprocessmorecrudeoilintherefinery.Thisequipmentischeaperthanhydrocrackingandcokingequipment.Allrefineriesshouldbeequippedwiththiskindofequipment.Thisequipmentcanhelpreduceimpuritiesfromtheproducts.Accordingtothelastparagraph,whatisthemaindifficultyforconstructingthenewrefinery?Geonoilwillnotinvestsomuchmoneyonthenewrefinery.RussiawillnotapprovetobuildthenewrefineryinChechnya.Chechnya’supstreamcrudeproductiondeclinedafterSovietera.TheChinesepartnersofGeonoilarenotqualifiedtoconstruct.WhichstatementisTRUEaccordingtothispassage?Refinersarehappytomakemoreinvestmentindesulfurizationastherequirementapproaches.IMOaskedhigh-sulfurresidualfuelshouldnolongerbeusedbythebeginningof.Refinersneedtoinvestnewtechnologytoproducemoregasolineandotherlighterproducts.Genoilplannedtobuildthenewequipmentwithnewtechnologyinaplacecalled“greenfield”.篇章C综合Oneofthekeyelementsinhumanresourcemanagementismotivatingandleading.Simplydefined,motivationistheprocessofcreatingorganizationalconditionsthatwillresultinemployeesstrivingtoattaincompanygoals.Perhapsthemostdifficultquestionforthemanageriswhatmotivatespeople.Allsortsoffactorscanbelisted,includingmoney,goodworkingconditions,interestingwork,achancetodosomethingonelikes,andanopportunityforgrowthanddevelopment.Ifweweretolookforoneoverridingthemeinmotivation,itmightwellbeneedsatisfaction.Bythiswemeanthatpeoplehavedesiresorneedsthatrequiresatisfaction.Ifthecompanyprovidesthemeansformeetingtheseneeds,itcanmotivateitsemployees.AccordingtoAbrahamMaslow,afamouspsychologist,therearefivelevelsofneedsthateveryhumanseekstosatisfy.Eachoftheseisconsideredtobeimportant,buttheloweronesmustbefulfilledbeforetheupperonesmeritattention.Thefirstlevelisphysiologicalneeds,whichisthemostbasic,suchasfood,clothing,andshelter.Acquiringtheseispeople'sfirstconcern.Thesecondlevelissafetyneeds,whichmeansthedesireforsafetyfromphysicaldangersandfromillness,unemployment,andahostofotherfactors.Thethirdlevelissocialneeds,whichmeansthedesiretointeractandsocializewithothers,suchasfriendship,affection,andacceptance.Whenphysiologicalneedsandsafetyneedsaretakencareof,thisthirdlayerstartstoshowup.

Thefourthlevelisesteemneeds,whichisthedesireforself-respectorfeelingofbeingimportant,suchasrecognition,status,andadvancement.Thelastlevelisself-actualizationneeds,whichisthedesiretobethe"bestpossiblepersononecanbe,"ordesireoffulfillment,self-development,andcreativity,suchasachievement,competence,andself-fulfillment.Itisimportanttorealizethatnoteveryonefollowsthesefivestepsinexactlytheordershownabove.Anotherpoint,whichshouldalsobepaidattentionto,isthatwhenaneedisbasicallysatisfied,itisnolongeramotivation.Inotherwords,theyceasetobemotivating.Tomotivatetheperson,onemustmovetothenextlevelofthehierarchy.16.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph1andParagraph2that______________.motivatingshouldattractmoreattentionthanleadingmotivationaimstoimproveorganizationalconditionsneedsatisfactionisthemajorthemeofmotivationemployees’needsarevariousandhardtobemet17.Theword“these”inParagraph3refersto________.A. psychologistsinthisfieldB. alllevelsofhumanneedsC. upperneedstobesatisfiedD. allformsofmotivations18.AccordingtoParagraph3&4,whichofthefollowinghumanneedsshouldbesatisfiedfirst?A. Food,clothing,andshelter.B. Friendship,affection,andacceptance.C. Recognition,status,andadvancement.D. Achievement,competence,andself-fulfillment.19.Accordingtothelastparagraph,whichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?A. Theorderofthefivestepsapplytoeveryone.B. AneedwillnolongermotivatepeopleifitismetC. Theorderofthefivestepsmayworkinthereversedirection.D. Everyonewillsatisfyallthefivestepssoonerorlater.20. Whatdoesthispassagemainlytalkabout?A. Theoriesonmotivations.B. Psychologicaldevelopment.C. Strategiesforleadership.D. Motivationandleadership.

中国石化专业技术人员外語水平考试英語（120分钟内完毕）第二部分主观題（70分钟）三、翻译（阅讀下面的短文并翻译成中文，共40分）短文一（15分）RobotshavebecomecommoninwarehousesacrossAmerica.Warehousesarecenterswhereproductsarestoredandorganizedbeforetheyaresenttobuyers.Manufacturersofrobotssaythemachinescandothemostrepetitiveanddifficultjobs.Butcriticswarnthattheyarealsocreatingnewformsofstressandeveninjuries.Criticssaythatthiskindofhuman-machinecooperationhasitsproblems.Theysaythatkeepingupwiththepaceofthenewtechnologyishurtinghumanworkers’healthandmorale.Humanburnoutisaprobleminwarehouseswhereroboticsandartificialintelligence(AI)arebeingusedbecausetherobotsaddmoreworkandincreasethepressureonworkerstospeeduptheirperformance.Itwasreportedthatthereoccurredmoreinjuriesinroboticwarehousesthanthosewithoutthemachines.Meanwhile,benefitsofusingrobotsareobvious.Companiessaytheycannotquicklyfulfillbuyers’demandsforpackageswithoutfast-movingrobotsandotherformsofautomation.TheheadofAmazonRoboticssaystheincreaseduseofrobotsandAIcanextendhumancapabilityinwarehouses.Theideaisthatrobotscanhelppeopletodowhattheyarebestat:problemsolving.Itisalsosaidthathavingpeopleandrobotsworktogetherpermitsthecompanytoofferlowerprices.短文二（25分）篇章A油气专业High-qualityimagesofreservoirsareessentialforteamsmakingdecisionsaboutwheretoexplorefor,orproduce,oilandgas.Themainchallengefortheindustryishowtoobtainthebestimagesintheshortesttime,morecost-effectively.Tofindoilandgasresourcesweusearangeofgeophysicalimagingtechnologies.Seismicreflectionimagingremainsthemostwidely-usedgeophysicaltechniqueinhydrocarbonexploration.First,wecaptureechoesusingadvancedsensorsasthewavespassthrough,orbounceoff(反射),therockandsedimentdeepunderground.Weplacemanysensorsoverawideareatorecordwavesfromdifferentanglestoprovidethebestpicturefrombeneaththesurfaceinthesitewearesurveying.Second,weprocessthevastamountsofseismicdatawehavegatheredwithhigh-performancecomputersusingadvancedalgorithms(计算程序)toproduceanaccurategeologicalmapofthesiteweareinvestigating.Andthird,weusevisualisationsoftwaretoturnthedataintoimagesthatcanbeanalysedandinterpretedbyscientistsquicklyandefficiently.Thisabilitytovisualiseandinterpretbillionsofsignalsliesbehindourbiggestsuccessesinoilandgasexploration.篇章B炼化专业Apetroleumrefineryisamanufacturingoperationwherecrudeoilisconvertedintousablefinishedproducts.Inotherwords,itisthemanufacturingphaseoftheoilindustry.Themethodsusedtorefinecrudeoilarequitedifferent.However,basically,allrefiningprocessescanbedividedinto