大学生英语CET四级真题试卷合集5份

大学英语四级真题试卷

PartIWriting

(30minutes)

(请于正式开考后半小时内完成该部分，之后将进行听力考试)

Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteanadvertisementon

yourcampuswebsitetosellsomeofthecoursebooksyouusedatcollege.Your

advertisementmayincludeabriefdescriptionoftheircontentjheircondition,their

priceandyourcontactinformation.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsbutnomore

than180words.

PartIIListeningComprehension

(25minutes)

PartmReadingComprehension(40

minutes)

SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequired

toselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowing

thepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices,Each

choiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.Pleasemarkthecorrespondingletterfor

eachitemonSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuse

anyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.

Questions26to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Asifyouneededanotherreasontohatethegym,itnowturnsoutthatexercise

canexhaustnotonlyyourmuscles,butalsoyoureyes.Fearnot,however,forcoffee

canstimulatethemagain.During(26)exercise,ourmusclestireastheyrun

outoffuelandbuildupwasteproducts.Muscleperformancecanalsobeaffectedbya

(27)called"centralfatigue,inwhichanimbalanceinthebody'schemical

messengerspreventsthecentralnervoussystemfromdirectingmusclemovements

(28).Itwasnotknown,however,whethercentralfatiguemightalsoaffect

motorsystemsnotdirectly(29)intheexerciseitself,suchasthosethat

movetheeyes.Tofindout,researchersgave11volunteercyclistsacarbohydrate(碳

水化合物的)(30)eitherwithamoderatedoseofcaffeine(咖啡因)，which

isknowntostimulatethecentralnervoussystem,orasaplacebo(安慰剂)without,

during3hoursof(31).Afterexercising,thescientiststestedthecyclistswith

eye-trackingcamerastoseehowwelltheirbrainscouldstill(32)theirvisual

system.Theteamfoundthatexercisereducedthespeedofrapideyemovementsby

about8%,(33)theirabilitytocapturenewvisualinformation.Thecaffeine,

theequivalentoftwostrongcupsofcoffee,was(34)toreversethiseffect,

withsomecyclistsevendisplaying(35)eyemovementspeeds.Soitmightbe

agoodideatogetsomeoneelsetodriveyouhomeafterthatmarathon.

注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。

A)cautiouslyB)commitC)controlD)cycling

E)effectivelyF)increasedG)involvedH)limited

I)phenomenonJ)preventingK)sensitiveL)slowing

M)solutionN)sufficientO)vigorous

SectionB

Directions:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatements

attachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.

Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychoosea

paragraphmorethanonce.EachparagraphismarkedwithaletterAnswerthe

questionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronA/zswerSheet2.

Teamspirit

[A]Teamshavebecomethebasicbuildingblocksoforganizations.Recruitment

advertisementsroutinelycallfor“teamplayers”.Businessschoolsgradetheirstudents

inpartontheirperformanceingroupprojects.Officemanagersknockdownwallsto

encourageteambuilding.Teamsareasoldascivilization,ofcourse:evenJesushad

12co-workers.ButanewreportbyDeloitte,^GlobalHumanCapitalTrends”,based

onasurveyofmorethan7,000executivesinover130countries,suggeststhatthe

fashionfbrteamworkhasreachedanewhigh.Almosthalfofthosesurveyedsaid

theircompanieswereeitherinthemiddleofrestructuringorabouttoembarkon（开

始）it;andforthemostpart,restructuringmeantputtingmoreemphasisonteams.

[BlCompaniesareabandoningconventionalfunctionaldepartmentsand

organisingemployeesintocross-disciplinaryteamsthatfocusonparticularproducts,

problemsorcustomers.Theseteamsaregainingmorepowertoruntheirownaffairs.

Theyarealsospendingmoretimeworkingwitheachotherratherthanreporting

upwards.Deloittearguesthataneworganisationalformisontherise:anetworkof

teamsisreplacingtheconventionalhierarchy（等级体制）.

[C]Thefashionforteamsisdrivenbyasensethattheoldwayoforganising

peopleistoorigidforboththemodemmarketplaceandtheexpectationsofemployees.

Technologicalinnovationplacesgreatervalueonagility（灵活性）.JohnChambers,

chairmanofCiscoSystemsInc.,aworldwideleaderinelectronicsproducts,saysthat

“wecompeteagainstmarkettransitions（过渡），notcompetitors.Producttransitions

usedtotakefiveorsevenyears;nowtheytakeoneortwo."Digitaltechnologyalso

makesiteasierforpeopletoco-ordinatetheiractivitieswithoutresortingtohierarchy.

The"millennials”（千禧一代）whowillsoonmakeuphalftheworkforceinrich

countrieswereraisedfromnurseryschoolonwardstoworkingroups.

[D]Thefashionforteamsisalsospreadingfromtheusualcorporatesuspects

（suchasGEandIBM）tosomemoreunusualones.TheClevelandClinic,ahospital

operator,hasreorganiseditsmedicalstaffintoteamstofbcusonparticulartreatment

areas;consultants,nursesandotherscollaboratecloselyinsteadofbeingseparatedby

speciality(专业)andrank.TheUSArmyhasgonethesameway.Inhisbook,“Team

ofTeams*GeneralStanleyMcChrystaldescribeshowthearmy'shierarchicalstructure

hindereditsoperationsduringtheearlystagesoftheIraqwar.Hissolutionwasto

learnsomethingfromtheinsurgentsitwasfighting:decentraliseauthorityto

self-organisingteams.

[E]Agoodruleofthumbisthatassoonasgeneralsandhospitaladministrators

jumponamanagementbandwagon,itistimetoaskquestions.LeighThompsonof

KelloggSchoolofManagementinIllinoiswarnsthat,'Teamsarenotalwaysthe

answer-teamsmayprovideinsight,creativityandknowledgeinawaythataperson

workingindependentlycannot;butteamworkmayalsoleadtoconfusion,delayand

poordecision-making.^^ThelateRichardHackmanofHarvardUniversityonceargued,

“Ihavenoquestionthatwhenyouhaveateam,thepossibilityexiststhatitwill

generatemagic,producingsomethingextraordinary...Butdon'tcountonit.”

[F]Hackman(whodiedin2013)notedthatteamsarehamperedbyproblemsof

co-ordinationandmotivationthatchipawayatthebenefitsofcollaboration.

High-flyersforcedtoworkinteamsmaybeundervaluedandfree-ridersempowered.

Groupthinkmaybeunavoidable.Inastudyof120teamsofseniorexecutives,he

discoveredthatlessthan10%oftheirsupposedmembersagreedonwhoexactlywas

ontheteam.Ifitishardenoughtodefineateam'smembership,agreeingonits

purposeisharderstill.

[G]Profoundchangesintheworkforcearemakingteamstrickiertomanage.

Teamsworkbestiftheirmembershaveastrongcommonculture.Thisishardto

achievewhen,asisnowthecaseinmanybigfirms,alargeproportionofstaffare

temporarycontractors.Teamworkimproveswithtime:America'sNational

TransportationSafetyBoardfoundthat73%oftheincidentsinitscivil-aviation

databaseoccurredonacrew'sfirstdayofflyingtogether.However,asAmy

EdmondsonofHarvardpointsout,organisationsincreasinglyuse“team”asaverb

ratherthananoun:theyformteamsfbrspecificpurposesandthenquicklydisband

them.

[H]Theleastthatcanbeconcludedfromthisresearchisthatcompaniesneedto

thinkharderaboutmanagingteams.Theyneedtoridtheirmindsofsentimentalism

（感情用事）：themostsuccessfulteamshaveleaderswhoareabletosetanoverall

directionandtakeimmediateaction.Theyneedtokeepteamssmallandfocused:

givingintopressuretobemore“inclusive“isaguaranteeofdysfunction.JeffBezos,

Amazon'sboss,saysthat“IfIseemorethantwopizzasfbrlunch,theteamistoobig.”

Theyneedtoimmunizeteamsagainstgroup-think:Hackmanarguedthatthebestones

contain^deviants1"（离经叛道者）whoarewillingtodosomethingthatmaybe

upsettingtoothers.

[I]Anewstudyof12,000workersin17countriesbySteelcase,a

furniture-makerwhichalsodoesconsulting,findsthatthebestwaytoensure

employeesare“engaged“istogivethemmorecontroloverwhereandhowtheydo

theirwork—whichmaymeanliberatingthemfromhavingtodoeverythingin

collaborationwithothers.

[J]However,organisationsneedtolearnsomethingbiggerthanhowtomanage

teamsbetter:theyneedtobeinthehabitofaskingthemselveswhetherteamsarethe

besttoolsfbrthejob.Teambuildingskillsareinshortsupply:Deloittereportsthat

only12%oftheexecutivestheycontactedfeeltheyunderstandthewaypeoplework

togetherinnetworksandonly21%feelconfidentintheirabilitytobuild

cross-functionalteams.Looselymanagedteamscanbecomehotbedsof

distraction—employeesroutinelycomplainthattheycan'tgettheirworkdone

becausetheyareforcedtospendtoomuchtimeinmeetingsorcompelledtoworkin

noisyoffices.Evenintheageofopen-planofficesandsocialnetworkssomeworkis

bestlefttotheindividual.

注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。

36.Successfulteamleadersknowexactlywheretheteamshouldgoandareabletotake

promptaction.

37.Decentralisationofauthoritywasalsofoundtobemoreeffectiveinmilitary

operations.

38.Inmanycompanies,theconventionalformoforganisationisgivingwaytoa

networkofteams.

39.Membersofpoorlymanagedteamsareeasilydistractedfromtheirwork.

40.Teamworkismosteffectivewhenteammemberssharethesameculture.

41.AccordingtoareportbyDeloitte,teamworkisbecomingincreasinglypopular

amongcompanies.

42.Someteammembersfindithardtoagreeonquestionslikemembershipandthe

team'spurpose.

43.Somescholarsthinkteamworkmaynotalwaysbereliable,despiteitspotentialto

workwonders.

44.Toensureemployees*commitment,itisadvisabletogivethemmore

flexibilityastowhereandhowtheywork.

45.Producttransitionstakemuchlesstimenowthaninthepast.

SectionC

Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedby

somequestionsorunfinishedstatements.Foreachofthemtherearefourchoices

markedA),B),C)andD).Youshoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthe

correspondingletteronA/zsworSheetasinglelinethroughthecentre.

PassageOne

Questions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

TheShoppersintheUKarespendinglessmoneyontoiletpapertosavemoney,

researchhasshown.

Penny-pinchingUKconsumerschoosecheaperproductsfromdiscounterssuch

asAldiandLidlratherthanluxuryalternatives.

Thishaswiped6%offthevalueofthesofttissuepapermarketintheUK.Ithas

shrunkfrom£1.19billionin2011to£1.12billionin2015,accordingtoanewreport

frommarketresearchcompanyMintel.Furthermore,thefutureofthemarketlooksfar

fromrosy,withsalesexpectedtofallfurtherto£1.11billionin2016.

Inthelastyearalone,despiteanincreaseintheUKpopulationandasubsequent

riseinthenumberofhouseholds,salesoftoiletpaperfellby2%,withtheaverage

householdreducingtheirtoiletrollspendingfrom£43in2014to£41in2015.

Overall,almostthreeinfivepeoplesaytheytrytolimittheirusageof

paper-includingfacialtissueandkitchenroll—tosavemoney."Strength,softness

andthicknessremaintheleadingindicatorsoftoiletpaperquality,withjustasmall

proportionofconsumerspreferringmoreluxuriousalternatives,suchasthosewith

flowerpatternsofperfume,saidMintelanalystJackDuckett."Theseextrafeaturesare

deemedunnecessarybythemajorityofshoppers,whichprobablyreflectshowthese

typesofproductsaretypicallymoreexpensivethanregulartoiletpaper,evenwhenon

specialoffer.”

Whileconsumersarespendinglessontoiletpaper,theyremainfussy—intheory

atleast-whenitcomestopaperquality.TopofBritons5toiletpaperwishlistis

softness(57%)followedbystrength(45%)andthickness(36%).

Onein10buyersrandtoiletrollsmadefromrecycledpaperamongtheirtop

considerations,highlightinghowoveralltheenvironmentismuchlessofa

considerationforshoppersthanproductquality.Inachallengeformanufacturers,81%

ofpaperproductuserssaidtheywouldconsiderbuyingrecycledtoilettissueifitwere

comparableinqualitytostandardpaper.

注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。

46.Themarketsalesoftoiletpaperhavedecreasedbecause.

A)Britonshavecuttheirspendingonit

B)itspriceshavegoneupovertheyears

C)itsqualityhasseenmarkedimprovement

D)Britonshavedevelopedthehabitofsaving

47.WhatdoestheauthorthinkofthefutureofthetissuepapermarketintheUK?

A)Itwillexpendinlime.

B)Itwillremaingloomy.

C)Itwillexperienceupsanddowns.

D)Itwillrecoveraspopulationgrows.

48.WhatdoesJackDuckettsayabouttoiletpaper?

A)Specialofferswouldpromoteitssales.

B)Consumersareloyaltocertainbrands.

C)Luxuriousfeaturesaddmuchtotheprice.

D)Consumershaveavarietytochoosefrom.

49.WhatdowelearnaboutBritonsconcerningtoiletpaper?

A)Theyareparticularaboutthequalityoftoiletpaper.

B)Theyemphasizethestrengthoftoiletpaperthemost.

C)Theyprefercheaptoiletpapertorecycledtoiletpaper.

D)Theyrejectusingtoiletpaperwithunnecessaryfeatures.

50.Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?

A)MoreandmoreBritonsbuyrecycledtoilerpapertoprotecttheenvironment.

B)Toiletpapermanufacturersarefacingagreatchallengeinpromotingitssales.

C)Toiletpapermanufacturerscompetewithoneanothertoimproveproduct

quality.

D)EnvironmentalprotectionisnotmuchofaconcernwhenBritonsbuytoilet

paper.

PassageTwo

Questions51to55arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

“OneofthereasonsIfindthistopicveryinterestingisbecausemymomwasa

smokerwhenIwasyounger,“saysLindson-Hawley,whostudiestobaccoandhealth

attheUniversityofOxford.

Bystudyingabout700adultsmokers,shefoundoutthathermomquittheright

way一bystoppingabruptlyandcompletely.

Inherstudy,participantsv/ererandomly(随机地)assignedtotwogroups.One

hadtoquitabruptlyonagivenday,goingfromaboutapackadaytozero.Theother

cutdowngraduallyoverthecourseoftwoweeks.Peopleinbothgroupsusednicotine

(尼古丁)patchesbeforetheyquit,inadditiontoasecondformofnicotine

replacement,likegumorspray.Theyalsohadtalktherapywithanursebeforeand

afterquitday.

Sixmonthsout,morepeoplewhohadquitabruptlyhadstuckwithit—morethan

one-fifthofthem,comparedtoaboutone-seventhintheothergroup.Althoughthese

numbersappearlow,itismuchhigherthanifpeopletrywithoutsupport.

Andthequitrateswereparticularlyconvincinggiventhatbeforethestudy

started,mostofthepeoplehadsaidthey'drathercutdowngraduallybeforequitting.

“Ifyou'retrainingforamarathon,youwouldn'texpecttoturnupandjustbeableto

runit.AndIthinkpeopleseethatfbrsmokingaswell.Theythink,'Well,ifI

graduallyreduce,it'slikepractice,saysLindson-Hawlcy.Butthatwasn'tthecase.

Insteadofgivingpeoplepractice,thegradualreductionlikelygavethemcravings(瘾)

andwithdrawalsymptomsbeforetheyevenreachedquitday,whichcouldbewhy

fewerpeopleinthatgroupactuallymadeittothatpoint.t4Regardlessofyourstated

preference,ifyou'rereadytoquit,quittingabruptlyismoreeffective,“saysDr.

GabrielaFerreira."Whenyoucanquoteaspecificnumberlikeafifthofthepatients

wereabletoquit,that'scompelling.Itgivesthemtheencouragement,Ithink,toreally

gofbrit,"Ferreirasays.

Peoplerarelymanagetoquitthefirsttimetheytry.Butatleast,shesays,they

canmaximizetheoddsofsuccess.

注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。

51.WhatdoesLindson-Hawleysayabouthermother?

A)Shequitsmokingwithherdaughter'shelp.

B)Shesucceededinquittingsmokingabruptly.

C)Shewasalsoaresearcheroftobaccoandhealth.

D)Shestudiedthesmokingpatternsofadultsmokers.

52.WhatkindofsupportdidsmokersreceivetoquitsmokinginLindson-Hawley,s

study?

A)Theyweregivenphysicaltraining.

B)Theywerelookedafterbyphysicians.

C)Theywereencouragedbypsychologists.

D)Theywereofferednicotinereplacements.

53.HowdoesDr.GabrielaFerreiraviewtheresultofLindson-Hawley*sexperiment?

A)Itisidealized.

B)Itisunexpected.

C)Itisencouraging.

D)Itismisleading.

54.Theideaof“amarathon,,(Line2,Para.5)illustratesthepopularbeliefthat

quittingsmoking

A)issomethingfewcanaccomplish

B)needssomepracticefirst

C)requiresalotofpatience

D)isachallengeatthebeginning

55.Whathappenswhenpeopletrytoquitsmokinggradually?

A)Theyfinditevenmoredifficult.

B)Theyaresimplyunabletomakeit.

C)Theyshowfewerwithdrawalsymptoms.

D)Theyfeelmuchlesspainintheprocess.

PartIVTranslation

(30minutes)

Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestotranslateapassage

fromChineseintoEnglish.YoushouldwriteyouransweronAnswerSheet2.

黄河是亚洲第三、世界第六长的河流。“黄”这个字描述的是其河水浑浊的

颜色。黄河发源于青海，流经九个省份，最后注入渤海。黄河是中国赖以生存的

几条河流之一。黄河流域(riverbasin)是中国古代文明的诞生地，也是中国早期历

史上最繁荣的地区。然而，由于极具破坏力的洪水频发，黄河曾造成多次灾害。

在过去几十年里，政府采取了各种措施防止灾害发生。

注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。

答案

12345678910111213141516171819202122232425

26272829303132333435363738394041424344454647484950

OIEGMDCJNFHDBJGAFEICABCAD

5152535455

BDCBA

大学英语四级考试真题试卷

PartIWriting

(25minutes)

(请于正式开考后半小时内完成该部分，之后将进行听力考试)

Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteanessay.Supposeyou

havetwooptionsupongraduation:oneistoworkinastate-ownedbusinessandthe

otherinajointventure.Youaretomakeachoicebetweenthetwo.Writeanessayto

explainthereasonsforyourdecision.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsbutnomore

than180words.

注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。

PartIIListeningComprehension

(30minutes)

PartDIReadingComprehension(40

minutes)

SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequired

toselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowing

thepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices,Each

choiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletterPleasemarkthecorrespondingletterfor

eachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuse

anyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.

Questions26to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Whensomeonecommitsacriminalact,wealwayshopethepunishmentwill

matchtheoffense.Butwhenitcomestooneofthecrudestcrimes—animal

fighting—things(26)workoutthatway.Dog-fightingvictimsare(27)

andkilledforprofitand"sport,“yettheircriminalabusersoftenreceivea

(28)sentenceforcausingalifetimeofpain.Roughlyhalfofall

federally-convictedanimalfightersonlygetprobation(缓开(1).

Someprogresshasbeenmadeintheprosecution(起诉)ofanimalfighters.But

federaljudgesoftenrelyheavilyontheU.S.SentencingGuidelineswhenthey

(29)penalties,andinthecaseofanimalfighting,thoseguidelinesare

outdatedandextremely(30).

TheU.S.SentencingCommission,which(31)thesesentencing

guidelines,isrevisitingthem,proposingtoraisetheminimumsentencefrom6-12to

21-27months.Thisisastepintheright(32),butwe*dliketoseetheU.S.

SentencingCommissionmakefurtherchangestotheguidelines.

Alongwiththiseffort,we'reworkingwithanimaladvocatesandstateandfederal

lawmakersto(33)anti-crueltylawsacrossthecountry,aswellassupporting

lawsandpoliciesthatassistoverburdenedanimal(34)thatcareforanimal

fightingvictims.Thishelpis(35)importantbecausethehighcostofcaring

foranimalvictimsisamajorfactorthatpreventspeoplefromgettinginvolvedin

crueltycasesinthefirstplace.

注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。

A.ConvenientB.createsC.criticallyD.determineE.direction

F.HesitateG.inadequateH.inspiredI.methodJ.minimal

K.RarelyL.sheltersM.strengthenN.sufferingsO.tortured

SectionB

Directions:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatements

attachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.

Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychoosea

paragraphmorethanonce.EachparagraphismarkedwithaletterAnswerthe

questionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.

TheSecrettoRaisingSmartKids

A)Ifirstbegantoinvestigatethebasisofhumanmotivation—andhowpeople

persevereaftersetbacks-asapsychologygraduatestudentatYaleUniversityinthe

1960s.AnimalexperimentsbypsychologistsattheUniversityofPennsylvaniahad

shownthatafterrepeatedfailures,mostanimalsconcludethatasituationishopeless

andbeyondtheircontrol.Aftersuchanexperienceananimaloftenremainspassive

evenwhenitcaneffectchange-astatetheycalledlearnedhelplessness.

B)Peoplecanlearntobehelpless,too.Whydosomestudentsgiveupwhenthey

encounterdifficulty,whereasotherswhoarenomoreskilledcontinuetostriveand

learn?Oneanswer,Isoondiscovered,layinpeople'sbeliefsaboutwhytheyhad

failed.

C)Inparticular,attributingpoorperformancetoalackofabilitydepresses

motivationmorethandoesthebeliefthatlackofeffortistoblame.WhenItolda

groupofschoolchildrenwhodisplayedhelplessbehaviorthatalackofeffortledto

theirmistakesinmath,theylearnedtokeeptryingwhentheproblemsgottough.

Anothergroupofhelplesschildrenwhoweresimplyrewardedfbrtheirsuccesson

easierproblemsdidnotimprovetheirabilitytosolvehardmathproblems.These

experimentsindicatedthatafocusoneffortcanhelpresolvehelplessnessand

generatesuccess.

D)Later,Idevelopedabroadertheoryofwhatseparatesthetwogeneralclasses

oflearners—helplessversusmastery-oriented.Irealizedthesedifferenttypesof

studentsnotonlyexplaintheirfailuresdifferently,buttheyalsoholddifferent

''theories"ofintelligence.Thehelplessonesbelieveintelligenceisafixed

characteristic:youhaveonlyacertainamount,andthafsthat.IcallthisaHfixed

mind・set(思维模式)."Mistakescracktheirself-confidencebecausetheyattribute

errorstoalackofability,whichtheyfeelpowerlesstochange.Theyavoidchallenges

becausechallengesmakemistakesmorelikely.Themastery-orientedchildren,onthe

otherhand,thinkintelligenceisnotfixedandcanbedevelopedthrougheducationand

hardwork.Suchchildrenbelievechallengesareenergizingratherthanintimidating

（令人生畏）；theyofferopportunitiestolearn.Studentswithsuchagrowthmind-set

weredestined（注定）forgreateracademicsuccessandwerequitelikelytooutperform

theircounterparts.

E）Wevalidatedtheseexpectationsinastudyinwhichtwootherpsychologists

andImonitored373studentsfortwoyearsduringthetransitiontojuniorhighschool,

whentheworkgetsmoredifficultandthegradingmorestrict,todeterminehowtheir

mind-setsmightaffecttheirmathgrades.Atthebeginningofseventhgrade,we

assessedthestudents'mind-setsbyaskingthemtoagreeordisagreewithstatements

suchas"Yourintelligenceissomethingverybasicaboutyouthatyoucan'treally

change.MWethenassessedtheirbeliefsaboutotheraspectsoflearningandlookedto

seewhathappenedtotheirgrades.

F）Aspredicted,thestudentswithagrowthmind-setfeltthatlearningwasa

moreimportantgoalthangettinggoodgrades.Inaddition,theyheldhardworkin

highregard.Theyunderstoodthatevengeniuseshavetoworkhard.Confrontedbya

setbacksuchasadisappointingtestgrade,studentswithagrowthmind-setsaidthey

wouldstudyharderortryadifferentstrategy.Thestudentswhoheldafixedmind-set,

however,wereconcernedaboutlookingsmartwithlessregardfbrleaming.Theyhad

negativeviewsofeffort,believingthathavingtoworkhardwasasignoflow

ability.Theythoughtthatapersonwithtalentorintelligencedidnotneedtoworkhard

todowell.Attributingabadgradetotheirownlackofability,thosewithafixed

mind-setsaidthattheywouldstudylessinthefuture,trynevertotakethatsubject

againandconsidercheatingonfuturetests.

G）Suchdifferentoutlookshadadramaticimpactonperformance.Atthestartof

juniorhigh,themathachievementtestscoresofthestudentswithagrowthmind-set

werecomparabletothoseofstudentswhodisplayedafixedmind-set.Butasthework

becamemoredifficult,thestudentswithagrowthmind-setshowedgreater

persistence.Asaresult,theirmathgradesovertookthoseoftheotherstudentsbythe

endofthefirstsemester-andthegapbetweenthetwogroupscontinuedtowiden

duringthetwoyearswefollowedthem.

H)Afixedmind-setcanalsohindercommunicationandprogressinthe

workplaceanddiscourageorignoreconstructivecriticismandadvice.Research

showsthatmanagerswhohaveafixedmind-setarelesslikelytoseekorwelcome

feedbackfromtheiremployeesthanaremanagerswithagrowthmind-set.