2021年考研英语一真题

绝密★启用前

2021年全国硕士研究生招生考试

英语（一）

（科目代码:201）

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SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark

A,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Fluidintelligenceisthetypeofintelligencethathastodowithshort-term

memoryandtheabilitytothinkquickly,logically,andabstractlyinordertosolve

newproblems.lt[inyoungadulthood,levelsoutforaperiodoftime,andthen_

2startstoslowlydeclineasweage.But3agingisinevitable,scientistsare

findingoutthatcertainchangesinbrainfunctionmaynotbe.

Onestudyfoundthatmusclelossandthe4ofbodyfataroundtheabdomen

areassociatedwithadeclineinfluidintelligence.Thissuggeststhe5that

lifestylefactorsmighthelppreventor6thistypeofdecline.

Theresearcherslookedatdatathat7measurementsofleanmuscleand

abdominalfatfrommorethan4,000middle-to-older-agedmenandwomenand8

thatdatatoreportedchangesinfluidintelligenceoverasix-yearperiod.Theyfound

thatmiddle-agedpeople9highermeasuresofabdominalfat10

worseonmeasuresoffluidintelligenceastheyears_____H_____•

Forwomen,theassociationmaybe12tochangesinimmunitythatresulted

fromexcessabdominalfat;inmen,theimmunesystemdidnotappeartobe13.

Itishopedthatfuturestudiescould14thesedifferencesandperhapsleadto

different15formenandwomen.

16therearestepsyoucan17tohelpreduceabdominalfatand

maintainleanmusclemassasyouageinordertoprotectbothyourphysicaland

mental18Thetwohighlyrecommendedlifestyleapproachesaremaintaining

orincreasingyour19ofaerobicexerciseandfollowingMediterranean-style20

thatishighinfiberandeliminateshighlyprocessedfoods.

1.[A]pauses[B]returns[C]peaks[D]fades

2.[A]alternatively[B]formally[C]accidentally[D]generally

3.[A]while[B]since[C]once[D]until

4.[A]detection[B]accumulation[C]consumption[D]separation

5.[A]possibility[B]decision[C]goal[D]requirement

6.[A]delay[B]ensure[C]seek[D]utilize

7.[A]modified[B]supported[C]included[D]predicted

8.[A]devoted[B]compared[C]converted[D]applied

9.[A]with[B]above[C]by[D]against

10.[A]lived[B]managed[C]scored[D]played

11.[A]ranout[B]setoff[C]drewin[D]wentby

12.[A]superior[B]attributable[C]parallel[D]resistant

13.[A]restored[B]isolated[C]involved[D]controlled

14.[A]alter[B]spread[C]remove[D]explain

15.[A]compensations[B]symptoms[C]demands[D]treatments

16.[A]Likewise[B]Meanwhile[C]Therefore[D]Instead

17.[A]change[B]watch[C]count[D]take

18.[A]well-being[B]process[C]formation[D]coordination

19.[A]level[B]love[C]knowledge[D]space

20.[A]design[B]routine[C]diet[D]prescription

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartADirections;

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,

CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.（40po血s）

.2.

Text1

Howcanthetrainoperatorspossiblyjustifyyetanotherincreasetorail

passengerfares?Ithasbecomeagrimlyreliableannualritual:everyJanuarythe

costoftravellingbytrainrises,imposingasignificantextraburdenonthosewho

havenooptionbuttousetherailnetworktogettoworkorotherwise.Thisyear's

rise,anaverageof2.7percent,maybeafractionlowerthanlastyear's,butitis

stillwellabovetheofficialConsumerPriceIndex(CPI)measureofinflation.

Successivegovernmentshavepermittedsuchincreasesonthegroundsthatthe

costofinvestinginandrunningtherailnetworkshouldbebornebythosewhouse

it,ratherthanthegeneraltaxpayer.Why,theargumentgoes,shouldacar-driving

pensionerfromLincolnshirehavetosubsidisethedailycommuteofastockbroker

fromSurrey?Equally,thereisasensethatthetravailsofcommutersintheSouth

East,manyofwhomwillfaceamongthebiggestrises,havereceivedtoomuch

attentioncomparedtothosewhomustenduretherelativelypoorinfrastructureof

theMidlandsandtheNorth.

However,overthepast12months,thosecommutershavealsoexperienced

someoftheworstrailstrikesinyears.Itisallverywelltrainoperatorstrumpeting

theimprovementstheyaremakingtothenetwork,butpassengersshouldbeableto

expectabasiclevelofservicefbrthesubstantialsumstheyarenowpayingto

travel.Theresponsibilityfbrthelatestwaveofstrikesrestsontheunions.However,

thereisastrongcasethatthosewhohavebeenworstaffectedbyindustrialaction

shouldreceivecompensationfbrthedisruptiontheyhavesuffered.

TheGovernmenthaspledgedtochangethelawtointroduceaminimum

servicerequirementsothat,evenwhenstrikesoccur,servicescancontinueto

operate.Thisshouldformpartofawiderpackageofmeasurestoaddressthelong-

runningproblemsonBritain'srailways.Yes,moreinvestmentisneeded,but

passengerswillnotbewillingtopaymoreindefinitelyiftheymustalsoendure

cramped,unreliableservices,punctuatedbyregularchaoswhentimetablesare

changed,orplannedmaintenanceismanagedincompetently.Thethreatof

nationalisationmayhavebeenseenofffbrnow,butitwillreturnwithavengeance

ifthejustifiedangerofpassengersisnotaddressedinshortorder.

.3.

21.Theauthorholdsthatthisyear'sincreaseinrailpassengerfares

[A]haskeptpacewithinflation.

[B]isabigsurprisetocommuters.

[C]remainsanunreasonablemeasure.

[D]willeasetrainoperators?burden.

22.ThestockbrokerinParagraph2isusedtostandfor

[A]cardrivers.

[B]railtravelers.

[C]localinvestors.

[D]ordinarytaxpayers.

23.ItisindicatedinParagraph3thattrainoperators

[A]areofferingcompensationtocommuters.

[B]aretryingtorepairrelationswiththeunions.

[C]havefailedtoprovideanadequateservice.

[D]havesufferedhugelossesowingtothestrikes.

24.Ifunabletocalmdownpassengers,therailwaysmayhavetoface

[A]thelossofinvestment.

[B]thecollapseofoperations.

[C]areductionofrevenue.

[D]achangeofownership.

25.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

[A]WhoAretoBlamefortheStrikes?

[B]ConstantComplainingDoesn'tWork

[C]CanNationalisationBringHope?

[D]Ever-risingFaresAren'tSustainable

.4.

Text2

LastyearmarkedthethirdyearinarowofwhenIndonesia'sbleakrateof

deforestationhasslowedinpace.Onereasonfortheturnaroundmaybethe

country'santipovertyprogram.

In2007,Indonesiastartedphasinginaprogramthatgivesmoneytoits

poorestresidentsundercertainconditions,suchasrequiringpeopletokeepkidsin

schoolorgetregularmedicalcare.CalledconditionalcashtransfersorCCTs,these

socialassistanceprogramsaredesignedtoreduceinequalityandbreakthecycleof

poverty.They?realreadyusedindozensofcountriesworldwide.InIndonesia,the

programhasprovidedenoughfoodandmedicinetosubstantiallyreducesevere

growthproblemsamongchildren.

ButCCTprogramsdon'tgenerallyconsidereffectsontheenvironment.In

fact,povertyalleviationandenvironmentalprotectionareoftenviewedas

conflictinggoals,saysPaulFerraro,aneconomistatJohnsHopkinsUniversity.

That'sbecauseeconomicgrowthcanbecorrelatedwithenvironmental

degradation,whileprotectingtheenvironmentissometimescorrelatedwithgreater

poverty.However,thosecorrelationsdon'tprovecauseandeffect.Theonly

previousstudyanalyzingcausality,basedonanareainMexicothathadinstituted

CCTs,supportedthetraditionalview.There,aspeoplegotmoremoney,someof

themmayhavemoreclearedlandforcattletoraiseformeat,Ferrarosays.

Suchprogramsdonothavetonegativelyaffecttheenvironment,though.

FerrarowantedtoseeifIndonesia'spoverty-alleviationprogramwasaffecting

deforestation.Indonesiahasthethird-largestareaoftropicalforestintheworld

andoneofthehighestdeforestationrates.

Ferraroanalyzedsatellitedatashowingannualforestlossfrom2008to

2012—includingduringIndonesia'sphase-inoftheantipovertyprogram一in

7,468forestedvillagesacross15provinces.uWeseethattheprogramisassociated

witha30percentreductionindeforestation,Ferrarosays.

That'slikelybecausetheruralpoorareusingthemoneyasmakeshift

insurancepoliciesagainstinclementweather,Ferrarosays.Typically,ifrainsare

delayed,peoplemayclearlandtoplantmorericetosupplementtheirharvests.

Whetherthisresearchtranslateselsewhereisanybody'sguess.Ferraro

suggeststheresultsmaytransfertootherpartsofAsia,duetocommonalitiessuch

astheimportanceofgrowingriceandmarketaccess.Andregardlessof

transferability,thestudyshowsthatwhat'sgoodforpeoplemayalsobegoodfbr

theenvironment.Evenifthisprogramdidn'treducepoverty,Ferrarosays,“the

valueoftheavoideddeforestationjustfbrcarbondioxideemissionsaloneismore

thantheprogramcosts.^^

.5.

26.Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,CCTprogramsaimto

[A]facilitatehealthcarereform.

[B]helppoorfamiliesgetbetteroff.

[C]improvelocaleducationsystems.

[D]lowerdeforestationrates.

27.ThestudybasedonanareainMexicoiscitedtoshowthat

[A]cattleraisinghasbeenamajormeansoflivelihoodforthepoor.

[B]CCTprogramshavehelpedpreservetraditionallifestyles.

[C]antipovertyeffortsrequiretheparticipationoflocalfarmers.

[D]economicgrowthtendstocauseenvironmentaldegradation.

28.InhisstudyaboutIndonesia,Ferrarointendstofindout

[A]itsacceptancelevelofCCTs.

[B]itsannualrateofpovertyalleviation.

[C]therelationofCCTstoitsforestloss,

[D]theroleofitsforestsinclimatechange.

29.AccordingtoFerraro,theCCTprograminIndonesiaismostvaluableinthat

[A]itwillbenefitotherAsiancountries.

[B]itwillreduceregionalinequality.

[C]itcanprotecttheenvironment.

[D]itcanbenefitgrainproduction.

30.Whatisthetextcenteredon?

[A]Theeffectsofaprogram.

[B]Thedebatesoveraprogram.

[C]Theprocessofastudy.

[D]Thetransferabilityofastudy.

.6.

Text3

Asahistorianwho'salwayssearchingfbrthetextortheimagethatmakesus

re-evaluatethepast,Fvebecomepreoccupiedwithlookingforphotographsthat

showourVictorianancestorssmiling(whatbetterwaytoshattertheimageof

19th-centuryprudery?).I'vefoundquiteafew,and——sinceIstartedpostingthem

onTwitter-theyhavebeencausingquiteastir.Peoplehavebeensurprisedtosee

evidencethatVictorianshadfunandcould,anddid,laugh.Theyarenotingthatthe

Victorianssuddenlyseemtobecomemorehumanasthehundred-or-soyearsthat

separateusfadeawaythroughourcommonexperienceoflaughter.

Ofcourse,Ineedtoconcedethatmycollectionof'SmilingVictorians'makes

uponlyatinypercentageofthevastcatalogueofphotographicportraiturecreated

between1840and1900,themajorityofwhichshowsittersposingmiserablyand

stifflyinfrontofpaintedbackdrops,orstaringabsentlyintothemiddle

distance.Howdoweexplainthistrend?

Duringthe1840sand1850s,intheearlydaysofphotography,exposuretimes

werenotoriouslylong:thedaguerreotypephotographicmethod(producingan

imageonasilveredcopperplate)couldtakeseveralminutestocomplete,resulting

inblurredimagesassittersshiftedpositionoradjustedtheirlimbs.Thethoughtof

holdingafixedgrinasthecameraperformeditsmagicaldutieswastoomuchto

contemplate,andsoanon-committalblankstarebecamethenorni.

Butexposuretimesweremuchquickerbythe1880s,andtheintroductionof

theBoxBrownieandotherportablecamerasmeantthat,thoughslowbytoday's

digitalstandards,theexposurewasalmostinstantaneous.Spontaneoussmileswere

relativelyeasytocapturebythe1890s,sowemustlookelsewherefbran

explanationofwhyVictoriansstillhesitatedtosmile.

Oneexplanationmightbethelossofdignitydisplayedthroughacheesygrin.

“Naturegaveuslipstoconcealourteeth,“ranonepopularVictorianmaxim,

alludingtothefactthatbeforethebirthofproperdentistry,mouthswereoftenina

shockingstateofhygiene.Aflashingsetofhealthyandclean,regular"pearly

whites'wasararesightinVictoriansociety,thepreserveofthesuper-rich(and

eventhen,dentalhygienewasnotguaranteed).

Atoothygrin(especiallywhenthereweregapsorblackenedgnashers)

lackedclass:drunks,tramps,andmusichallperformersmightgurnandgrinwitha

smileaswideasLewisCarroll'sgum-exposingCheshireCat,butitwasnota

becominglookfbrproperlybredpersons.EvenMarkTwain,amanwhoenjoyeda

heartylaugh,saidthatwhenitcametophotographicportraitstherecouldbe

“nothingmoredamningthanasilly,foolishsmilefixedfbrever^^.

.7.

31.AccordingtoParagraph1,theauthor'spostsonTwitter

[A]changedpeople'simpressionoftheVictorians.

[B]highlightedsocialmedia'sroleinVictorianstudies.

[C]re-evaluatedtheVictorian'snotionofpublicimage.

[D]illustratedthedevelopmentofVictorianphotography.

32.WhatdoestheauthorsayabouttheVictorianportraitshehascollected?

[A]Theyareinpopularuseamonghistorians.

[B]Theyarerareamongphotographsofthatage.

[C]Theymirror19th-centurysocialconventions.

[D]Theyshoweffectsofdifferentexposuretimes.

33.WhatmighthavekepttheVictoriansfromsmilingforpicturesinthe1890s?

[A]Theirinherentsocialsensitiveness.

[B]Theirtensionbeforethecamera.

[C]Theirdistrustofnewinventions.

[D]Theirunhealthydentalcondition.

34.MarkTwainisquotedtoshowthatthedisapprovalofsmilesinpictureswas

[A]adeep-rootbelief

[B]amisguidedattitude.

[C]acontroversialview.

[D]athought-provokingidea.

35.Whichofthefollowingquestionsdoesthetextanswer?

[A]WhydidmostVictorianslooksterninphotographs?

[B]WhydidtheVictoriansstarttoviewphotographs?

[C]WhatmadephotographydevelopintheVictorianperiod?

[D]Howdidsmilinginphotographsbecomeapost-Victoriannorm?

.8.

Text4

Fromtheearlydaysofbroadband,advocatesfbrconsumersandweb-based

companiesworriedthatthecableandphonecompaniessellingbroadband

connectionshadthepowerandincentivetofavoraffiliatedwebsitesovertheir

rivals\That'swhytherehasbeensuchastrongdemandfbrrulesthatwould

preventbroadbandprovidersfrompickingwinnersandlosersonline,preserving

thefreedomandinnovationthathavebeenthelifebloodoftheInternet.

Yetthatdemandhasbeenalmostimpossibletofill-inpartbecauseof

pushbackfrombroadbandproviders,anti-regulatoryconservativesandthecourts.

AfederalappealscourtweighedinagainTuesday,butinsteadofprovidingabadly

neededresolution,itonlyprolongedthefight.AtissuebeforetheU.S.Courtof

AppealsfbrtheDistrictofColumbiaCircuitwasthelatesttakeoftheFederal

CommunicationsCommission(FCC)onnetneutrality,adoptedonaparty-linevote

in2017.TheRepublican-pennedordernotonlyeliminatedthestrictnetneutrality

rulestheFCChadadoptedwhenithadaDemocraticmajorityin2015,butrejected

thecommission'sauthoritytorequirebroadbandproviderstodomuchofanything.

Theorderalsodeclaredthatstateandlocalgovernmentscouldn'tregulate

broadbandproviderseither.

Thecommissionarguedthatotheragencieswouldprotectagainstanti­

competitivebehavior,suchasabroadband-providingconglomeratelikeAT&T

favoringitsownvideo-streamingserviceattheexpenseofNetflixandApple

TV.YettheFCCalsoendedtheinvestigationsofbroadbandprovidersthatimposed

datacapsontheirrivals'streamingservicesbutnottheirown.

OnTuesday,theappealscourtunanimouslyupheldthe2017order

deregulatingbroadbandproviders,citingaSupremeCourtrulingfrom2005that

upheldasimilarlyderegulatorymove.ButJudgePatriciaMillettrightlyarguedina

concurringopinionthat“theresultisunhingedfromtherealitiesofmodem

broadbandservice,nandsaidCongressortheSupremeCourtcouldinterveneto

“avoidtrappingInternetregulationintechnologicalanachronism.^^

Inthemeantime,thecourtthrewouttheFCC'sattempttoblockallstaterules

onnetneutrality,whilepreservingthecommission'spowertopreemptindividual

statelawsthatundermineitsorder.Thatmeansmorebattlesliketheonenowgoing

onbetweentheJusticeDepartmentandCalifornia,whichenactedatoughnet

neutralitylawinthewakeoftheFCC'sabdication.

Theendlesslegalbattlesandback-and-fbrthattheFCCcryoutfbrCongress

toact.Itneedstogivethecommissionexplicitauthorityonceandfbralltobar

broadbandprovidersfrommeddlinginthetrafficontheirnetworkandtocreate

clearrulesprotectingopennessandinnovationonline.

.9.

36.Therehaslongbeenconcernthatbroadbandproviderswould

[A]bringweb-basedfirmsundercontrol.

[B]slowdownthetrafficontheirnetwork.

[C]showpartialityintreatingclients.

[D]intensifycompetitionwiththeirrivals.

37.Facedwiththedemandfornetneutralityrules,theFCC

[A]stickstoanout-of-dateorder.

[B]takesananti-regulatorystance.

[C]hasissuedaspecialresolution.

[D]hasallowedthestatestointervene.

38.WhatcanbelearnedaboutAT&TfromParagraph3?

[A]Itprotectsagainstunfaircompetition.

[B]Itengagesinanti-competitivepractices.

[C]ItisundertheFCC'sinvestigation.

[D]Itisinpursuitofqualityservice.

39.JudgePatriciaMillettarguesthattheappealscourfsdecision

[A]fbcusontrivialities.

[B]conveysanambiguousmessage.

[C]isatoddswithitsearlierrulings.

[D]isoutoftouchwithreality.

40.Whatdoestheauthorargueinthelastparagraph?

[A]Congressneedstotakeactiontoensurenetneutrality.

[B]TheFCCshouldbeputunderstrictsupervision.

[C]Rulesneedtobesettodiversifyonlineservices.

[D]Broadbandproviders,rightsshouldbeprotected.

.10.

PartB

Directions:

Readthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbychoosingthemostsuitable

subheadingfromthelistA-Gforeachofthenumberedparagraphs(41-45).There

aretwoextrasubheadings.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10

points)

Inthemoviesandontelevision,artificialintelligenceistypicallydepictedas

somethingsinisterthatwillupendourwayoflife.WhenitcomestoAIinbusiness,

weoftenhearaboutitinrelationtoautomationandtheimpendinglossofjobs,but

inwhatwaysisAIchangingcompaniesandthelargereconomythatdon'tinvolve

doom-andgloommassunemploymentpredictions?

ArecentsurveyofmanufacturingandserviceindustriesfromTata

ConsultancyServicesfoundthatcompaniescurrentlyuseAImoreoftenin

computer-to-computeractivitiesthaninautomatinghumanactivities.Hereareafew

waysAIisaidingcompanieswithoutreplacingemployees:

Betterhiringpractices

Companiesareusingartificialintelligencetoremovesomeoftheunconscious

biasfromhiringdecisions."Thereareexperimentsthatshowthat,naturally,the

resultsofinterviewsaremuchmorebiasedthanwhatAIdoes,“saysPedro

Domingos,authorofTheMasterAlgorithm:HowtheQuestfortheUltimate

LearningMachineWillRemakeOurWorldandacomputerscienceprofessoratthe

UniversityofWashington.u(41)"Onecompanythat'sdoingthis

iscalledBlendoor.Itusesanalyticstohelpidentifywheretheremaybebiasinthe

hiringprocess.

Moreeffectivemarketing

SomeAIsoftwarecananalyzeandoptimizemarketingemailsubjectlinesto

increaseopenrates.OnecompanyintheUK,Phrasee,claimstheirsoftwarecan

outperfonnhumansbyupto10percentwhenitcomestoemailopenrates.This

canmeanmillionsmoreinrevenue.(42)Theseare"toolsthathelp

peopleusedata,notareplacementforpeople,MsaysPatrickH.Winston,a

professorofartificialintelligenceandcomputerscienceatMIT.

Savingcustomersmoney

EnergycompaniescanuseAItohelpcustomersreducetheirelectricitybills,

savingthemmoneywhilehelpingtheenvironment.Companiescanalsooptimize

.11.

theirownenergyuseandcutdownonthecostofelectricity.Insurancecompanies,

meanwhile,canbasetheirpremiumsonAImodelsthatmoreaccuratelyaccessrisk.

Domingossays,"(43)"

Improvedaccuracy

"Machinelearningoftenprovidesamorereliableformofstatisticswhich

makesdatamorevaluable,nsaysWinston.It“helpspeoplemakesmarter

decisions.^^(44)__ProtectingandmaintaininginfrastructureAnumberof

companies,particularlyinenergyandtransportation,useAIimageprocessing

technologytoinspectinfrastructureandpreventequipmentfailureorleaksbefore

theyhappen.nIftheyfailfirstandthenyoufixthem,it'sveryexpensive,says

Domingos.u(45)“

[A]AIreplacestheboringpartsofyourjob.Ifyou'redoingresearch,youcanhave

AIgooutandlookforrelevantsourcesandinformationthatotherwiseyoujust

wouldn'thavetimefbr.

[B]Oneaccountingfirm,BY,usesanAIsystemthathelpsreviewcontractsduring

anaudit.Thisprocess,alongwithemployeesreviewingthe-contracts,isfasterand

moreaccurate.

[C]TherearealsocompanieslikeAcquisio,whichanalyzesadvertising

performanceacrossmultiplechannelslikeAdwords,Bingandsocialmediaand

makesadjustmentsorsuggestionsaboutwhereadvertisingfundswillyieldbest

results.

[D]Youwanttopredictifsomethingneedsattentionnowandpointtowhereit*s

usefulfbremployeestogoto.

[E]Before,theymightnotinsuretheoneswhofeltlikeahighriskorchargethem

toomuch,ortheywouldchargethemtoolittleandthenitwouldcostthecompany

money.

[F]We'realsogivingourcustomersbetterchannelsversuspickingupthephoneto

accomplishsomethingbeyondhumanscale.

[G]AIlooksatresumesingreaternumbersthanhumanswouldbeableto,and

selectsthemorepromisingcandidates.

.12

PartCDirections:

Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsinto

Chinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10

points)

WorldWarIIwasthewatershedeventforhighereducationinmodemWestern

societies.(46)Thosesocietiescameoutofdiewarwithlevelsofenrollmentthathadbeen

roughlyconstantat3・5%oftherelevantagegroupsduringthedecadesbeforethewar

Butafterthewar,greatsocialandpoliticalchangesarisingoutofthesuccessfulwar

againstFascismcreatedagrowingdemandinEuropeanandAmericaneconomiesfor

increasingnumbersofgraduateswithmorethanasecondaryschooleducation.(47)And

thedemandthatroseinthosesocietiesfbrentrytohighereducationextendedtogroups

andsocialclassesthathadnotthoughtofattendingauniversitybefbrethewarThese

demandsresultedinaveryrapidexpansionofthesystemso