2025届高考英语二轮专题复习与测试专题七概要写作第二讲定主体依逻辑精准把脉

第二讲定主体，依逻辑，精准把脉一、文体意识解读1．审题要素审题体裁说明文议论文记叙文时态一般过去时一般现在时一般将来时混合时态主题主题句要点归纳段落大意2.不同文体运用不同的概括方法(1)说明文的文体特征说明文是对事物客观说明的一种文体，目的在于阐明原理、介绍知识和叙述事物。常见的写作顺序空间顺序介绍事物空间结构的顺序(从上到下；从外到内；从整体到局部)时间顺序介绍事物发展的先后顺序逻辑顺序描述事物的性质、功能针对现象提出解决方法或措施介绍现象及其原因常见的说明方法下定义(definition)分类别(classification)举例子(example)做比较(comparison&contrast)引用(quotation)打比方(metaphor)说明文的结构开头段要说明的对象中间段说明事物、现象的性质、功能或提出解决方法结尾段呼应首段，对应主题[概括方法]说明文是高考英语概要写作最常用的体裁。关注段首或段尾，找到中心句，并进行精练概括；中间段落需针对被说明对象的不同方面展开说明。(2)议论文的文体特征议论文对事件、现象或问题表达自己的看法、主张或观点。常见的议论文：读后感、演说、序言、书评议论文的三要素：论点(topic)、论据(argument)、论证(demonstration)常见的论证方式：举例论证(example)、道理论证(reason)、对比论证(comparison&contrast)、比喻论证(metaphor)、引用论证(quotation)、归纳论证(induction)、正反论证(prosandcons)[概括方法]首先要找出文章的论点、论据与论证。然后画出主题句或结论句，分析句际逻辑，提炼主次信息。议论文中会出现不同的观点，需注意不能漏掉其中任何一种观点。(3)记叙文的文体特征记叙文往往叙述人物的经历或者事物的发展变化。记叙文的六要素：时间(when)、地点(where)、人物(who)、事件(what)、起因(why)、过程(how)[概括方法]人物(who)与事件(what)是记叙文的重点。如果是夹叙夹议文，需注意在总结要点时，加上作者自己的观点。3．解题方法(1)识别文章的篇章结构和主旨大意；(2)分析句际逻辑，提炼主次信息(主题句＋重要信息)；(3)使用自己的语言合并主次信息，使之成为要点句；(4)适当地使用句间衔接词。二、增分技巧展示三、解题方法呈现1．明问题定时态2．抓主旨勾勒结构eq\a\vs4\al(递进或并列式——,必写信息)eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(各段落主旨大意,各段落主旨大意的支持句))eq\a\vs4\al(总·分,总·分·总,分·总)eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(\a\vs4\al(主要信息,（必写）)\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(全文主旨大意,各段落主旨大意)),\a\vs4\al(次要信息,（选写）)\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(支撑各段落主旨大意,的信息,选择最主要、最容易,概括的信息))))3．筛主干提取关键词4．替换表达变词性——转变词性进行转述低变高——将普通表达变为高级表达长变短eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(复合句变为简单句,短语变为单词或句子变为短语))多变少——将详细具体的描述变为概括笼统的表达主动变被动——主动语态变为被动语态5．连贯成文恰当运用过渡衔接词(1)顺序firstly...secondly...thirdly...finally；tobeginwith...then...further...finally；tostartwith...next...inaddition...finally；ontheonehand...ontheotherhand；foronething...foranother(thing)等(2)并列notonly...butalso...,either...or...,aswellas等(3)对比onthecontrary、nevertheless、however、comparedwith/to、incomparisonwith等(4)递进besides、what'smore、moreover、furthermore、inaddition、additionally、what'sworse、moreimportantly、mostimportantly等(5)因果thanksto、asaresult、resultfrom、becauseof/dueto/owingto等(6)总结inaword、inconclusion、inbrief、inshort、onthewhole、tosumup、toconclude、intheend等四、优秀元素必背1．导入句①Asurvey/Anexperiment/Aninvention/Aresearch...finds/discovers/proves/shows...②Accordingtoarecentsurvey/experiment/invention...③Accordingtoexperts/specialists/Dr.White...④Experts/Specialists/Researchers...say...⑤Itisexpectedthat...⑥Hopefully...2．同义词块concentrateon—focusoninsteadof—ratherthanadifficultjob—achallengingjobatlast—eventuallysetoffhome—headhomeasurprisingpicture—anamazingsightgreatprogress—majorprogressbeveryinteresting—bealotoffunafewdays—acoupleofdayshaveanidea—comeupwithanideahaveagoodtime—haveajoyfultime3．过渡词similarly、actually、meanwhile、ontheotherhand、besides/moreover/also、despite/inspiteof、becauseof/dueto/owingto/thanksto/asaconsequenceof...4．高级词汇替换增分表原词替换词1about关于concerning、regarding、relatedto、relevantto2actually事实上infact、asamatteroffact、inreality3aimat旨在beaimedto、beaimedat、beintendedto、bemeantto4appear出现turnup、showup5approach靠近，临近comenear、drawnear6besides而且，另外additionally、inaddition、what'smore、moreover、furthermore7beproudof为……感到骄傲/自豪takepridein8energetic精力充沛的fullofenergy9havefun玩得开心enjoyoneself、haveagoodtime10hold举行takeplace11honor/honour纪念inhonor/honourof12clever聪明的intelligent、wise、smart、bright、brilliant13inaword总之allinall、inconclusion、inshort、toconclude、tosumup14intheend最后finally、eventually、attheendof15inthebeginning开始atthestartof五、解题流程示范阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Parentseverywherepraisetheirkids.JennBerman,authorofTheAtoZGuidetoRaisingHappyandConfidentKids,says,“We'vegonetotheoppositeextremeofafewdecadesagowhenparentstendedtobemorestrict.”Bygivingkidsalotofpraise,parentsthinkthey'rebuildingtheirchildren'sconfidence,when,infact,itmaybejusttheopposite.Toomuchpraisecanbackfireand,whengiveninawaythat'sinsincere,makekidsafraidtotrynewthingsortakeariskforfearofnotbeingabletostayontopwheretheirparents'praisehasputthem.Still,don'tgotoofarintheotherdirection.Notgivingenoughpraisecanbejustasdamagingasgivingtoomuch.Kidswillfeellikethey'renotgoodenoughorthatyoudon'tcareand,asaresult,mayseenopointintryinghardfortheiraccomplishments.Sowhatistherightamountofpraise?Expertssaythatthequalityofpraiseismoreimportantthanthequantity.Ifpraiseissincereandfocusedontheeffortnottheoutcome,youcangiveitasoftenasyourchilddoessomethingthatdeservesaverbalreward.“Weshouldespeciallyrecognizeourchildren'seffortstopushthemselvesandworkhardtoachieveagoal，”saysDonahue,authorofParentingWithoutFear:LettingGoofWorryandFocusingonWhatReallyMatters.“Onethingtorememberisthatit'stheprocessnottheendproductthatmatters.”Yoursonmaynotbethebestbasketballplayeronhisteam.Butifhe'soutthereeverydayandplayinghard,youshouldpraisehiseffortregardlessofwhetherhisteamwinsorloses.Praisingtheeffortandnottheoutcomecanalsomeanrecognizingyourchildwhenshehasworkedhardtocleantheyard,cookdinner,orfinishabookreport.Butwhateveritis,praiseshouldbegivenonacase-by-casebasisandbeproportionate(相称的)totheamountofeffortyourchildhasputintoit.[解题流程]本文是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了如何有效表扬孩子的问题。文章结构清楚，论点明确。第1步：初读语篇找主题句→全文主题句和段落主题句第2步：再精读→抓关键词，为组织语言保驾护航1．第一段要点：parents,gototheoppositeextreme,toomuchpraise2．第二段要点：not,praise,damaging3．第三段要点：focuson,nottheoutcome，givepraise，process4．第四段要点：praisehiseffort,regardlessof,theoutcome,theamountofeffort,putinto第3步：试改写→不要全盘照抄原文句子，尽量用自己的语言进行转换表达1．第一段指出：Thepastdecadeshavewitnessedtheshiftofparentingfrombeingtoostricttooverpraising．2．第二段指出：Yet,bothtoomuchandtoolittlepraisecanbeequallydamaging．3．第三段指出：Whengivingpraise,parentsshouldbesincereandconcentrateontheprocessinsteadoftheresult．4．第四段指出：Similarly,theyoughttogivepraiseforhowmuchefforttheirkidshaveinvestedintheworkthey'reinvolvedin.第4步：再修改→查看各段落要点之间的逻辑关系和衔接情况，使语篇更连贯Howtopraiseourkidsisreallyasensitiveproblem.Expertsbelievethattoomuchpraiseorpraisingthekidsinawrongwaymayhaveoppositeeffectsonchildren.(要点1)However,nopraisealsodoesharmtokids'development.(要点2)Togainthebestresult,ourpraiseshouldfocusontheprocessratherthantheresult.(要点3)Similarly,theyoughttogivepraiseforhowmuchefforttheirkidshaveinvestedintheworkthey'reinvolvedin.(要点4)Writing1阅读下面的短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Withthedevelopmentofthecomputer,virtualreality(虚拟现实)stepsinourlife.Ifsomethingisvirtual,thenitiscreatedbycomputertechnologyandappearsasifitwerereal.VRisacomputersystemwithaspecialheadset(耳机).Whenyouputontheheadset,youwilllookattwotinytelevisionscreens.Theyaresoclosetoyoureyesasifyouseejustonepictureandyouwillbelievethatyouhaveenteredadifferentworld.Inmanysystems,youalsowearspecialgloves.Withtheglovesyoucanreachoutandtouchthingsintheunrealworld.ThefirstVRgames,whichhavealreadybeensoldaroundtheworld,enableyoutodriveasportscar,flyaplane,orfightanenemy.Inthefuture,itmaybedifficulttotellthevirtualworldofthegamesfromtherealworldoutside.However,VRisnotjustforentertainment.Oneday,delightedchildrenwillbeabletolearnhistorybyvisitingthepyramidsofEgypt.Inaddition,businesseswillbeabletouseVRformanytasks.Pilotwillbeabletopractiseflyingvirtualplanesbeforetheygointotheair.VRcanhelpusimprovetheworldinhundredsofways.However,somepeoplehavewarnedthattherecouldbedangers.Itmightbedangerousifwedosomethingwrong,orifpeopledonotwanttoreturntorealitybecauseitissaferthanreallife.Besides,wewillforgethowtoliveandworkwithrealpeople.TherewillbesomeproblemswithVR,asitisnewforus.However,onethingisforsure:VRisheretostay.Getreadytostepintoanotherworld!________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Onepossibleversion：Virtualrealityisacomputersystemwithaspecialheadsetandspecialgloves,whichenablespeopletoenteranunrealworld.(要点1)Itcanbeappliedtomanyfields,suchas,entertainment,education,businessandtrainingpilots.(要点2)However,itmightbedangerousifpeopledon'tuseitproperly.(要点3)Inconclusion,nomatterwhatproblemsitbrings,itissuretobepartofpeople'slifeinthenearfuture.(要点4)Writing2阅读下面的短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Somepeopledoubttheaccuracyandreliabilityofthefacialrecognitiontechnology.Theydon'tneedtoworryaboutthat，becausethetechnologyishighlyadvanced.Itcandistinguishahumanfacewithorwithoutglasses.Testsshowithasaprecisionrateofmorethan99percent.Somearguethatthefingerprintoriris(虹膜)recognitionsystemisperhapsmoreaccuratethanthefacialrecognitionsystem.True，butforirisrecognition，apersonhastoholdhisorherheadstillandlookatthecamera，whichistime-consumingandthusnotsuitableforpublicspacessuchassubwaystations.Andthefingerprintrecognitionsystemisnotsosecure，assomepeoplecancheatthesystembycopyingandusingthefingerprintsofotherpeopletoenterorexitastation.Facialrecognitionisarathermaturesystem.Afacialrecognitionsystemcollectspeople'sfacialimagesfromdifferentangles,insteadofone,andthereforeminimizesthechanceofcheating.Actually，itisalreadybeingappliedinmanyfieldssuchasunlockingsmartphonesandcomputers.Besides，facialrecognitiontechnologycanalsohelpthepolicetohuntescapedcriminalsinpublicspaces.However,thelawsaysacitizen'sphotoshouldnotbecollectedforcommercialusewithouthisorherpermission.Toavoidsuchlegalrisks，somemeasuresshouldbetakenbeforethecollectionofpassengerinformation.First，companiesmustensurethecollectedfacialimagesareonlyforpublicconvenience，andwillneverbeusedforothercommercialpurposes，suchasadvertisements.Second，companiesmusttakenecessarymeasurestomakesurenotevenasingleoneisleakedorsoldtoanythirdpartywithoutthepassenger'spermission.Generally，advancedtechnologiesarewelcometobeusedinpublicspaces，butpeople'srightsmustberespected，atleasttoavoidlegalrisks.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Onepossibleversion：Facialrecognitiontechnologyishighlyreliableandaccurate.(要点1)Comparedwiththefingerprintoririsrecognitionsystem，itwellsuitspublicspacesandismoresecure.(要点2)Themulti-angledimageslessenthepossibilityofcheating,andthesystemisefficientlyemployedinmanyfields,includingsmartphones,computersandcrime-solving.(要点3)However，toprotectprivacy,facialimagesmustbecollectedwithpermissionandwellprotected.(要点4)专题强化练(二十六)Writing1阅读下面的短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。(2024·江门一模)Wateringiskeytogrowingplantswell,soherewelookathowtogetitjustright.Thismeansnotonlyprovidingthewaterourgardensneedbutusingitwisely.WaterisapreciousresourceandwatersuppliesintheUKareunderpressurefromtheeffectsofclimatechange,populationincreaseandtheneedtoprotecttheenvironment.Generally,severalaspectsneedtobeconsidered.WhentowaterWaterinthemornings,ifyoucan,asthisiswhenthesuncomesupandplantsstarttotranspire(蒸腾)insunlight,drawingwaterfromthesoil,throughtheirroots,uptheirstemsandtotheirleaves.Eveningwateringisalsofine,asthecoolerconditionsmeanlesswaterislosttoevaporation(蒸发).Wateringintheheatofthedayisnotagoodidea,asmuchwaterislostthroughevaporationfromthesurfaceofthesoil.Plantswillusewatermoreefficientlyifwateredinthecoolerpartsoftheday.HowtowaterWateringthoroughlymatters.Ithelpsgetthewaterdowntothedeeperroottipswhereit'sneeded.But,equallyimportant,thesoildoesn'thavetobereallywetallthetimebecauseplants'rootsneedairaswellaswatertogrowwell.Otherwise,theremightbenoflowerorfruit,andevenaworseresultmightcomealong.OthertipsTousewaterinthemosteconomicalway,it'sgoodtolearndifferentplants'wateringrequirements.Forexample,acontainerplantinhotsunnyweathermayneedwateringdaily,whereasamatureshrubmightonlyneedadrinkinextremedrought.Annualflowersandvegetablesproducedinthespringarelikelytoneedmorewateringthanself-sownorautumngrownplantsastheyhavenewandshallowrootsystems.So,don'ttreatalltheplantsinthesameway.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Onepossibleversion：Itisnecessarythatwewaterright,whichmeansprovidingthewaterourgardensneedandusingitwisely.(要点1)Youshouldwaterinthemorningwhenthesuncomesupandplantsstarttotranspireinsunlight,drawingwaterfromthesoil.(要点2)Youshouldwaterthoroughly,whichhelpsgetthewaterdowntothedeeperroottips.(要点3)Tousewaterinaneconomicalway,it'sgoodtolearndifferentplants'wateringrequirements.(要点4)Writing2阅读下面的短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。(2024·广州二模)Withtravelandtheenvironmentinthenewssomuchlately,you'veprobablyheardthewordecotourism.Astravelersbecomemoreawareoftheireffectontheplanetandwanttodotheirparttomakeadifference,ecotourismhasreallytakenoff.Whatisecotourism?Thedefinitionisn'tashardtodetermineasyoumightthink.AccordingtotheInternationalEcotourismSociety,itisdefinedas“responsibletraveltonaturalareasthatprotectstheenvironmentandsustainsthewell-beingofthelocalpeople”.Tobesimple,it'stravelthathasapositiveeffectonadestination'secologyandeconomy.Ecotourismletstravelersparticipateinactivitiesthatbenefittheenvironment.Forexample,travelerscanactascitizenscientistsinplacesaroundtheworld,includingnationalparksanddivesites,tohelpdoresearchandcollectdata.Meanwhile,ecotourismhelpslocalcommunitiestodowellandbecomesuccessfulandstrong.Th