2022高考英语暑假阅读理解讲练(4)及答案

阅读下列四篇短文，从每小题后所给的A,B,C或D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。Haveyouevernoticedthecolourofthewaterinariverorstreamafteraheavyrainfall?Whatdoyouthinkcausedthischangeincolour?Itissoilthathasbeenwashedintotheriverfromtheriverbankorfromthenearbyfields.

ComponentsofSoilSoilismadeupofanumberoflayers(层),eachhavingitsowndistinctivecolourandtexture.Theupperlayerisknowasthelitter.Itactslikeablanket,limitingtemperaturechangesandreducingwaterloss.Thetopsoillayerismadeupofsmallparticlesofrockmixedwithrottenplantandanimalmattercalledhumus(腐殖质),whichisblackandgivesthetopsoilitsdarkcolour.Thislayerisusuallyrichinnutrients,oxygen,andwater.Belowthetopsoilisthesubsoil,alayerthatcontainsmorestonesmixedwithonlysmallamountsoforganicmatter.Thislayerislighterincolourbecauseofthelackofhumus.Beneaththesoilliesalayerofbedrock.Soilformsfromthebottomup.Overtimebedrockisattackedbyrain,wind,frost,andsnow.Itisgraduallybrokendownintosmallerparticlesinaprocesscalledweathering.Plantsbegintogrow,androttenmaterialsenrichthetopsoil.MostofthesoilinEasternCanada,forexample,wasformedfromweatheredrockthatwasexposedwhentheicedisappeared12,000yearsago.

WaterBeneaththeSoilSurfacewatercollectsandflowsabovethegroundinlakes,ponds,andrivers.Onceinthesoilorrock,itiscalledgroundwater.Gravitypullsgroundwaterthroughthesoilinaprocesscalledpercolation(渗透).Eventuallythewaterreachesalayercalledthewatertable.Underthisisbedrockthroughwhichwatercannotpercolate.Aswaterpercolatesdownward,itdissolvesorganicmatterandmineralsfromthesoilandcarriesthemtodeeperlayers.Thiscausesaseriousproblembecauseplantsrequirethesenutrientsforgrowth.

SoilpHSoilcanbeacidic,neutral,orbasic.ThepHofthesoilisdeterminedbythenatureoftherockfromwhichitwasformed,andbythenatureoftheplantsthatgrowandrotinit.TheacidityofrainandsnowcanlowerthepHofthegroundwaterthatentersthesoil.Byburningfossilfuelssuchascoal,oilandgasoline,humanshavebeencontributingtohigherlevelsofacidityinmanysoils.Whenfossilfuelsareburned,gasesarereleasedintotheairandthenfallbacktoearthasacidrain.Acidsoilincreasestheproblemofcarryingnutrientstolowersoillevels.Asnutrientsareremoved,soilislessfertile.Plantsgrowmoreslowlyinacidicsoil,andalsobecomeeasilyattackedbydiseases.1.Thelayerofsoilthatprovidesnecessarynutrientsforplantgrowthiscalled.A.litterB.topsoilC.humusD.subsoil2.Accordingtothetext,whichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?A.Soilformsfromweatheredrockontheearthsurface.B.Thedeeperlayerofsoilisdarkerincolourthanthesurfacesoil.C.Airpollutionispartiallyresponsibleforacidsoil.D.Groundwatertendstocarryawaynutrientsforplantgrowth.3.Wecaninferfromthepassagethatthewatertablelies.A.betweenthetopsoillayerandthesubsoillayerB.inthesubsoillayerabovebedrockC.betweenthesubsoillayerandbedrockD.inthebedrocklayerbeneaththesubsoil4.Theunderlinedword“dissolve”isusedtoexpresstheideathatorganicmatterandmineralsfromsoilare.A.rushedawayintotheriverB.cleanedandpurifiedbywaterC.destroyedandcarriedawaybywaterD.mixedwithwaterandbecomepartofit【参考答案】1--4、BBCD【附】阅读理解概述（4）题型探究探究点三语义推想题猜词悟义是应用英语的重要力气，也是高考阅读理解中必考的题型。它不但需要精确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，把握或生疏较多的课外词汇。考生应学会通过构词、定义、同位、对比、因果、常识、同义、反义及上下文线索等确定词义。一、题型特点与命题方式此类题型有渐渐增加的趋势，尤其是猜想词组、句义题。由于猜想词组、句义题涉及题材背景、句子结构、文章主旨、作者的观点态度等。联系主旨、整合上下文信息是解答这类题的关键。近几年阅读理解的生词率略有上升，加大了猜想力度。命题者着重考查考生利用同义或反义关系、构词法、语法和语篇文脉等理解生词的力气。【题型特点】1．要求依据阅读材料所供应的信息，结合中同学应有的常识和阅历，正确推断生词词组的含义或熟词在特定语境中表达的具体含义以及一些句子的意思。2．要求猜想词义的词一般为实词，可通过构词法、定义、对比、因果、联想、上下文等线索确定词义。3．代词复指理解题也是猜想词义的常考类型。用“规律关系梳理法”、“逆向寻踪法”理清人物及事物之间的规律关系是关键所在。【设问形式】1．Theunderlinedword“...”inthesecond(third...)paragraphrefersto(means)________.2．Bysaying“...”inthefirst(second...)paragraph,theauthormeansthat________.3．Inparagraph...，“...”canbereplacedby“________”．4．Themeaningof“...”inparagraph...isrelatedto________.5．Whichofthefollowinghastheclosestmeaningto...(paragraph...)?6．Theunderlinedsentenceinthefirst(second...)paragraphprobablymeansthat________.二、解题思路与应试技巧做这种类型的题，要依据词、词组、句子所在的语境来推断其意义。因此娴熟把握一些猜词技巧是做好这类题的关键。命题者在出这类题时惯用常规词义来麻痹考生，我们要特殊留意熟词生义，切不行脱离语境主观臆断。下面结合近几年高考试题，对猜词悟义的技巧加以解读。1．依据定义或上下文解释进行猜想有时短文中毁灭一个需要猜想其意义的词或短语，下面接着毁灭其定义或解释，这就是推断该词或短语意义的主要依据。例如：Itwillbeveryhardbutalsoverybrittle—thatis,itwillbreakeasily.从后面thatis(也就是说)的解释中我们可以了解到brittle是“脆”的意思。Theherdsman,_wholooksaftersheep,earnsabout650yuanayear.定语从句中looksaftersheep就表明白herdsman的词义为“牧羊人”。例1【2009·福建卷】…Inhisbook,hehadchallengedreaderstomakedeepcutsinpersonalemissionstokeeptheworldfromreachingextremelyimportanttipping_points,_suchasthemelting(溶化)oftheicesheetsinGreenlandorWestAntarctica.…Theunderlinedwords“tippingpoints”mostprobablyreferto“______”．A．freezingpointsB．burningpointsC．meltingpointsD．boilingpoints【解析】C依据后一句的suchasthemelting(溶化)oftheicesheetsinGreenlandorWestAntarctica.可知tippingpoints的意思是“融点”。2．依据同位关系进行猜想阅读中毁灭的难词有时后面紧跟一个同位语，对前面的词进行解释，这时可利用同位关系对前面或后面的词义或句意进行猜想。例如：Theytraveledalongway,atlastgottoa_castle,_alargebuildinginoldtimes.同位语部分alargebuildinginoldtimes给出了castle的精确词义，即古时候的“城堡”。Weareonthe_night_shift—frommidnightto8a．m.—thisweek.两个破折号之间的短语很清楚地表明nightshift是“夜班”的意思。The“Chunnel”，atunnel(隧道)connectingEnglandandFrance,isnowcomplete.此句中atunnelconnectingEnglandandFrance是Chunnel的同位语。由此可知，The“Chunnel”就是英法之间的海底隧道。例2TheCoalitionfortheHomelessisanorganizationthatseekstoaddresstheneedsofthehomelesspopulationintheUnitedStates.Itisanetworkofoffices,someofwhichprovidefoodandhousesforthehomelesspopulation,andsomeofwhichfightforthepassingoflawsthatwouldgiveeveryAmericantherighttoaplacetocallhome.…Theword“address”inthefirstsentenceprobablymeans________.A．talkaboutB．dealwithC．fightforD．writeto【解析】B猜想词义题。依据文中其次句“Itisanetworkofoffices,someofwhichprovidefoodandhousesforthehomelesspopulation...”，可知，该组织通过两种方式解决美国无家可归的人的住房问题，故可知B项正确。3．依据构词法(合成、派生、转化等)进行猜想在英语中，有很多词可以在前面加前缀，或在后面加后缀，从而构成一个词，乍看起来，这个词可能是新词，但把握了确定的构词学问，就不难猜出它的词义。例如：“Ourpartiesareaimedforchildren2to10，”Anacleriosaid,“andthey’reveryinteractive_andcreativeinthattheybuiltasenseofdramabasedonasubject.”文中interactive是由前缀inter­(相互的)和active(活动的，活跃的)而构成的，同时依据上下文的意思可以推断，该词的含义应是“互动的”。例3…Thenewtypeofpineapplewassellingfast,andtheDelMonteGoldpineapplerapidlybecameafixtureintheshoppingbasketofthehealthyeater...Theunderlinedword“fixture”probablyreferstosomething______.A．thatpeopleenjoyeatingB．thatisalwayspresentC．thatisdifficulttogetD．thatpeopleuseasagift【解析】B从文章意思可知，这种新型菠萝很畅销，当然成为了健康饮食人士购物筐中的常客。另外依据构词学问可知，该词的词根是fix，含有“固定”之意。4．依据因果关系进行猜想在一篇阅读文章中，依据缘由可以猜想结果，依据结果也可以找出缘由。例如：Thelackofmovementcausedthemusclestoweaken.Sometimestheweaknesswaspermanent.Sotheplayercouldneverplaythesportagain.从后面的结果“永久不能再运动”，可以推想permanent的意思是“永久的，永久的”。Thelowtestscore,theythink,willmakeitimpossibleforthemtogetintoagoodcollege.Andwithoutadegreefromaprestigious_university,_theyfearthatmanyoflife’sdoorswillremainforeverclosed.同学认为考试分数低就不行能进入一所好高校，而没有“名校”的毕业文凭，将来生活中的很多大门可能就会对他们永久关闭。由此推知aprestigiousuniversity应是指名校，即afamousuniversity。例4【2011·福建卷】．..Theproblemisthatifweinvestlittletimeinaperson,ourengagement_withthatpersonwilldecline(减弱)untileventuallyitdiesinto“someoneIonceknew”．...Theunderlinedword“engagement”inthesecondparagraphprobablymeans“________”．A．appointmentB．connectionC．interviewD．agreement【解析】B词义猜想题。依据文中人们投入时间的多少将打算其关系的时长，可知投入时间少，我们和那个人的关系将被减弱，所以engagement是“关系”的含义，与B项全都。5．依据上下文的指代关系进行猜想文章中的代词it,that,this,he,him或them可以指上文提到的人或物，其中it和that还可以指一件事。有时代词指代的对象相隔较远，要认真查找；有时需要对前面提到的内容进行总结，才能得出代词所指代的事。例如：However,thequestionthat“moonpeople”askedisstillaninterestingone.Agrowingnumberofscientistsareseriouslythinkingaboutit.it指的是月球人(moonpeople)所问的问题(thequestion)。例5【2011·福建卷】．..Togetridofalcoholfromthebodyisaveryslowprocessanditisnotpossibletospeeditupwithanymeasuresliketakingashowerorhavingacupofteaorcoffee....Theunderlinedword“it”inthesecondparagraphrefersto“________”．A．alcoholB．absorptionC．bloodD．process【解析】D代词指代题。依据“Togetridofalcoholfromthebodyisaveryslowprocessanditisnotpossibletospeeditupwithanymeasuresliketakingashowerorhavingacupofteaorcoffee.”可知排解身体内的酒精是一个格外缓慢的过程，所以也不行能通过任何手段如洗澡或者喝一杯茶或咖啡加速这个排解过程，这样可以猜想出it指代排解身体内的酒精这一个过程，故选择D。6．依据同义关系进行猜想当词或短语之间有并列连词and或or时，其连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的，由此确定同等关系中的某个生词所属的义域，由此可推知其大致意思。Althoughheoftenhadtheopportunity,Mr.Trittwasneverabletostealmoneyfromacustomer.Thiswouldhaveendangeredhispositionatthebank,andhedidnotwanttojeopardizehisfuture.作者为避开重复使用endanger一词，用其同义词jeopardize来替代它，由此推知其词义为“使……陷入危急，危及，危害”。Doctorsbelievethatsmokingcigarettesisdetrimentaltoyourhealth.Theyalsoregarddrinkingasharmful.句中detrimental是个生词，但推断出harmful替代detrimental后，不难推断出其词义为“不利的，有害的”。例6【2009·重庆卷】．..Whenthingsaregettinghard,avoiceinsidemyheadtellsmethatIcan’tachievesomething.Then,thereareotherdistractions,_suchasfamilyorhobbies....Whatdoestheunderlinedword“distractions”probablyreferto?A．Waysthathelponetofocus.B．Wordsthathelponetofeellesstense.C．Activitiesthatturnone’sattentionaway.D．Habitsthatmakeithardforonetorelax.【解析】C由前面的other可知distractions与第一句意思基本相同，第一句话表达的是让人留意力分散的事情，结合上下文可知答案为C。7．依据转折或对比关系进行猜想依据上下句的连接词，如but,however,otherwise等就可以看到前后句在意义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义来确定另一句的含义。另外，分号也可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。例如：Sheisusuallypromptforallherclass,buttodayshearrivedinthemiddleofherfirstclass.but一词表转折，因此but前后的意思正好相反。后半句的意思是她今日“第一节上了一半才来”，因此反向推理，可得出她平常一向“准时”的结论。8．通过上下文理解猜想词义通过上下文的具体信息猜想词义是目前高考阅读理解题中最常见的一种命题形式。例8【2011·课标全国卷】．..Thefamily’soldfarmhousehasbecomeachickenhouse,itsresidentsarrivingnextmonth....Whatdoestheword“residents”inparagraph1probablyreferto?A．chickensB．tomatoesC．gardensD．people【解析】A词义理解题。联系句子Thefamily’soldfarmhousehasbecomeachickenhouse，itsresidentsarrivingnextmonth.我们知道，这里所说的“房子的居住者”就是这些小鸡。【2022四川省资阳市第一次诊断性考试】Analcoholbreathtest(ABT)isoftenusedbythepolicetofindoutwhetherapersonisdrunkwhiledriving.IntheUnitedStates,thelegalbloodalcohollimitis0.08%forpeopleaged21yearsorolder,whilepeopleunder21arenotallowedtodriveacarwithanylevelofalcoholintheirbody.A“positive”testresult,aresultoverthelegallimit,allowsthepolicetoarrestthedriver.However,manypeoplewhotestedpositiveonthetesthaveclaimedthattheyonlydranka“non-alcoholic”energydrink.CanoneoftheseenergydrinksreallycausesomeonetotestpositiveonanABT?ResearchersinMissourisetupanexperimenttofindout.First,theamountofalcoholin27differentpopularenergydrinkswasmeasured.Allbutonehadanalcohollevelgreaterthan0.005%.Innineofthe27drinks,thealcohollevelwasatleast0.096%.ThescientiststheninvestigatedthepossibilitythatthesesmalllevelsofalcoholcouldbediscoveredbyanABT.TheyaskedtestsubjectstodrinkafullcanorbottleofanenergydrinkandthengaveeachsubjectanABToneminuteand15minutesafterthedrinkwasfinished.For11ofthe27energydrinks,theABTdidfindthepresenceofalcoholifthetestwasgivenwithinoneminuteafterthedrinkwastaken.However,alcoholcouldnotbediscoveredforanyofthedrinksifthetestwasgiven15minutesafterthedrinkwasconsumed.Thisshowsthatwhenthetestistakenplaysanimportantroleinthetestresult.Thesoonerthetestisconductedaftertheconsumptionofthesedrinks,themorelikelyapositivealcoholreadingwillbeobtained.39.Whatisthelegalalcohollevelfora20-year-olddriverintheUS?A.0.000%. B.0.005%. C.0.080%. D.40.WhatisthepurposeoftheMissouriexperiment?A.Towarnpeopleofthedangersofdrinkingenergydrinks.B.Tointroduceanewmethodofcalculatingbloodalcohollevels.C.TodiscovertherelationbetweenenergydrinksandABTtestresults.D.TochangethecurrentlegalalcohollimitfordriversintheUnitedStates.41.Theunderlinedword“subjects”inParagraph2refersto_____.A.thethingsthatarebeingdiscussed B.areasofknowledgestudiedinschoolC.thepersoninanexperiment D.thepeoplewhobelongtoacountry42.WhichofthefollowingaffectstheABTtestresultmostforenergydrinkconsumers?A.Theageofthepersonwhotakesthetest.B.Theplacewherethetestisgiven.C.Theequipmentthatthetestuses.D.Thetimewhenthetestistaken.【参考答案】39、AC 41-45CD【2022四川省资阳市第一次诊断性考试】DAnAmericaneducationalexpert,FrederickM.Hess,saysthatalongsummervacationdoesn’tmakesenseintoday’sworld.Thissummer,50millionkidswillspendmuchtimetalkingonline,watchingTV,playingvideogamesandaskingolderbrothersorsisterstotakethemtothesupermarket.Theywillalsobeputtingtheiracademicfuturesatrisk.Duringmuchofthe20thcentury,manyAmericansworkedinfactoriesthatdidnotneedacollegedegreebutstillofferedahighsalary.Also,inthe19thcentury,therewasnoaircondition.Andpoorhygiene(卫生)meantthatcrowdedschoolshadhealthrisks.Thingshavechanged.Fortoday’sstudents,academicskillsarekeytofuturesuccess.Manycountriesdon’tgivekidsanAmerican-stylesummervacation.Theyoffernomorethansevenconsecutive(连续的)weeksofvacation.