用英语讲宗教详细版

Religion----By:谢东红王萌肖安平010203TheoriginofreligionMoreinformationaboutreligion

contentsReligiousConflictsTheMajorWorldReligions01PARTTheMajorWorldReligionsBuddhismIslamChristianity《圣经》《金刚经》《古兰经》TheMajorWorldReligionsChristianity(基督教)TheChristianchurches(基督教教堂)includetheRomanCatholic罗(马天主教堂),Orthodox,andtheProtestant（基督教新教）churches.AllChristianchurchesbelieveinGod,theHolyFather天主教教皇;theHolySon（圣子）,JesusChrist（耶稣基督）;andtheHolySpirit.Godcreatedtheheavens,Earth,andalllivingthingsinthebeginning.TheChristianchurchesalsobelievepeoplecanonlybesaved/justifiedbytheirfaithinJesusChrist.ThisisbecauseJesusChristdiedontheCrossforoursins.ChristiansreadtheBibleandgotochurchesonSunday.ChristmaswasthebirthdayofJesus,GoodFridaywasthedayJesusdied,EasterwastheresurrectiondayofJesus.

TheheadoftheRomanCatholicchurchesisthePope,wholivesinVanticanCity,andheadoftheOrthodoxchurcheslivesinMoscow.ThefounderoftheProtestantchurcheswasMartinLuther,whowasaGermanpriest.ChristianchurchesarenowdevelopingfastinChina.Islam（伊斯兰教）Islamwasfoundedin622ACbyMuhammadtheProphet,inMakkah(alsospelledMecca).Muslimsbeliefthatitisthesamefaithtaughtbytheprophets,Abraham,David,MosesandJesus.TheroleofMuhammadasthelastprophet（先知）wastoformalizeandclarifythefaithandpurifyitbyremovingideaswhichwereaddedinerror.。ThetwosacredtextsofIslamaretheQur'an（古兰经）,whicharethewordsofAllah（伊斯兰教的）阿拉，真主'theOneTrueGod'asgiventoMuhammad（穆罕默德）,andtheHadith（圣训）,whichisacollectionofMuhammad'ssayings.Muslimsfollowastrictmonotheismwithonecreatorwhoisjust,omnipotentandmerciful.TheyalsobelieveinSatanwhodrivespeopletosin,andthatallunbelieversandsinnerswillspendeternityinHell.

MuslimswhosincerelyrepentandsubmittoGodwillreturntoastateofsinlessnessandgotoParadiseafterdeath.Alcohol,drugs,andgamblingshouldbeavoidedandtheyrejectracism.Theyrespecttheearlierprophets,Abraham,Moses,andJesus,butregardtheconceptofthedivinityofJesusasblasphemousanddonotbelievethathewasexecutedonthecross.BuddhismBuddhismdevelopedoutoftheteachingsofSiddharthaGautamawho,in535BC,reachedenlightenmentandassumedthetitleBuddha.Hepromoted'TheMiddleWay'asthepathtoenlightenmentratherthantheextremesofmortificationofthefleshorhedonism.

LongafterhisdeaththeBuddha'steachingswerewrittendown.

ThiscollectioniscalledtheTripitaka.Buddhistsbelieveinreincarnationandthatonemustgothroughcyclesofbirth,life,anddeath.Aftermanysuchcycles,ifapersonreleasestheirattachmenttodesireandtheself,theycanattainNirvana.Ingeneral,BuddhistsdonotbelieveinanytypeofGod,theneedforasavior,prayer,oreternallifeafterdeath.However,sincethetimeoftheBuddha,Buddhismhasintegratedmanyregionalreligiousrituals,beliefsandcustomsintoitasithasspreadthroughoutAsia,sothatthisgeneralizationisnolongertrueforallBuddhists.

ThishasoccurredwithlittleconflictduetothephilosophicalnatureofBuddhism.创始人发源地分布建筑特点Christianity基督教JewishIslamic伊斯兰教Buddhist佛教耶稣Mohammed穆罕默德ShakyamuniBuddha释迦牟尼亚洲西部欧洲、美洲、大洋洲古印度阿拉伯半岛亚洲的西部和东南部，非洲的北部和东部亚洲的东部和东南部尖顶为主圆顶为主塔状为主基督教伊斯兰教佛教欧洲美洲大洋洲亚洲西部亚洲东南部非洲北部和东部亚洲东部亚洲东南部02PARTTheoriginofreligionTheoriginofreligion

Thetime:inprimitivesocietyTheform:1.fantasy(certainactivitiescanaffectcertainthings)2.conceptofgodsandreligionTheacts:

witchcraftandspellThestudyofreligionoriginAnthropologyofReligion(宗教人类学)Themainbranches:Animism(万物有灵论)：atheorythatinsistsonAnima(灵魂)ADiseaseofLanguage(语言疾病学说)：toexplaintheconceptsofabstractnounswiththeideaofgodsFunctionalism(功能论)：tomeettheneedsofhumanpsychologyTheelementsofreligionDoctrine(教义):religiousbeliefandemotionalexperience宗教的思想观念及情感体验

Concept：theconceptofanimaandgods灵魂观念神灵观念神性观念

Emotion：thesensesofrespect,dependence,surprise,guilt,hope,mystery,andpiety.敬畏感依赖感惊异感罪恶感期待感神秘感虔诚感Ordinance（教仪）：theworshipbehaviorandetiquette宗教的崇拜行为及礼仪规范

Behaviorandetiquette：witchcraft,taboo,prayer,sacrificeandrepentance.巫术禁忌祈祷献祭忏悔Mission教团：Religiousteachingsystemandsocialorganization宗教的教职制度及社会组织

organization

组织：aChristianchurch,pastoral,BuddhistSangha,ect.如基督教的教会、牧区；佛教的僧伽TheinfluenceofreligionReligionandPolitics

Inthemiddleages,mostofcountriesestablishedasystemoftheocracy.Atheocracyisasocietywhichisruledbypriestswhorepresentagod.

国家采取政教合一的制度，宗教成为国教，教规就是国法，公民必须信奉和遵守。ReligionandScience1.Definition

世界上有两种类型的客观存在，一是事实关系类客观存在，二是价值关系类客观存在。科学是关于事实关系的学问，以严谨而精确的逻辑形式把各种社会规律和自然规律系统地联系起来。而宗教是关于价值关系的学问，以虚幻的逻辑形式把各种社会规律和自然规律系统地联系起来。2.RelationshipInitially,religionconsistsofscience,anditalsocontributestothedevelopmentofscience.Thensciencewasdifferentiatedfromreligion.起初，宗教包容科学，促进其发展；后来科学从宗教分化出来，它们相互对立，宗教阻碍其发展。

SocialFunctionVirtualregardlessoffame“功名虚无论”：Itcandecreasepersonalinterestconflictsbyweakeninghuman’semotionalintensityforfame.KarmaTheory“因果报应论”：Itcanstrengthenpeople’stoleranceaboutothers’evilbehavior,andpeoplealwaysobeythisrule.Thecycleoflifeanddeaththeory“生死轮回论”：Ithelpshumantogetridofthefearofdeath.Thetheoryofheavenandhell“天堂地狱论”：Bylearningthistheory,peoplecanestablishapositivevaluefordeath.Anditcanalsocoordinatetheconflictsbetweenpersonalinterestsandtheinterestsofsociety.03PARTReligiousConflictsThedifferentdoctrinesanddifferentvaluesThedifferenteconomicandpoliticalinterestsInordertosurviveanddevelopThegeographicalconditionsAsacat’spawAfghanistanreligiousconflict

warNorthernIrelandreligiousconflictwarMultiethniccountry

-------IndiaNameProportionHinduism82%Muslim12%Christianity2.32%Sikh1.99%Buddhism0.77%

ThepresentsituationTheconflict

betweenHinduismandIslam

Firstistheoppositionofthereligioushistoryandrivalry竞争.AsChinalocalTaoismisreligion,HinduismistheIndiannativereligion,Islamisaforeignreligion.Thedifferencebetweenthetwoisobvious:Hinduismaspolytheism多神论，多神教,Islamisthemonotheism一神教，一神论;Hindusbelieveinreincarnation再生，化身ofreincarnationsaid,whileMuslimsbelievethatthetrial审讯wastheendoftheworld;Hindusworship崇拜，尊敬ofidols,Muslimsareopposedtoanyidols.Inaddition,withtwobigreligiousrelevantlaws、customs、books、calendar日历andsoon.Therearelargedifferences.ThesituationissomewhatdifferentfromIslam,itpassedaftertheSouthAsiansubcontinent次大陆,althoughthelocalcultureswithacertaindegreeofintegration,but,ingenerallowlevelofintegration集成，集合.Thismakesthetworeligionsinthesubcontinenthavemaintainedtheir"independence"andformedtheirownsphere范围ofinfluence.TheearlyMuslimrulersinordertoconsolidate巩固power.Measurestakentoforcetheimplementation实现，履行

ofIslam,Muslimswhodonotheavilytaxed,todestroyHindutemplesandHindustatues,killingHindus,theHindumindinadeepscar伤害ontheleft.Thisreligiousantagonism对抗andhistoricalgrievances不满，不平makethecontradictionbetweenthetworeligionsverywell.r

2013/9/9ThetownofBongMozafarNagar2002/2/27ThetownofGodhraBehindthewar

ThereligiousproblemhasseriouslyaffectedtheeconomicdevelopmentofIndia.Indiahasapopulationofover12hundredmillion.Relativelyspeaking,people'slivingstandardislower.

Multiethniccountriesneedtoimplementeffectivemeasurestosolvethereligiousproblems.Onlythereligiousproblemshadbeensolved,thesocietycangetbetterdevelopment.5EffectivemeasuresSocialdevelopment04PARTMoreimformationaboutreligionNigeria&BokoHaram1PopeFrancis2Theattitudetowardsreligion3BokoHaramThegroupJama’atuAhlus-SunnahLidda’AwatiWalJihad,knowntheworldoverasBokoHaram,isanextremistIslamicsectinNigeriathathascreatedhavocacrossthenorthofthecountryandinthecapital,Abuja.Itsviolentattacksongovernmentoffices,theUnitedNations,andchurchesthreatentodestabilizethecountry.ArangeofconflictingnarrativeshasgrownuparoundBokoHaram,andthegroup’sorigins,motivations,andfutureplansremainamatterofdebate.SinceAugust2011BokoHaramhasplantedbombsalmostweeklyinpublicorinchurchesinNigeria'snortheast.Thegrouphasalsobroadeneditstargetstoincludesettingfiretoschools.InMarch2012,sometwelvepublicschoolsinMaiduguriwereburneddownduringthenight,andasmanyas10,000pupilswereforcedoutofeducation.BokoHaramisnotinthesameglobaljihadistbracketasAlgeria'sal-QaedaintheIslamicMaghreb,orSomalia'salShabab.DespiteitssuccessfulattackontheUNcompoundinAbujainAugust2011,BokoHaramisnotbentonattackingWesterninterests.Therehavebeennofurtherattacksoninternationalinterestssincethattime.FollowingthefailedrescueofhostagesChrisMcManusandFrancoLamolinarainnorth_x001f_easternNigeriainMarch2012,PresidentGoodluckJonathanplayeduptheconnectionsbetweenthegroupandinternationalterrorism.However,linksbetweenBokoHaramandthekidnappersarequestionable.Itisdifficulttoseehowtherecanbemeaningfuldialoguebetweenthegovernmentandthegroup.Thegroup'scell-likestructureisopenforfactionsandsplits,andtherewouldbenoguaranteethatsomeonespeakingforthegroupisspeakingforallofthemembers.TacticsemployedbygovernmentsecurityagenciesagainstBokoHaramhavebeenconsistentlybrutalandcounterproductive.Theirrelianceonextrajudicialexecutionasatacticin“dealing”withanyprobleminNigerianotonlycreatedBokoHaramasitisknowntoday,butalsosustainsitandgivesitfueltoexpand.ThegroupwillcontinuetoattacksoftertargetsinthenortheastratherthaninternationaltargetsinsideoroutsideNigeria.ItisalsolikelytobecomeincreasinglyinvolvedintheJoscrisis,whereitwillattackChristianindigenesofthenorthandtrytopushthemout.Suchamovewouldfurtherthreatentodestabilizethecountry'sstabilityandunity.Nowthatthegrouphasexpandedbeyondasmallnumberofmosques,radicalreformsinpolicingstrategyarenecessaryifthereistobeanyprogressincounteringthegroup.Wide_x001f_spreadradicalreformofthepoliceisalsolongoverduethroughoutNigeria.Asafirststep,jailinganumberofpoliceofficersresponsiblefororderinghumanrightsabusesmightgosomewaytoremovingakeyobjectionofthegroup.Nigerisanswithgrievancesshouldusepeacefulmeanstoexpresstheirconcersanddissatisfactions.TheUnitedStatescondemnsattemptsbythosewhoseektoinflameethnicandreligioustensions,andencouragesallreligiousandpoliticalleaderstospeakoutagainsttheviolenceandworkforpeacefulcoexistence.Meanwhile,wewillcontinueworkingwiththeGovernmentofNigeriatodevelopamorebalancedsecuritystrategytocounterBokoHaramandprotectitscitizens.Thisincludesdevelopingaproactivecriminaljusticesystemthatreducesimpunityandbuildsconfidenceinthegovernmentbyeffectivelyinvestigatingandprosecutingallincidentsofviolenceinthecountry.ChineseDoyouknowhim&Guess?2013.12.11.美国《时代》杂志personoftheyear.Theworld’s50GreatestLeaders.---2014.3.12美国著名财经杂志《财富》The100MostInfluentialPeople.2014.4.23.美国《时代》2014.11.Heistheforthmostinfluentialpersonintheworld.Whoisit?PopeFrancisPopeFrancis

isthe

266th

andcurrent

Popeofthe

CatholicChurch,electedon13

March2013.Inhisover40yearsasaCatholicpriest,hehasdrawn"highmarksasanaccomplishedintellectual,havingstudiedtheologyinGermany."

HeisseenassomeonewhopersonallystraddlesthedividebetweentheliberalsandconservativesintheCatholicChurch.FrancishassupportedthesocialjusticeethosofLatinAmericanCatholicism,includingarobustdefenseofthepoor.Atthesametime,hehasgenerallytendedtoaccentgrowthinpersonalholinessovereffortsforstructuralreform.Heisseenas"unwaveringlyorthodox"onmattersofsexualmorality,approvingabortion,same-sexmarriage,andcontraception.UnwedmothersPovertyAbuseFutureofreligionSame-sexmarriageHopeAttitudePositionofwomenPositionofwomenFrancisspokeoutoftenaboutthe"fundamentalimportance"ofwomenintheRomanCatholicChurch,stressingthattheyhaveaspecialroleinspreadingthefaith,andthattheywerethe"firstwitnesses"oftheresurrectionofJesusUnwedmothers（未婚妈妈）Incriticizingthepriestswhorefusedtobaptizechildrenborntounmarriedwomen,CardinalBergoglioarguedthatthemothershaddonetherightthingbygivinglifetothechildandshouldnotbeshunnedbythechurch.OnSeptember2013,PopeFranciscalledtoaapregnant,unmarriedItalianwoman,AnnaRomano,andpromisedtobaptizeherchildifshecannotfindapriesttodoit.

Nextyear,PopeFrancisbaptizesbabyofanunmarriedcoupleinthe

SistineChapel

duringBaptismOfTheLordmassattheVatican.

HealsoallowedlactatingmotherstobreastfeedintheSistineChapelduringtheservice.PovertyFoodwasteandstarvation[edit]PopeFrancisbelieveswastingfoodislikestealingfromthehungrypeople.Hesaid:Thiscultureofwastehasmadeusinsensitiveeventothewasteanddisposaloffood,whichisevenmoredespicablewhenallovertheworld,unfortunately,manyindividualsandfamiliesaresufferingfromhungerandmalnutrition.Onceourgrandparentswereverycarefulnottothrowawayanyleftoverfood.Consumerismhasledustobecomeusedtoanexcessanddailywasteoffood,towhich,attimeswearenolongerabletogiveajustvalue.Throwingawayfoodislikestealingfromthetableofthepoorandthehungry.AbuseIn2011,BergoglioagaincondemnedchildtraffickingandsexslaveryinBuenosAires:Inthiscity,therearemanygirlswhostopplayingwithdollstoenterthedumpofabrothelbecausetheywerestolen,sold,betrayed

...Inthiscity,womenandgirlsarekidnapped,andtheyaresubjectedtouseandabuseoftheirbody;theyaredestroyedintheirdignity.ThefleshthatJesusassumedanddiedforisworthlessthanthefleshofapet.Adogiscaredforbetterthantheseslavesofours,whoarekicked,whoarebroken.FutureofreligionTherehavebeenworsetimesforreligionsthanthepresent.Nonethelesstheypulledthrough.Perhapsnowadaysthereisascarcityofreligiouspeople,butthereweretimesinthepastwhentherewasascarcityofvirtue.TherehavebeencorrupttimesintheChurch…Therewereverydifficulttimesandnonethelessreligionrevived.InthehistoryoftheCatholicChurch,thetruerenovatorsarethesaints.Theyarethetruereformers,theoneswhochange,transform,leadandrevivespiritualpaths.Anotherexample:FrancisofAssisi,whointroducedanewattitudetowardspovertyinChristianitywhenfa