2025届高考英语一轮复习考点36阅读理解说明文考点归纳

考点36阅读理解说明文高考频度：★★★★★说明文是对事物或事理进行客观说明的一种文体，它以说明为主要表达方式，通过解说事物或阐明事理，达到教人以学问的目的，在结构上往往采纳总分、递进等方式按肯定的依次（如时间、空间、从现象到本质）进行说明。说明文的特点是客观、简练、语言精确、明白，文章很少表达作者的感情倾向。阅读说明文的重点在于读懂它说明的事物或事理，了解事物的性质、构造、成因、功能等，了解事理的含意、特点等。最近五年，说明文的出现变更不大，始终很稳定，选材通常是各学科的前沿问题；高科技领域的科研成果；人们比较关切的社会问题；人文方面的经典。由于阅读理解题的设置采纳渐进式，即由简到难的方式，因此说明文是高考试卷中阅读理解题中相对比较难的，通常后置。阅读理解试题的中要考点之一是考查学生对词汇和句式的驾驭。说明文的词汇和句式的运用较别的体裁的文章难度更大。词汇运用敏捷，同一词的不同词性的用法交替出现，未列入考纲的生词较多，通常达到了4-5%。不过考生可以通过说明文的语言特点来帮助理解语篇，例如，下定义、说明、举例、同义词、反义词、上下义词以及标点符号（如破折号、冒号都有表示说明和说明）等。命题方式考向一细微环节理解题 说明文中考查的细微环节理解题大致与记叙文相像。命题区域都有其共同点：⑴在列举处命题，如用first(1y)、second(1y)、third(1y)finally、not

only„but

also、then、in

addition等表示顺承关系的词语列举出事实。试题要求考生从列举出的内容中选出符合题干要求的答案项。⑵在例证处命题，句中常用由as、such

as、for

example、for

instance等引导的短语或句子作为例证，这些例句或比方就成为命题者设问的焦点。⑶在转折对比处命题，一般通过however、but、yet、in

fact等词语来引导。对比用unlike、until、not

so

much…as等词语引导，命题者常对用来对比的双方属性进行考查。⑷在比较处命题，无端的比较、相反的比较、偷换对象的比较，常常出现在干扰项中，考生要标记并且关注到原文中的比较，才能顺当地解除干扰。⑸在困难句中命题，包括同位词、插入语、定语、从句、不定式等，命题者主要考查考生对句子之间的指代关系和语法关系。

细微环节类问题一般都能在原文中找到出处，只要细致就可以在文中找到答案。但正确的选择项不行能与阅读材料的原文完全相同，而是用不同的语句成句型表达相同的意思。

考向二语意揣测题

说明文为了把自然规律，事物的性质等介绍清晰或把事理阐述明白，因此学术性强的生词较多，所以常进行生词词义推断题的考查。命题方式多以the

underlinedpart

…

in

paragraph…refers

to…或what

does

the

underlined

word

mean?或what

is

the

meaning

of

the

underlined

word?为设问方式。解题时考生应细致阅读原文，分析其对某些科学原理是如何定义、如何说明的，并以此为突破口抽象概括诞生词词义。也可以通过上下文来揣测某个生疏词语的语意。或者找出某个词语在文章中的同义词。要留意破折号、同位语从句、定语从句、插入语等具有说明、说明作用的语言成分。说明文在阐述说明对象时易发生动作变换、人称转变的现象，这类题目常以it，they，them

等代词为命题点，因此考生要依据上下文语境，细致阅读原文，分析动作转换背景，弄清动作不同执行者，以便精确推断代词的其实际指代对象。

考向三主旨大意题

说明文常用文章大意推断题考查考生对通篇文意的理解。即对文章的主题或中心愿思的概括和归纳。主要考查考生对文章的整体理解实力。命题形式常以this

passage

mainly

talks

about

____.what

is

the

main

idea

of

the

passage?为设问方式。 答题时首先阅读题干，驾驭问题的类型，了解试题题干以及各个选项所包含的信息，然后有针对性地对文章进行扫读，对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析、对比，有根有据地解除干扰项，选出正确答案。

考向四推断推理题

这种试题常以(1)thepassageisintendedto...(2)theauthorsuggeststhat...(3)thestoryimpliesthat…(4)whichpointofviewmaytheauthoragreeto?(5)fromthepassagewecanconcludethat...(6)thepurposeofthepassageisto...为设问方式。这种题型的答案在原文中不是干脆就能找到的，它要求考生进行合理的推断。如因果关系，文中的某些用词、语气也往往具有隐含意义，考生要将这种含义读出来。说明文常出现图示推断题，这种试题可以事物之间正确的依靠关系为命题点，要求考生推断其正确的流程依次相互关系等。考生肯定要细致阅读原文，并比照原文介绍的状况，弄清图示的差异，依据题干须要最终做出正确推断。如：动物介绍性说明文常出现动物实力推断题，考查考生对特定动物所具有实力的推断。解题时考生应细致阅读原文对动物形态活动实力的推断，了解动物的生存环境和是否会运用工具，是否擅长爬行、翱翔和游泳等。

观点看法题也是推断推理题考查的内容之一。说明文的对象为客观事实,但设题以争论的表达方式抒发对该说明对象的想法。如对某种新独创的赞许,或对某个事物的批判。这类题目常见的题干表达方式有what

was

the

author’s

attitude

towards

...?

等。高考阅读理解中，说明文为主要体裁之一。高考阅读理解题的设问主要围绕以下四方面：细微环节事实题、主旨大意题、推理推断题、揣测词义题。其中，说明文主要以细微环节事实、主旨大意和揣测词义三方面问题为主。一、词义揣测类题型阅读理解题中常要求学生揣测某些单词或短语的意思。历年英语高考题中均有此类题目，有的文章尽管没有特地设题，但由于文章中常常出现生词，因此，词义的揣测还是贯穿在文章的阅读理解之中。解这类题目一般是通过上下文去理解或依据构词法去揣测。推断一个单词的意思不但离不开句子，而且还须要把句子放在上下文中，依据上下文供应的线索加以揣测。运用构词法,语境等推想关键词义，可以依据以下几种方法揣测：（一）内在逻辑关系依据内在逻辑关系推想词义是指运用语言学问分析和推断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关系，然后依据逻辑关系推断生词词义。1.通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词通过同义词猜词，一是要看由and或or连接的同义词词组，如happyandgay，即使我们不相识gay这个词，也可以知道它是开心的意思.这是高三册第八单元阅读第五段的句子：Theword＂secure＂inparagraph5lineisclosestinmeaningto_________.freefromanxietyB.anxiousC.nervousD.happy依据上下文和同义词，可以选出答案A。二是看在进一步说明的过程中运用的同义词，如ManhasknownsomethingabouttheplanetsVenus，Mars，andJupiterwiththehelpofspaceships.此句中的Venus（金星）,Mars（火星）,Jupiter（木星）均为生词，但只要知道planets就可猜出这几个词都属于＂行星＂这一义域.通过反义词猜词，一是看表转折关系的连词或副词，如but，while，however等；二是看与not搭配的或表示否定意义的词语，如：Heissohomely，notatallashandsomeashisbrother.依据notatall...handsome我们不难推想出homely的意思，即不英俊,不美丽的意思。2.依据因果关系揣测词义通过因果关系猜词，首先是找诞生词与上下文之间的逻辑关系，然后才能猜词。有时文章借助关联词（如because，as，since，for，so，thus，asaresult，ofcourse，therefore等等）表示前因后果。例如：Youshouldn’thaveblamedhimforthat，foritwasn’thisfault.通过for引出的句子所表示的缘由（那不是他的错），可猜出blame的词义是＂责怪＂。3.通过定义或释义关系来推想词义例如：Butsometimes，norainfallsforalong，longtime.Thenthereisadryperiod，ordrought.从drought所在句子的上文我们得知很久不下雨，于是便有一段干旱的时期，即drought，由此可见drought意思为＂久旱＂，＂旱灾＂。而adryperiod和drought是同义语。这种同义或释义关系常由is，or，thatis，inotherwords，becalled或破折号等来表示。4.通过句法功能来推想词义例如：Bananas，oranges，pineapples，coconutsandsomeotherkindoffruitgrowinwarmareas.假如pineapples和coconuts是生词，我们可以从这两个词在句中所处的位置来推断它们大致的意思。从句中不难看出pineapples，coconuts和bananas，oranges是同类关系，同属fruit类，因此它们是两样水果，精确地说，是菠萝和椰子。5.通过描述猜词描述即作者为帮助读者更感性地了解某人或某物而对该人或该物作出的外在相貌或内在特征的描写。例如ThepenguinisakindofseabirdlivingintheSouthPole.Itisfatandwalksinafunnyway.Althoughitcannotfly，itcanswimintheicywatertocatchthefish.从例句的描述中可以得知penguin是一种生活在南极的鸟类.后面更详尽地描述了该鸟类的生活习性。（二）外部相关因素外部相关因素是指篇章（句子或段落）以外的其他学问，有时仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系无法猜出词义。这时，就须要运用生活阅历和一般常识确定词义。例如：Thesnakeslitheredthroughthegrass.依据有关蛇的生活习性的学问，我们可以推断出slither词义为＂爬行＂。（三）构词法在阅读文章时，我们总会遇上一些新词汇，有时很难依据上下文来推断其词意，而它们对文章的理解又有着举足轻重的作用，此时，如驾驭了一些常用的词根,前缀,后缀,合成等构词法学问，这些问题便不难解决了。1.依据前缀揣测词义例如：Hefellintoaditchandlaythere，semi-conscious，forafewminutes.依据词根conscious（醒悟的，有意识的），结合前缀semi（半，部分的，不完全的），我们便可猜出semiconscious词义＂半醒悟的，半昏迷的。＂I’milliterateaboutsuchthings.词根lit-erate意为＂有文化修养的，通晓的＂，前缀il表示否定，因此illiterate指＂一窍不通，不知道的＂。2.依据后缀揣测词义例如：Insecticideisappliedwhereitisneeded.后缀cide表示＂杀者，杀灭剂＂，结合大家熟识的词根insect（昆虫），不难猜出insecticide意为＂杀虫剂＂。Thenthevapormaychangeintodroplets.后缀let表示＂小的＂，词根drop指＂滴，滴状物＂。将两个意思结合起来，便可推断出droplet词义＂小滴，微滴＂。3.依据复合词的各部分揣测词义例如：Growingeconomicproblemswerehigh-lightedbyaslowdowninoiloutput.Hightlight或许是一个生词，但是分析该词结构后，就能推想出其含义。它是由high（高的，强的）和light（光线）两部分组成，合在一起便是＂以强光照耀，使突出＂的意思。BullfightisverypopularinSpain.Bull（公牛）和fight（打，搏斗）结合在一起，指一种在西班牙颇为流行的体育运动—斗牛。二、主旨大意类题型主旨大意类题型主要测试学生对文章全面理解和概括的实力，提问的内容可能是全文的大意，也可能是某段的段落大意，一般不易在文中干脆找到答案。怎样把握主旨大意题呢？通常有以下几种方法：（一）阅读文章的标题或副标题文章的标题是一篇文章的题眼，通过阅读标题或副标题可以快速把握文章的主旨大意。（二）找寻文章的主题句分析篇章结构，找出文章主题。在很多状况下，尤其在阅读说明文和争论文时，依据其篇章特点我们可以通过细致阅读短文的第一句或其次句,即文章的主题句来归纳出文章的主题.若短文由若干段组成，除细致阅读第一段的首句外，还须细致阅读每一段的第一句，即段落中心.通常文章的中心思想包含在文章的首句，有时也在文章的末句，其他句子都是用来说明和阐述主题句。因此，在确定文章的中心思想时，要求学生重视阅读文章的首句和末句。但也有一些文章，中心思想常常贯穿在全文中，因此要求学生综观全文，对段落的内容要融会贯穿，对文章透彻理解后归纳总结。主题句的特点是：1.相对于其他句子，它表达的意思比较概括；2.主题句一般结构简洁；3.段落中其他句子必定是用来说明,支撑或发展主题句所表达的思想的。总之，为提高阅读理解实力，在阅读时应抓中心思想,作者意图及关键词语，运用联想、比较、归纳、推想等方法，得出最佳结论，选择最佳答案，不能主观臆测，把自己的观点强加进去，与文章的观点混为一谈。经过长时间有安排,有目的的系统训练，使学生加快阅读速度，提高阅读的正确性，使两者有机地统一起来，以提高学生阅读英语和运用英语进行交际的实力，为接着学习和运用英语切实打好基础.阅读是一种综合性很强的语言实际活动。我们只有进行大量的课内外阅读，驾驭肯定的阅读技巧，正确运用阅读方法，才能有效地提高阅读理解实力。题组一（2024年高考真题）Passage1(2024·全国新课标卷I，C)Racewalkingsharesmanyfitnessbenefitswithrunning,researchshows,whilemostlikelycontributingtofewerinjuries.Itdoes,however,haveitsownproblem.Racewalkersareconditionedathletes.ThelongesttrackandfieldeventattheSummerOlympicsisthe50-kilometerracewalk,whichisaboutfivemileslongerthanthemarathon.Butthesport’srulesrequirethataracewalker’skneesstaystraightthroughmostofthelegswingandonefootremainincontact(接触)withthegroundatalltimes.It’sthisstrangeformthatmakesracewalkingsuchanattractiveactivity,however,saysJaclynNorberg,anassistantprofessorofexercisescienceatSalemStateUniversityinSalem,Mass.Likerunning,racewalkingisphysicallydemanding,shesays,Accordingtomostcalculations,racewalkersmovingatapaceofsixmilesperhourwouldburnabout800calories(卡路里)perhour,whichisapproximatelytwiceasmanyastheywouldburnwalking,althoughfewerthanrunning,whichwouldprobablyburnabout1,000ormorecaloriesperhour.However,racewalkingdoesnotpoundthebodyasmuchasrunningdoes,Dr.Norbergsays.Accordingtoherresearch,runnershitthegroundwithasmuchasfourtimestheirbodyweightperstep,whileracewalkers,whodonotleavetheground,createonlyabout1.4timestheirbodyweightwitheachstep.Asaresult,shesays,someoftheinjuriesassociatedwithrunning,suchasrunner’sknee,areuncommonamongracewalkers.Butthesport’sstrangeformdoesplaceconsiderablestressontheanklesandhips,sopeoplewithahistoryofsuchinjuriesmightwanttobecautiousinadoptingthesport.Infact,anyonewishingtotryracewalkingshouldprobablyfirstconsultacoachorexperiencedracertolearnpropertechnique,shesays.Ittakessomepractice.28．Whyareracewalkersconditionedathletes?A．Theymustrunlongdistances.B．Theyarequalifiedforthemarathon.C．Theyhavetofollowspecialrules.D．Theyaregoodatswingingtheirlegs.29．Whatadvantagedoesracewalkinghaveoverrunning?A．It’smorepopularattheOlympics.B．It’slesschallengingphysically.C．It’smoreeffectiveinbodybuilding.D．It’slesslikelytocausekneeinjuries.30．WhatisDr.Norberg’ssuggestionforsomeonetryingracewalking?A．Gettingexperts’opinions.B．Havingamedicalcheckup.C．Hiringanexperiencedcoach.D．Doingregularexercises.31．Whichwordbestdescribestheauthor’sattitudetoracewalking?A．Skeptical. B．Objective.C．Tolerant. D．Conservative.Passage2(2024·全国新课标卷II，B)Someparentswillbuyanyhigh-techtoyiftheythinkitwillhelptheirchild,butresearcherssaidpuzzleshelpchildrenwithmath-relatedskills.PsychologistSusanLevine,anexpertonmathematicsdevelopmentinyoungchildrentheUniversityofChicago,foundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetweenages2and4laterdevelopbetterspatialskills.Puzzleplaywasfoundtobeasignificantpredictorofcognition(认知)aftercontrollingfordifferencesinparents’income,educationandtheamountofparenttalk,Levinesaid.Theresearchersanalyzedvideorecordingsof53child-parentpairsduringeverydayactivitiesathomeandfoundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetween26and46monthsofagehavebetterspatialskillswhenassessedat54monthsofage.“Thechildrenwhoplayedwithpuzzlesperformedbetterthanthosewhodidnot,ontasksthatassessedtheirabilitytorotate(旋转)andtranslateshapes,”Levinesaidinastatement.Theparentswereaskedtointeractwiththeirchildrenastheynormallywould,andabouthalfofchildreninthestudyplayedwithpuzzlesatonetime.Higher-incomeparentstendedtohavechildrenplaywithpuzzlesmorefrequently,andbothboysandgirlswhoplayedwithpuzzleshadbetterspatialskills.However,boystendedtoplaywithmorecomplexpuzzlesthangirls,andtheparentsofboysprovidedmorespatiallanguageandweremoreactiveduringpuzzleplaythanparentsofgirls.ThefindingswerepublishedinthejournalDevelopmentalScience.24．Inwhichaspectdochildrenbenefitfrompuzzleplay?A．Buildingconfidence. B．Developingspatialskills.C．Learningself-control. D．Gaininghigh-techknowledge.25．WhatdidLevinetakeintoconsiderationwhendesigningherexperiment？A．Parents’age. B．Children’simagination.C．Parents’education. D．Child-parentrelationship.26．Howdoboydifferfromgirlsinpuzzleplay?A．Theyplaywithpuzzlesmoreoften.B．Theytendtotalklessduringthegame.C．Theyprefertousemorespatiallanguage.D．Theyarelikelytoplaywithtougherpuzzles.27．Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A．Amathematicalmethod. B．Ascientificstudy.C．Awomanpsychologist D．Ateachingprogram.Passage3(2024·全国新课标卷III，D)Wearetheproductsofevolution,andnotjustevolutionthatoccurredbillionsofyearsago.Asscientistslookdeeperintoourgenes(基因),theyarefindingexamplesofhumanevolutioninjustthepastfewthousandyears.PeopleinEthiopianhighlandshaveadaptedtolivingathighaltitudes.Cattle-raisingpeopleinEastAfricaandnorthernEuropehavegainedamutation(突变)thathelpsthemdigestmilkasadults.OnThursdayinanarticlepublishedinCell,ateamofresearchersreportedanewkindofadaptation-nottoairortofood,buttotheocean.Agroupofsea-dwellingpeopleinSoutheastAsiahaveevolvedintobetterdivers.TheBajau,asthesepeopleareknown,numberinthehundredsofthousandsinIndonesia,MalaysiaandthePhilippines.Theyhavetraditionallylivedonhouseboats;inrecenttimes,they’vealsobuilthousesonstilts(支柱)incoastalwaters.“Theyaresimplyastrangertotheland,”saidRedneyC．Jubilado,aUniversityofHawaiiresearcherwhostudiestheBajau.Dr.JubiladofirstmettheBajauwhilegrowinguponSamalIslandinthePhilippines.Theymadealivingasdivers,spearfishingorharvestingshellfish.“Weweresoamazedthattheycouldstayunderwatermuchlongerthanuslocalislanders,”Dr.Jubiladosaid.“Icouldseethemactuallywalkingunderthesea.”In2024,MelissaIlardo,thenagraduatestudentingeneticsattheUniversityofCopenhagen,heardabouttheBajau.Shewonderedifcenturiesofdivingcouldhaveledtotheevolutionofphysicalcharacteristicsthatmadethetaskeasierforthem.“itseemedliketheperfectchancefornaturalselectiontoactonapopulation,”saidDr.Ilardo.ShealsosaidtherewerelikelyanumberofothergenesthathelptheBajaudive.32．Whatdoestheauthorwanttotellusbytheexamplesinparagraph1?A．Environmentaladaptationofcattleraisers. B．Newknowledgeofhumanevolution.C．Recentfindingsofhumanorigin. D．Significanceoffoodselection.33．WheredotheBajaubuildtheirhouses?A．Invalleys. B．Nearrivers. C．Onthebeach. D．Offthecoast.34．WhywastheyoungJubiladoastonishedattheBajau?A．Theycouldwalkonstiltsallday. B．Theyhadasuperbwayoffishing.C．Theycouldstaylongunderwater. D．Theylivedonbothlandandwater.35．Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A．BodiesRemodeledforaLifeatSea B．Highlanders’SurvivalSkillsC．BasicMethodsofGeneticResearch D．TheWorld’sBestDiversPassage4(2024·全国山东新高考卷I，D)AccordingtoarecentstudyintheJournalofConsumerResearch,boththesizeandconsumptionhabitsofoureatingcompanionscaninfluenceourfoodintake.Andcontrarytoexistingresearchthatsaysyoushouldavoideatingwithheavierpeoplewhoorderlargeportions(份),it'sthebeanpoleswithbigappetitesyoureallyneedtoavoid.Totesttheeffectofsocialinfluenceoneatinghabits,theresearchersconductedtwoexperiments.Inthefirst,95undergraduatewomenwereindividuallyinvitedintoalabtoostensibly(表面上)participateinastudyaboutmovieviewership.Beforethefilmbegan,eachwomanwasaskedtohelpherselftoasnack.Anactorhiredbytheresearchersgrabbedherfoodfirst.Inhernaturalstate,theactorweighed105pounds.Butinhalfthecasessheworeaspeciallydesignedfatsuitwhichincreasedherweightto180pounds.Boththefatandthinversionsoftheactortookalargeamountoffood.Theparticipantsfollowedsuit,takingmorefoodthantheynormallywouldhave.However,theytooksignificantlymorewhentheactorwasthin.Forthesecondtest,inonecasethethinactortooktwopiecesofcandyfromthesnackbowls.Intheothercase,shetook30pieces.Theresultsweresimilartothefirsttest:theparticipantsfollowedsuitbuttooksignificantlymorecandywhenthethinactortook30pieces.Thetestsshowthatthesocialenvironmentisextremelyinfluentialwhenwe'remakingdecisions.Ifthisfellowparticipantisgoingtoeatmore,sowillI.Callitthe“I’llhavewhatshe'shaving”effect.However,we'lladjusttheinfluence.Ifanoverweightpersonishavingalargeportion,I'llholdbackabitbecauseIseetheresultsofhiseatinghabits.Butifathinpersoneatsalot,I'llfollowsuit.Ifhecaneatmuchandkeepslim,whycan'tI?12．Whatistherecentstudymainlyabout?A．Foodsafety. B．Movieviewership.C．Consumerdemand. D．Eatingbehavior.13．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“beanpoles”inparagraph1referto?A．Bigeaters. B．Overweightpersons.C．Pickyeaters. D．Tallthinpersons.14．Whydidtheresearchershiretheactor?A．Toseehowshewouldaffecttheparticipants.B．Totestiftheparticipantscouldrecognizeher.C．Tofindoutwhatshewoulddointhetwotests.D．Tostudywhyshecouldkeepherweightdown.15．Onwhatbasisdowe“adjusttheinfluence”accordingtothelastparagraph?A．Howhungryweare. B．Howslimwewanttobe.C．Howweperceiveothers. D．Howwefeelaboutthefood.题组二（2024年高考真题）Passage1(2024·全国新课标卷I，C)Asdataandidentitytheftbecomesmoreandmorecommon,themarketisgrowingforbiometric(生物测量)technologies—likefingerprintscans—tokeepothersoutofprivatee-spaces.Atpresent,thesetechnologiesarestillexpensive,though.ResearchersfromGeorgiaTechsaythattheyhavecomeupwithalow-costdevice(装置)thatgetsaroundthisproblem:asmartkeyboard.Thissmartkeyboardpreciselymeasuresthecadence(节奏)withwhichonetypesandthepressurefingersapplytoeachkey.Thekeyboardcouldofferastronglayerofsecuritybyanalyzingthingsliketheforceofauser'stypingandthetimebetweenkeypresses.Thesepatternsareuniquetoeachperson.Thus,thekeyboardcandeterminepeople'sidentities,andbyextension,whethertheyshouldbegivenaccesstothecomputerit'sconnectedto—regardlessofwhethersomeonegetsthepasswordright.Italsodoesn'trequireanewtypeoftechnologythatpeoplearen'talreadyfamiliarwith.Everybodyusesakeyboardandeverybodytypesdifferently.Inastudydescribingthetechnology,theresearchershad100volunteerstypetheword“touch”fourtimesusingthesmartkeyboard.Datacollectedfromthedevicecouldbeusedtorecognizedifferentparticipantsbasedonhowtheytyped,withverylowerrorrates.Theresearcherssaythatthekeyboardshouldbeprettystraightforwardtocommercializeandismostlymadeofinexpensive,plastic-likeparts.Theteamhopestomakeittomarketinthenearfuture.28.Whydotheresearchersdevelopthesmartkeyboard?A.Toreducepressureonkeys. B.ToimproveaccuracyintypingC.Toreplacethepasswordsystem. D.Tocutthecostofe-spaceprotection.29.Whatmakestheinventionofthesmartkeyboardpossible？A.Computersaremucheasiertooperate.B.Fingerprintscanningtechniquesdevelopfast.C.Typingpatternsvaryfrompersontoperson.D.Datasecuritymeasuresareguaranteed.30.Whatdotheresearchersexpectofthesmartkeyboard？all1osoisgitieocooll.A.It'llbeenvironment-friendly. B.It'llreachconsumerssoon.C.It'llbemadeofplastics. D.It'llhelpspeeduptyping.31.Whereisthistextmostlikelyfrom?A.Adiary. B.Aguidebook C.Anovel. D.Amagazine.Passage2(2024·全国新课标卷I，D)Duringtherosyyearsofelementaryschool(小学),Ienjoyedsharingmydollsandjokes,whichallowedmetokeepmyhighsocialstatus.Iwasthequeenoftheplayground.Thencamemytweensandteens,andmeangirlsandcoolkids.Theyroseintheranksnotbybeingfriendlybutbysmokingcigarettes,breakingrulesandplayingjokesonothers,amongwhomIsoonfoundmyself.Popularityisawell-exploredsubjectinsocialpsychology.MitchPrinstein,aprofessorofclinicalpsychologysortsthepopularintotwocategories:thelikableandthestatusseekers.Thelikables’plays-well-with-othersqualitiesstrengthenschoolyardfriendships,jump-startinterpersonalskillsand,whentappedearly,areemployedeverafterinlifeandwork.Thenthere’sthekindofpopularitythatappearsinadolescence:statusbornofpowerandevendishonorablebehavior.Enviableasthecoolkidsmayhaveseemed,Dr.Prinstein’sstudiesshowunpleasantconsequences.Thosewhowerehighestinstatusinhighschool,aswellasthoseleastlikedinelementaryschool,are“mostlikelytoengage(从事)indangerousandriskybehavior.”Inonestudy,Dr.Prinsteinexaminedthetwotypesofpopularityin235adolescents,scoringtheleastliked,themostlikedandthehighestinstatusbasedonstudentsurveys(调查探讨).“Wefoundthattheleastwell-likedteenshadbecomemoreaggressiveovertimetowardtheirclassmates.Butsohadthosewhowerehighinstatus.Itclearlyshowedthatwhilelikabilitycanleadtohealthyadjustment,highstatushasjusttheoppositeeffectonus."Dr.Prinsteinhasalsofoundthatthequalitiesthatmadetheneighborswantyouonaplaydate-sharing,kindness,openness—carryovertolateryearsandmakeyoubetterabletorelateandconnectwithothers.Inanalyzinghisandotherresearch，Dr.Prinsteincametoanotherconclusion:Notonlyislikabilityrelatedtopositivelifeoutcomes,butitisalsoresponsibleforthoseoutcomes,too."Beinglikedcreatesopportunitiesforlearningandfornewkindsoflifeexperiencesthathelpsomebodygainanadvantage,”hesaid.32.Whatsortofgirlwastheauthorinherearlyyearsofelementaryschool?A.Unkind. B.Lonely. C.Generous. D.Cool.33.Whatisthesecondparagraphmainlyabout？A.Theclassificationofthepopular.B.Thecharacteristicsofadolescents.C.Theimportanceofinterpersonalskills.D.Thecausesofdishonorablebehavior34.WhatdidDr.Prinstein’sstudyfindaboutthemostlikedkids?A.Theyappearedtobeaggressive.B.Theytendedtobemoreadaptable.C.Theyenjoyedthehigheststatus.D.Theyperformedwellacademically.35.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.BeNice-YouWon’tFinishLastB.TheHighertheStatus,theBeerC.BetheBest-YouCanMakeItD.MoreSelf-Control,LessAggressivenessPassage3(2024·全国新课标卷II，D)Bacteriaareanannoyingproblemforastronauts.Themicroorganisms(微生物)fromourbodiesgrowuncontrollablyonsurfacesoftheInternationalSpaceStation,soastronautsspendhourscleaningthemupeachweek.HowisNASAovercomingthisverytinybigproblem?It’sturningtoabunchofhighschoolkids.Butnotjustanykids.ItdependingonNASAHUNCHhighschoolclass,liketheonescienceteachersGeneGordonandDonnaHimmelbergleadatFairportHighSchoolinFairport,NewYork.HUNCHisdesignedtoconnecthighschoolclassroomswithNASAengineers.Forthepasttwoyears,Gordon’sstudentshavebeenstudyingwaystokillbacteriainzerogravity,andtheythinkthey’reclosetoasolution(解决方案).“Wedon’tgivethestudentsanybreaks.TheyhavetodoitjustlikeNASAengineers,”saysFlorenceGold,aprojectmanager.“Therearenotests,”Gordonsays.“Thereisnogradedhomework.Therealmostarenogrades,otherthan‘Areyouworkingtowardsyourgoal?’Basically,it’s‘I’vegottoproducethisproductandthen,attheendofyear,presentittoNASA.’Engineerscomeandreallydoanin-personreview,and…it’snotaverynicethingattime.It’sahardbusinessreviewofyourproduct.”GordonsaystheHUNCHprogramhasanimpact(影响)oncollegeadmissionsandpracticallifeskills.“ThesekidsaresoabsorbedintheirstudiesthatIjustsitback.Idon’tteach.”Andthatannoyingbacteria?GordonsayshisstudentsareemailingdailywithNASAengineersabouttheproblem,readyingaworkablesolutiontotestinspace.32.WhatdoweknowaboutthebacteriaintheInternationalSpaceStation?A.Theyarehardtogetridof. B.Theyleadtoairpollution.C.Theyappeardifferentforms. D.Theydamagetheinstruments.33.WhatisthepurposeoftheHUNCHprogram?A.Tostrengthenteacher-studentrelationships. B.Tosharpenstudents’communicationskills.C.Toallowstudentstoexperiencezerogravity. D.Tolinkspacetechnologywithschooleducation34.WhatdotheNASAengineersdoforthestudentsintheprogram?A.Checktheirproduct. B.GuideprojectdesignsC.Adjustworkschedules. D.Gradetheirhomework.35.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.NASA:TheHomeofAstronauts.B.Space:TheFinalHomeworkFrontier.C.Nature:AnOutdoorClassroom.D.HUNCH:ACollegeAdmissionReform.Passage4(2024·全国新课标卷I，D)Beforethe1830smostnewspapersweresoldthroughannualsubscriptionsinAmerica,usually$8to$10ayear.Today$8or$10seemsasmallamountofmoney,butatthattimetheseamountswereforbiddingtomostcitizens.Accordingly,newspaperswerereadalmostonlybyrichpeopleinpoliticsorthetrades.Inaddition,mostnewspapershadlittleinthemthatwouldappealtoamassaudience.Theyweredullandvisuallyforbidding.Buttherevolutionthatwastakingplaceinthe1830swouldchangeallthat.Thetrend,then,wastowardthe"pennypaper"-atermreferringtopapersmadewidelyavailabletothepublic.Itmeantanyinexpensivenewspaper;perhapsmoreimportantlyitmeantnewspapersthatcouldbeboughtinsinglecopiesonthestreet.Thisdevelopmentdidnottakeplaceovernight.Ithadbeenpossible(butnoteasy)tobuysinglecopiesofnewspapersbefore1830,butthisusuallymeantthereaderhadtogodowntotheprinter'sofficetopurchaseacopy.Streetsaleswerealmostunknown.However,withinafewyears,streetsalesofnewspaperswouldbecommonplaceineasterncities.Atfirstthepriceofsinglecopieswasseldomapenny-usuallytwoorthreecentswascharged-andsomeoftheolderwell-knownpaperschargedfiveorsixcents.Butthephrase"pennypaper"caughtthepublic'sfancy,andsoontherewouldbepapersthatdidindeedsellforonlyapenny.Thisnewtrendofnewspapersfor"themanonthestreet"didnotbeginwell.Someoftheearlyventures(企业)wereimmediatefailures.Publishersalreadyinbusiness,peoplewhowereownersofsuccessfulpapers,hadlittledesiretochangethetradition.Ittookafewyouthfulanddaringbusinessmentogettheballrolling.28.WhichofthefollowingbestdescribesnewspapersinAmericabeforethe1830s?A.Academic. B.Unattractive. C.Inexpensive. D.Confidential.29.Whatdidstreetsalesmeantonewspapers?A.Theywouldbepricedhigher. B.Theywoulddisappearfromcities.C.Theycouldhavemorereaders. D.Theycouldregainpublictrust.30.Whowerethenewspapersofthenewtrendtargetedat?A.Localpoliticians. B.Commonpeople.C.Youngpublishers. D.Richbusinessmen.31.Whatcanwesayaboutthebirthofthepennypaper?A.Itwasadifficultprocess. B.Itwasatemporarysuccess.C.Itwasarobberyofthepoor. D.Itwasadisasterforprinters.题组三（2024年高考真题）Passage1(2024·全国新课标卷I，D)Wemaythinkwe’reaculturethatgetsridofourworntechnologyatthefirstsightofsomethingshinyandnew,butanewstudyshowsthatwekeepusingourolddevices(装置)outdateddevicesconsumemuchmoreenergythantheneweronesthatdothesamethings.Tofigureouthowmuchpowerthesedevicesareusing,CallieBabbittandhercolleaguesattheRochesterInstituteofTechnologyinNewYorktrackedtheenvironmentalcostsforeachThismethodprovidedareadoutforhowhomeenergyusehasevolvedsincetheearly1990s.Devicesweregroupedbygeneration.Desktopcomputers,basicmobilephones,andbox-set-roomtelevisionisreplacedandgetsplantedinthekids’room,andsuddenlyoneday,youhaveaTVineveryroomofthehouse,”saidoneresearcher.Theaveragenumberofelectronicdevicesrosefromfourperhouseholdin1992to13in2007.We’renotjustkeepingtheseolddevices–wecontinuetousethem.AccordingtotheanalysisofBabbitt’steam,olddesktopmonitorsandboxTVswithcathoderaytubesaretheworstdeviceswiththeirenergyconsumptionandcontributiontogreenhousegasemissions(排放)morethandoublingduringthe1992to2007window.Sowhat’sthesolution(解决方案)?Theteam’sdataonlywentupto2007,buttheresearchersalsoexploredwhatwouldhappenifconsumersreplaced