重难点01-1阅读理解之题型剖析(新高考专用)(学生版)

重难点01-1阅读理解之题型剖析-2023年高考英语【热点·重点·难点】专练(新高考专用)新高考阅读理解两年(2021-2022)题型统计年份20222021卷别卷I卷II卷I卷II细节理解题6788推理判断题7555词义猜测题1211主旨大意题1111对于新高考省份来说，2021-2022两年是新课标老教材新高考，2023年将是新课标新教材新高考，由此我们有理由认为：在体现“稳中有变”原则的前提下，结合考虑“三新”的情况，预计2023年高考英语的命题会在“变”上加大力度。就阅读理解题型而言，根据上表的统计情况分析看，笔者以为：细节理解题比重有减少的趋势，而在推理判断题或是在主旨大意题上亦有可能增加比重。一、细节理解题细节理解题的题干是针对原文的具体叙述进行设题的，主要考查考生对所阅读的材料中的某一个特定细节、原文中的主要事实的甄别能力。(一)所考查的主要内容细节理解题所考查的内容主要有：直接信息题和间接信息题。1.直接信息题的答案几乎可以直接从原文中找出来，考生只要根据题干中的关键词与原文进行对照，就能找到答案；2.间接信息题也就是语义转化题(需要将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的转换，两者存在表达上的差异，有时需要进行加工或整理后方能得出结论)。这类题目要求考生能理解原文中某个短语或句子的含义，从而找到与答案意思相同的词语和句子。这种题属于中档层次题，包括数字计算题、排列顺序题、图表图画题等。(二)正选项的主要特征1.同义近义替换把原文中的关键在正确选项中进行同义近义替换；2.词性语态转换把原文中的关键词在正确选项中变换了词性；在正确选项中改变了原文句子的语态；3.复杂语言简化把原文中的复杂语言现象在正确选项中进行了简化；4.正话反话转换把原文中的意思反过来表达(正话反说或反话正说)而成为正确选项(适用于寻找错误选项的题目)。(三)干扰项的主要特征1.扩缩范围干扰项或是扩大或是缩小了范围(通过改变或去掉限制性词语，将信息的范围、程度、感情色彩等改变)，使其与原文的内容一部分吻合，一部分相悖。此种类型的干扰项也有人称之为“正误参半”(“误”的那一部分就是“鱼目混珠，以假乱真”)；2.无中生有干扰项所述内容在原文中并未提及。此种类型的干扰项在某种情况下又可称之为“偷梁换柱”(符合常识，但在原文中貌似有却没有)；3.张冠李戴原文中有与干扰项相一致的细节，但与题干要求貌似神离。最典型的有两种：一种是对原文中所涉及到的“彼”和“此”的信息进行转嫁(把本来属于“彼”的信息转嫁到“此”的身上，反过来亦然)。另一种是考生把自己制作的“冠”(与某个干扰项非常相似)戴在“题干”上。也就是说，考生不是依据原文信息进行选择，而是将自己置身其中凭自己的认知对标干扰项而作出的选择。此种类型的干扰项也有人称之为“混淆视听”或“曲解文意”。【满分技巧1】题文比对法用“题文比对”法解直接信息题。所谓“题文比对”就是在我们解题时，把题干中的“关键词”与原文中“有关信息”比对后定答案。1.从题干中(包括备选项)提取关键词语(题眼)，锁定答题方向；2.以这些“关键词语”为线索，运用略读及寻读的技巧快速在原文中找到与此关键词语相关的信息；3.仔细比对所给选项与原文中相关信息，与原文信息吻合的选项就是正确答案。【经典考例】(2022·北京卷A篇)(引用原题号，以后同)Peer(同伴)AssistedStudySessions(PASS)isapeer-facilitatedlearningprogrammeavailabletostudentsenrolled(注册)inmostcoreunitsofstudyinourbusinessschool.PASSinvolvesweeklysessionswhereyouworkingroupstotacklespeciallypreparedproblemsets,basedaroundaunitofstudyyou’reenrolledin.PASSdoesn’tre-teachordelivernewcontent.It’sanopportunitytodeepenyourunderstandingofthekeypointsfromlecturematerialswhileyouareapplyingyourskillstosolveproblems.Youworkinteractivelywithyourpeers.Asapeergroup,youdecidewhatiscoveredineachsession.Thatway,PASSdirectlyrespondstoyourneedsandfeedback.RegistrationinTerm2willopenat9am,21September2022.WaitinglistsIfasessionisfull,youcanregisterforthewaitinglist.Wewillemailyouifaplacebecomesavailableorifanewsessionistobeheld.Whenyouareplacedonawaitinglist,wewillemailyouanumberwhichtellsyouwhereyouareonthelist.Ifyouareclosetothefrontofthelist,youhaveagoodchanceofgainingaplaceintheprogrammeinthenearfuture.DeregisteringIfyoumisstwoPASSsessionsinarow,youwillbederegisteredandyourplacewillbegiventosomeoneonthewaitinglist.Makesureyoufillintheattendancesheetateachsessiontorecordyourattendance.You’llbeinformedbyemailifyouarebeingderegisteredasaresultofmissingsessions.Ifyoubelieveyouhavereceivedtheemailinerror,emailthePASSofficeatpassoffice@umbs.edu..21.InPASS,students_______.A.attendnewlectures B.decidetheirownschedulesC.prepareproblemsetsingroups D.usetheirskillstosolveproblems22.Whatcanstudentsdoifasessionisfull?A.Fillintheattendancesheet. B.Signupforthewaitinglist.C.Reporttheirneedsandfeedback. D.Emailtheofficetheirnumbersonthelist.23.Studentswillbederegisteredif_______.A.theysendemailsinerror B.theyfailtoworkinteractivelyC.theygivetheirplacestoothers D.theymisstwosessionsinarow【满分技巧2】“‘定’章取义”法用“定‘章’取义”法解间接信息题。所谓“定‘章’取义”是指在解题时，抓住题干中的关键词先定位到原文相关处或段落处，锁定关键信息，这就是“‘定’章”。然后准确理解每个选项的意思后“取义”(寻找与原文信息相关的同义词、近义词或反义词)，比对选项与原文信息，搞定正确选项。【经典考例】(2021·全国乙卷D篇节选)Duringaninterviewforoneofmybooks,myinterviewersaidsomethingIstillthinkaboutoften.Annoyedbythelevelofdistraction(干扰)inhisopenoffice,hesaid,“That’swhyIhaveamembershipatthecoworkingspaceacrossthestreet—soIcanfocus”.Hiscommentstruckmeasstrange.Afterall,coworkingspacesalsotypicallyuseanopenofficelayout(布局).ButIrecentlycameacrossastudythatshowswhyhisapproachworks.Theresearchersexaminedvariouslevelsofnoiseonparticipantsastheycompletedtestsofcreativethinking.Theywererandomlydividedintofourgroupsandexposedtovariousnoiselevelsinthebackground,fromtotalsilenceto50decibels(分贝),70decibels,and85decibels.Thedifferencesbetweenmostofthegroupswerestatisticallyinsignificant;however,theparticipantsinthe70decibelsgroup—thoseexposedtoalevelofnoisesimilartobackgroundchatterinacoffeeshop—significantlyoutperformedtheothergroups.Sincetheeffectsweresmall,thismaysuggestthatourcreativethinkingdoesnotdifferthatmuchinresponsetototalsilenceand85decibelsofbackgroundnoise...32.Whydoestheinterviewerpreferacoworkingspace?A.Ithelpshimconcentrate. B.Itblocksoutbackgroundnoise.C.Ithasapleasantatmosphere. D.Itencouragesface-to-faceinteractions.二、推理判断题推理判断题阅读理解中对考生推理判断能力的考查要求考生在理解原文字面意又的基础上，通过对文中细节中隐含的信息和语篇逻辑关系的分析作出一定的判断和推理，从而理解作者所要传达的信息、得出文草的深层意义及隐含意义。它主要考查考生理清上下文逻辑关系系的能力和识别能力。推理判断题是历届高考英语的命题重点，包括判断和推理两个方面。属于深层理解题，一般难度较高，得分率较低；推理判断题要求在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，做出一定的推理判断，从而得到文章的隐含意义和深层意义。(一)所考查的主要内容特定细节推断、态度观点推断、写作意图推断、文章出处推断等。此外，高考偶尔还会考查对篇章结构或框架构成乃至文章的续写的推理判断。(二)正选项的主要特征1.一般其内容的含义比较丰富，更加具有综合性和概括性，尤其当四个选项都符合常识或者题目意思时，意义最丰富的选项往往是正确答案。2.表述一般比较相对，不会用表示绝对意义的词汇，如only,never,all,absolutely等，而会用一些相对留有余地的词汇，如often,usually,sometimes,might,can,could,possibly,probably等。3.有时正确答案反而是与我们通过常识判断得出的结论是相反的。因此，如果四个选项中有三个看上去与常识的判断相符，而余下的那一个却是反常识的，那么那个选项往往是正确答案。(三)干扰项的主要特征参看细节理解题“干扰项的主要特征”的有关内容。【满分技巧1】“顺藤摸瓜”解特定细节推断题“顺藤摸瓜”解特定细节推断题，指的是顺着“题干中的关键词”这根“藤”定位到原文相关处，将题干中的一窜“瓜(四个备选项)”与原文相关处仔细分析比对，最终摘到那个隐藏的真正的“瓜(即正确答案)”(一般来说特定细节推断题都是话里有话，需要考生把其中隐含的信息推理出来)。【经典考例】(2019·全国II卷B篇节选)“Youcanusemeasalastresort(选择),andifnobodyelsevolunteers,thenIwilldoit.”ThiswasanactualreplyfromaparentafterIputoutarequestforvolunteersformykidslacrosse(长曲棍球)club.Iguessthatthere’sprobablysomedemandingworkschedule,orsocialanxietyaroundsteppinguptohelpforanunknownsport.Shemayjustneedalittlepersuading.SoItryagainandtugattheheartstrings.ImentionthesingleparentwithfourkidsrunningtheshowandItalkaboutthedadcoachingateamthathiskidsaren’tevenon…Atthispointtheunwillingparentspeaksup,“Alright.Yes,I’lldoit.”24.Whatcanweinferabouttheparentfromherreplyinparagraphl?A.Sheknowslittleabouttheclub. B.Sheisn’tgoodatsports.C.Shejustdoesn’twanttovolunteer. D.She’sunabletomeetherschedule.【满分技巧2】“看‘裁’吃饭”解态度观点推断题“看‘裁’吃饭”解态度观点推断题，指的是根据原文的体裁不同特点来推断作者的观点态度。记叙文的特点是：文章作者不是直接提出观点，但常常有某种倾向性，因而考生在读原文时要非常仔细的捕捉表达或暗示情感态度的单词和短语。说明文的特点是：作者往往采取中立的态度；议论文的特点是：文章的论点往往会直接或间接表明作者的态度立场。另外，考生要对表达观点态度的常见词汇了如指掌。表示积极或支持态度的：appreciate,approve,approving,befor,confident,enthusiastic,favourable,hopeful,humorous,impressive,optimistic,pleasant,positive,praise,support,supportive,infavourof等等；表示消极或反对的态度：critical,disappointed,disapproving,disgusted,doubtful,indifferent,intolerant,negative,opposed,pessimistic,subjective,unconcerned,uninterested等等；表示中立态度的：ambiguous(模棱两可的),cautious(谨慎的),factual(事实上的),impartial(不偏不倚的),objective(客观的),neutral(中立的)等等。【经典考例】(2021·全国新高考I卷D篇节选)Althoughpopularbeliefsregardingemotionalintelligencerunfaraheadofwhatresearchcanreasonablysupport,theoveralleffectsofthepublicityhavebeenmorebeneficialthanharmful.Themostpositiveaspectofthispopularizationisanewandmuchneededemphasis(重视)onemotionbyemployers,educatorsandothersinterestedinpromotingsocialwell-being.Thepopularizationofemotionalintelligencehashelpedboththepublicandresearchersre-evaluatethefunctionalityofemotionsandhowtheyservepeopleadaptivelyineverydaylife.34.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetothepopularizationofemotionalintelligence?A.Favorable. B.Intolerant. CDoubtful. D.Unclear.【满分技巧3】“量体裁衣/量‘法’而行”解写作意图推断题“量体裁衣/量‘法’而行”解写作意图推断题，指的是根据原文写作文体和写作手法，透过字里行间(要关注逻辑关系和细节暗示)，推断出作者的写作意图。从写作文体上看：应用文有明显支持倾向的语言，以此说明写作意图是告知、推销还是吸引参观者、读者等；记叙文段首、段尾的高度概括句，或者哲理性的语言都会体现写作意图；说明文把握文章主旨，找准主旨句进而推断出写作意图；议论文提出论点，进行论证，然后得出结论。而写作意图往往就在最后的结论中。从写作手法上看：开头提出问题引出主题或写作目的；介绍与主题有关的事情或事物表达作者的观点与写作意图。【经典考例】(2020·新高考I卷C篇节选)Inthemid-1990s,TomBisselltaughtEnglishasavolunteerinUzbekistan.Heleftaftersevenmonths,physicallybrokenandhavinglosthismind.Afewyearslater,stillattractedtothecountry,hereturnedtoUzbekistantowriteanarticleaboutthedisappearanceoftheAralSea.Hisvisit,however,endedupinvolvingalotmorethanthat.Hencethisbook,ChasingtheSea:LostAmongtheGhostsofEmpireinCentralAsia,whichtalksaboutaroadtripfromTashkenttoKarakalpakstan,wheremillionsofliveshavebeendestroyedbytheslowdryingupofthesea.ItisthestoryofanAmericantravellingtoastrangeland,andofthepeoplehemeetsonhisway:Rustam,histranslator,alovely24-year-oldwhopickeduphiscolorfulEnglishinCalifornia,OlegandNatasha,hishostsinTashkent,andastringofforeignaidworkers.31.Whatisthepurposeofthistext?A.Tointroduceabook. B.Toexplainaculturalphenomenon.C.Torememberawriter. D.Torecommendatraveldestination.【满分技巧4】“对号入座”解文章出处判断题文章出处判断题只要考生具备一定的文体常识，然后“对号入座”，就可以搞定答案。比如，对于newspaper/newsreport,advertisement,website,travelguide/brochure,magazine/journal/entertainmentsection,sciencereport/studyreport/research,biography/autobiography,book/filmreview,courseplan等等上面应该刊载/登载什么类别的文章，考生都应该有所了解。【经典考例】(浙江·2020年1月卷A篇节选)Ineverknewanyonewho’dgrownupinJacksonwithoutbeingafraidofMrs.Calloway,ourlibrarian.SheranJackson’sCarnegieLibraryabsolutelybyherself.SILENCEinbigblackletterswasonsignshungeverywhere.Ifshethoughtyouweredressedimproperly,shesentyoustraightbackhometochangeyourclothes.Iwaswilling;IwoulddoanythingtoreadMymothersharedthisfeelingofmine.Now,Ithinkofherasreadingsomuchofthetimewhiledoingsomethingelse.IrememberherreadingamagazinewhiletakingthepartoftheWolfinagameof"LittleRedRidingHood“withmybrother’stwodaughters.She’djustlookupattherighttime,longenoughtoanswer-incharacter—“Thebettertoeatyouwith,mydear,”andgobacktoherplaceinthemagazinearticle.MymotherwasnotafraidofMrs.Calloway.Shewishedmetohavemyownlibrarycardtocheckoutbooksformyself.Shetookmeintointroduceme.“Eudoraisnineyearsoldandhasmypermissiontoreadanybookshewantsfromtheshelves,childrenoradults,”Mothersaid.23.Whereisthetextprobablyfrom?A.Aguidebook.B.Anautobiography.C.Anewsreport.D.Abookreview.【满分技巧5】“整体把握”解文章篇章结构判断题文章结构题的考查对象无非是整个篇章或其中的某个段落，在解答此类题目之前，有必要对全篇或被考查的段落进行通读以了解其大意。然后：①了解篇章结构的组织形式。从段落组织方式上讲，常见的篇章结构有三种：总分式结构(总→分；总→分→总；分→总)、并列式结构(段落之间是平行关系，并且相对独立)、对照式结构(结构形式上是一正一反)、递进式结构(几个段落之间属于递进关系)；②了解文章的论证方法。从论证方法上讲，常见的议论文结构有以下两类：Putforwardaquestion→Analyzethequestion→Solvethequestion即“提出问题、分析问题、解决问题”的过程；Argument/Idea→Evidence→Conclusion/Restatingtheidea即“由论点到论据到结论/强调论点”的过程。③了解文章的写作手法。从写作手法上讲，在高考阅读理解中主要考查下定义、分类说明、列举例证和对比等写作手法。其中，“引用”和“例证”是议论文和说明文中最常用的写作手法之一，是历年高考阅读试题中必不可缺的命题方向。“引用”和“例证”的共同目的就是增强说服力，以更好地达到说理、说明的目的。“引用”和“例证”的共同功能就是服务于段落或篇章的主题。【经典考例】(南京外国语学校2022-2023学年高三上学期期中)Ourcharacter,basically,isacompositeofourhabits.“Sowathought,reapanaction;sowanaction,reapahabit;sowahabit,reapacharacter;sowacharacter,reapadestiny,”themaximgoes.Habitsarepowerfulfactorsinourlives.Becausetheyareconsistent,oftenunconsciouspatterns,theyconstantly,daily,expressourcharacterandproduceoureffectiveness…orineffectiveness.AsHoraceMann,thegreateducator,oncesaid,“Habitsarelikeacable.Weweaveastrandofiteverydayandsoonitcannotbebroken.”Ipersonallydonotagreewiththelastpartofhisexpression.Iknowtheycanbebroken.Habitscanbelearnedandunlearned.ButIalsoknowitisn’taquickfix.Itinvolvesaprocessandatremendouscommitment.ThoseofuswhowatchedthelunarvoyageofApollo11weretransfixedaswesawthefirstmenwalkonthemoonandreturntoearth.Superlativessuchas“fantastic”and“incredible”wereinadequatetodescribethoseeventfuldays.Buttogetthere,thoseastronautsliterallyhadtobreakoutofthetremendousgravitypulloftheearth.Moreenergywasspentinthefirstfewminutesoflift-off,inthefirstfewmilesoftravel,thanwasusedoverthenextseveraldaystotravelhalfamillionmiles.Habits,too,havetremendousgravitypull-morethanmostpeoplerealizeorwouldadmit.Breakingdeeplyimbeddedhabitualtendenciessuchasprocrastination,impatience,criticalness,orselfishnessthatviolatebasicprinciplesofhumaneffectivenessinvolvesmorethanalittlewillpowerandafewminorchangesinourlives.“Lift-off”takesatremendouseffort,butoncewebreakoutofthegravitypull,ourfreedomtakesonawholenewdimension.Likeanynaturalforce,thegravitypullcanworkwithusoragainstus.Thegravitypullofsomeofourhabitsmaycurrentlybekeepingusfromgoingwherewewanttogo.Butitisalsothegravitypullthatkeepsourworldtogether,thatkeepstheplanetsintheirorbitsandouruniverseinorder.Itisapowerfulforce,andifweuseiteffectively,wecanusethegravitypullofhabittocreatethecohesivenessandordernecessarytoestablisheffectivenessinourlives.30.Whatisthestructureofthetext?A. B. C. D.三、主旨大意题主旨大意题是阅读理解中考生容易失分的题目，因为该类试题不仅考查考生略读文章、领会大意的能力，也对考生的归纳、概括能力提出了较高的要求。此类题型一般在文章中没有明显的解题依据，需要考生从文章中提炼、抽取一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括，才能归纳出文章的主旨。所以，遇到主旨大意题时切勿草率作答，一定要读完读通文章后再做判定，建议考生把此类题放到最后来做。(一)所考查的主要内容段落大意题、文章主旨题、和标题归纳题。(二)正选项的主要特征1.选项内容概括性强，最大程度覆盖全段或全文；2.正确选项标题简洁醒目、针对性强、高度概括。(三)干扰项的主要特征参看细节理解题“干扰项的主要特征”的有关内容。【满分技巧1】厘清框架归纳段意段落框架大体可以分成以下三种：1.“总——分”式框架：段落首句为主题句。段落的其他各句都是为主题句服务的：举例、论证等；2.“分——总”式框架：段落尾句为主题句，段落的其他各句都是为主题句服务的：举例、论证等；3.“分——总——分”式框架：主题句在段中。段落开头列举具体事例或现象，通过分析这些事例或现象得出结论(即主题句)，后面的内容只是继续或拓展结论。另外还有“无主题句式”：段落主题隐含在全段中，没有明确的主题句。尽管如此，但可以通过某些关键词句的解读归纳出段落大意。【经典考例】(2021·浙江卷C篇节选)“Withourstudy,wethinkwecannowconfidentlyconcludethatatleastsomedogscandistinguishhumanfacialexpressions,”MullertoldLiveScience.Atthispoint,itisnotclearwhydogsseemtobeequippedwiththeabilitytorecognizedifferentfacialexpressionsinhumans.“Tous,themostlikelyexplanationappearstobethatthebasisliesintheirlivingwithhumans,whichgivesthemalotofexposuretohumanfacialexpressions,andthisexposurehasprovidedthemwithmanychancestolearntodistinguishbetweenthem,”Mullersaid.30.Whatisthelastparagraphmainlyabout?A.Asuggestionforfuturestudies. B.Apossiblereasonforthestudyfindings.C.Amajorlimitationofthestudy D.Anexplanationoftheresearchmethod.【满分技巧2】有的放矢寻找主题1.关注首段：开门见山提出了主题或在首段末句给出主题；2.关注中段：开头段列举具体事例或现象，中间段通过分析这些事例或现象得出结论(即主题句)，文末段只是继续或拓展结论；3.关注末段：文末概括主题；4.关注首尾：首段揭示主题，末段再次点题。另外还有“无主题句”：文章中心主题隐含在全文中，没有明确的主题句。尽管如此，但可以通过删除某些细节、事实、例子后凝练出核心部分，也就是全文主旨大意。5.关注“标志”标志一“转折词”：转折词后的句子可能就是主题句；标志二“总结词”：总结词后的句子一般就是主题句；标志三“疑问词”：对疑问句后所回答的内容可能就是主题句；标志四“复现词”：反复出现的高频词往往是文章的主题词，抓住高频词也就抓住了主题。【经典考例】(2022·全国高考甲卷C篇)AsGinniBazlintonreachedAntarctica,shefoundherselfgreetedbyagroupoflittleGentoopenguins(企鹅)longingtosayhello.Thesegentle,lovelygatekeeperswelcomedherandkick-startedwhatwastobeatripGinniwouldneverforget.Eversinceherchildhood,Ginni,now71,hashadadeeplovefortravel.Throughouthercareer(职业)asaprofessionaldancer,shetouredintheUK,butalwayslongedtoexplorefurther.Whensheretiredfromdancingandhersonseventuallyflewthenest,shedecideditwastimetotaketheplunge.AftertakingadegreeatChichesterUniversityinRelatedArts,Ginnibegantotraveltheworld,eventuallygettingworkteachingEnglishinJapanandChile.AnditwasinChileshediscoveredshecouldgetlast-minutecheapdealsonshipsgoingtoAntarcticafromtheislandsoffTierradelFuego,thesouthernmosttipoftheSouthAmericanmainland.“Ijustdecidedwantedtogo,”shesays.“IhadnoideaaboutwhatI’dfindthereandIwasn’tnervous,Ijustwantedtodoit.AndIwantedtodoitaloneasIalwayspreferitthatway.”InMarch2008,Ginniboardedashipwith48passengersshe’dnevermetbefore,tobeginthejourneytowardsAntarctica.“Fromseeingthewildlifetowitnessingsunrises,thewholeexperiencewasamazing.Antarcticaleftanimpressiononmethatnootherplacehas,”Ginnisays.“IrememberthefirsttimeIsawahumpbackwhale;itjustroseoutofthewaterlikesomeprehistoriccreatureandIthoughtitwassmilingatus.Youcouldstillheartheoperaticsoundsitwasmakingunderwater.”Therealizationthatthisisapreciousland,toberespectedbyhumans,wasoneofthebiggestthingsthathithometoGinni.11.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Achildhooddream. B.Anunforgettableexperience.C.Sailingaroundtheworld. D.MeetinganimalsinAntarctica.【满分技巧3】借助抓手提炼标题抓手一“掐住关键词”：要掐住反复出现的词语，多次强调的观点，这些其实就是体现主旨的关键词，也是提炼标题的关键词；抓手二“浓缩主题句”：找准主题句，将主题句进行凝练浓缩，提炼出其中的核心词汇，而这往往就是标题的核心词汇；抓手三“串联诸细节”：分析原文重要细节，找出其中的共同点，串联这些共同点提炼标题；抓手四“正误皆可试”：一是试“对”法(解题节省时间而保险系数低)。用最可能的选项去验证其与原文内容的相似度，最相似者为最佳选项；二是试“错”法(保险系数大而解题耗时太多)。把四个选项与原文内容一一比对，逐一排除错误选项。【经典考例】(2022·全国高考甲卷B篇)Goffin’scockatoos,akindofsmallparrotnativetoAustralasia,havebeenshowntohavesimilarshape-recognitionabilitiestoahumantwo-year-old.Thoughnotknowntousetoolsinthewild,thebirdshaveprovedskilfulattoolusewhilekeptinthecage.Inarecentexperiment,cockatooswerepresentedwithaboxwithanutinsideit.Theclearfrontoftheboxhada“keyhole”inageometricshape,andthebirdsweregivenfivedifferentlyshaped“keys”tochoosefrom.Insertingthecorrect“key”wouldletoutthenut.Inhumans,babiescanputaroundshapeinaroundholefromaroundoneyearofage,butitwillbeanotheryearbeforetheyareabletodothesamewithlesssymmetrical(对称的)shapes.Thisabilitytorecognizethatashapewillneedtobeturnedinaspecificdirectionbeforeitwillfitiscalledan“allocentricframeofreference”.Intheexperiment,Goffin’scockatooswereabletoselecttherighttoolforthejob,inmostcases,byvisualrecognitionalone.Wheretrial-and-errorwasused,thecockatoosdidbetterthanmonkeysinsimilartests.ThisindicatesthatGoffin’scockatoosdoindeedpossessanallocentricframeofreferencewhenmovingobjectsinspace,similartotwo-year-oldbabies.Thenextstep,accordingtotheresearchers,istotryandworkoutwhetherthecockatoosrelyentirelyonvisualclues(线索),oralsouseasenseoftouchinmakingtheirshapeselections.25.Whichcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.Cockatoos:QuickErrorCheckers B.Cockatoos:IndependentLearnersC.Cockatoos:CleverSignal-Readers D.Cockatoos:SkilfulShape-Sorters四、词义/句意猜测题词义/句意猜测题是高考阅读理解考查里面尽管所占比例最小，但它是必考的题型之一。它可以是对一个单词的意义的推断，也可以是对一个短语或句子的意义的推断；既可以考查生词的意义，也可以考查熟词的僻意，还可以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。在阅读理解题中，所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，而要根据短文提供的语境，通过阅读上下文，根据已知的信息或常识来推测尚不熟悉的词、短语的意义、代词的指代或句子的隐含意义。(一)所考查的主要内容词义猜测：对原文中所划线的单词、习语或短语的意义、代词指代的猜测；句义猜测：对原文中所划线句子的意义的猜测。(二)正选项的主要特征1.生词的本义：对划线超课标词的本义解释；2.熟词的僻意：对划线熟词作出僻意的解释；3.代词的指代：对划线代词逻辑指代的解释；4.句子的含义：对原句隐性意义的显性解释。(三)干扰项的主要特征1.表里不一的解释：干扰项会列出划线部分的字面意思或常规含义，此乃“表里不一”；2.貌合神离的解释：干扰项所表达的意思表面上看与原文中划线部分相当吻合，其实不符，此乃“貌合神离”。干扰项所表达的意思考生非常熟悉，代到原文看似说得通，其实不通，亦乃“貌合神离”；3.毫不相干的解释：命题者故意杜撰出来的解释，此乃“毫不相干”。【满分技巧1】利用划线词与邻里关系解词义猜测题除了通常所用的构词法来解词义猜测题外，我们还可以借助下列关系来解词义猜测题。划线词与邻里关系主要有下列几种：1.逻辑关系：同义/近义关系、反义关系、因果关系、让步/转折关系、对比关系、相似关系等等(以上关系都有明显的标志词)；2.语法关系：同位关系(同位语及其从句)、限制关系(限制性定语从句)、解释关系(非限制性定语从句、下定义)等等。注意：同位关系和解释关系有时也使用破折号、冒号、分号、引号和括号等表示。【经典考例1】(2022·全国高考乙卷C篇节选)Thatincludeshugesavingsinmaintenancecostsandbetterprotectionofrailwaypersonnelsafety.ItiscalculatedthatEuropeanrailwaysalonespendapproximately20billioneurosayearonmaintenance,includingsendingmaintenancestaff,oftenatnight,toinspectandrepairtherailinfrastructure.Thatcanbedangerousworkthatcouldbeavoidedwithdronesassistingthecrews’efforts.29.Whatdoes“maintenance”underlinedinparagraph3referto?A.Personnelsafety. B.Assistancefromdrones.C.Inspectionandrepair. D.Constructionofinfrastructure.【经典考例2】(2021·新高考I卷C篇节选)WhentheexplorersfirstsetfootuponthecontinentofNorthAmerica,theskiesandlandswerealivewithanastonishingvarietyofwildlife.NativeAmericanshadtakencareofthesepreciousnaturalresourceswisely.Unfortunately,ittooktheexplorersandthesettlerswhofollowedonlyafewdecadestodecimatealargepartoftheseresources.Millionsofwaterfowl(水禽)werekilledatthehandsofmarkethuntersandahandfulofoverlyambitioussportsmen.Millionsofacresofwetlandsweredriedtofeedandhousetheever-increasingpopulations,greatlyreducingwaterfowlhabitat.29.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“decimate”meaninthefirstparagraph?A.Acquire. B.Export. C.Destroy. D.Distribute.【经典考例3】(2021·天津第一次高考卷B篇节选)ThepoignancyofJordanretiringfromhisbelovedbasketballtoplaybaseballandwhathadpushedhimtomakesuchatoughdecisiontookmebysurprise.AsIwatchedhimtakeoffhisbasketballuniformandreplaceitwithabaseballuniform,Isawhimleavingbehindthelayerthatnolongerservedhim,justasourlizardhad.Neitherofthemchosethemomentthathadtransformedthem.Buttheyhadtolivewithwhotheywereaftereverythingwasdifferent.Justlikeus.Irealizedthatwehavetolearntoleavethepastbehind.43.Theunderlinedpart“leavingbehindthelayer”inParagraph8canbeunderstoodas.A.givingupanopportunity B.lookingforanewjobC.gettingridofabadhabit D.lettinggoofthepast【经典考例4】(2020·天津第一次高考卷C篇节选)Makingtheskieselectricisn'tjustgoodfortheenvironment,italsomakessoundfinancialsense:asmallaircraftuses$400onconventionalfuelfora100-mileflight,whileanelectriconecosts$8-12forthesamedistance,andthat'sbeforeyoufactorinthehighermaintenancecostsofatraditionalengine.There’salsotheaddedbonusthatelectricplanesarejustmuchmorepleasanttoflyin.Noloudenginenoise,nosmelloffuel,justenvironmentallyfriendlypeaceandquiet.47.Theexpression“addedbonus”referstothefactthatelectricplanes_______.A.givepassengersmorepleasantviews B.bringairlinesmorefinancialbenefitsC.offermoreenjoyableflyingexperiences D.costlessinmaintenancethantraditionalones【满分技巧2】利用原句(意)与选项比对解句意猜测题寻找原句前后的关键信息，细读并分析这些关键信息，推断出原句的大体意思，将其与备选项进行比对，内容契合度最高的就是正确答案。【经典考例】(2022·天津高三专题练节选)Ifyouareuncomfortable,beingsilentwillonlymakeitworseandmaketheotherpersonuncomfortableaswell.Sowhenallelsefails,followthroughwithsmalltalkuntilacommontopicappears.Agoodwaytokeepaconversationgoingistoasktheotherpersonquestions.Peoplelovetotalkaboutthemselvesandifyoudothis,theywillleavetheconversation,thinkingveryhighlyofyou.Learninggoodcommunicationskillsisnotsomethingoutofreach.Ifyoumakeaneffort,youwillsucceed.20.What’sthemeaningoftheunderlinedsentence?A.Youwillbegoodatcommunicationifyoutry.B.Goodcommunicationskillscanbelearnedifyoutry.C.Notallpeoplecanlearngoodcommunicationskills.D.Communicationskillscanbeimprovedeasily.【满分技巧3】利用定位与代入替换解代词指代题判断被指代的部分是指代上文还是指代下文，将该被指代部分的内容代入原文替换这个代词，核实句意是否符合上下文的语境，符合的就是正确答案。【经典考例】(2020·山东高考/新高考I卷C篇节选)Inthemid-1990s,TomBisselltaughtEnglishasavolunteerinUzbekistan.Heleftaftersevenmonths,physicallybrokenandhavinglosthismind.Afewyearslater,stillattractedtothecountry,hereturnedtoUzbekistantowriteanarticleaboutthedisappearanceoftheAralSea.Hisvisit,however,endedupinvolvingalotmorethanthat.Hencethisbook,ChasingtheSea:LostAmongtheGhostsofEmpireinCentralAsia,whichtalksaboutaroadtripfromTashkenttoKarakalpakstan,wheremillionsofliveshavebeendestroyedbytheslowdryingupofthesea...29.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“that”inparagraph2referto?A.Developingaseriousmentaldisease. B.TakingaguidedtourinCentralAsia.C.WorkingasavolunteerinUzbekistan. D.WritinganarticleabouttheAralSea.(题目序号仿新高考)每组答题时间不超过30分钟Group1AFournewbookstoread(2023届广东省六校高三上学期第二次联考)Thebooksthatareincludedinthislistcanmeetyourreadingneedsatanytimeofyear.NobodyWillTellYouThisbutMeBessKalbInthisbook,theauthorsharestheadviceherbelovedgrandmotherBobbylefther.Bobbywasapowerfulwomanwhoshouldneverbeunderestimated,andshewasveryknowledgeableaboutthefamily’straditionsandsecrets.Thebookprovesthatfamilybondscanendurethroughgenerationsandbeyonddeath.WeCameHeretoShineSusieOrmanSchnallWeCameHeretoShinefocusesonthestrongfemalefriendshipbetweenanaspiringjournalistandanunluckyactressatthe1939NewYorkWorld’sFair.Leaningoneachother,thesetwoambitiouswomenstruggledagainstadversity(困境)atatimewhenwomenhadlittlesay.AStarIsBoredByronLaneFavoredbytelevisionstarJonathanVanNess,thisnovelispartlybasedontheauthor’sexperiencesastheformerpersonalassistanttoCarrieFisher,alegendaryAmericanactress.ThebookfollowsCharlieBesson,thenewassistanttotheHollywoodicon,KathiKannon.Theirthree-yearjourneytogetherisanunforgettableadventurethatisfunny,heartbreaking,andhopeful.FastGirlsEliseHooperThestoryinFastGirlstookplaceduringthe1936BerlinOlympics,whereBettyRobinson,LouiseStokes,andHelenStephensovercamedifficultpaststoattainOlympicgloryastheworld’sfastestfemaleathletes.Beyondtheathleticjourney,theyalsoaimedtochallengethesocialstandardsofwhatfemalescanachieve.21.WhoisthecharacterinBessKalb’sbook?A.Bobby. B.SusieOrmanSchnall.C.CarrieFisher. D.BettyRobinson.22.WhatkindofbookisAStarIsBored?A.Abiography. B.Anindustryreport.C.Areal-lifebasednovel. D.Afictionaladventurestory.23.Whichofthefollowingbookswillyouchooseifyouareinterestedinsports?A.WeCameHeretoShine B.NobodyWillTellYouThisbutMeC.AStarIsBored D.FastGirlsB(2023届浙江省杭州二中新高三上学期适应性测试)Althoughitisabusinessnotmanyareawareof,sidewalkrobotsaresettobecomeanindustrywithannualsalesof$Ibnwithinadecade,reckonsIDTechEx,aBritishfirmofanalysts.Thesefour-orsix-wheeledautonomousmachines,usuallythesizeofasuitcase,arealreadydeliveringgroceriesandothergoodsinAmerica,ChinaandEurope.Thatputsthemaheadofmanydriverlesscars,vansandlorriesbeingdeveloped.Thosebiggervehiclesareheldbacknotby