高考英语复习专题三阅读理解第三节题组训练2科普知识

题组2科普知识专题三阅读了解第三节题组训练1/40A(·河东区一模)Doyoueverwishforalittlemoretimetodoeverythingyouneedtodo？Well，onJuly1you’llbegettingit—butonlyonemoresecond.OnJuly1atexactly7：59：59a.m.Beijingtime(oronJune30at23：59：59UTC，CoordinatedUniversalTime)，theworld’satomic(原子)clockswillpauseforasinglesecond，or，moreprecisely，changetotheunusualtimeof7：59：60，accordingtotheverge.com.Theadditionofaleapsecond(闰秒)，announcedbytheParisObservatory，istokeepourclocksintimewiththeslowingofEarth’srotation(旋转)andastronomicaltimeasmeasuredbythesun.2/40Justoneextrasecondcouldcausebigproblemsandaffectthewaycomputersandwebsiteswork，however.Whenthelastleapsecondwasaddedbackin，morethanafewwebsiteshadsometrouble.AsreportedbyPhys.org，popularsiteslikethecommunitywebsiteRedditcrashedwhentheleapsecondwasadded.ForReddit，theproblemwaseventuallyfoundtobewithaLinuxsystemthatgotconfusedwhenitcheckedthenetworktimeandfoundanextrasecond.3/40SpeakingtoWiredabouttheproblembackin，LinuxcreatorLinusTorvaldscommented：“Almosteverytimewehavealeapsecond，wefindsomething.It’sreallyannoying，becauseit’scode(代码)thatisalmostneverused，andthusnottestedbyusersundertheirnormalconditions.”Companieshavehadtothinkoftheirownsolutions，andGoogle’s“leapsmear”maybethebest-knownexample.AscompanyengineerChristopherPascoeexplainsinablogpost，companiesusuallytrytofixtheproblembyturningbacktheclocksbyonesecondattheendofthedaysothattheyplaythatsecondagain.4/40However，Pascoebelievesthiscreatesproblems.Heasked：“Whathappens？Doese-mailthatcomesinduringthatsecondgetstoredcorrectly？”Googlehasasolution：Cuttheextrasecondintomillisecondsandthenputthesetinyamountsoftimeintothesystemthroughouttheday.“Thismeansthatwhenitbecametimetoaddanextrasecondatmidnight，”saysPascoe.“Ourclockshavealreadytakenthisintoaccountoverthecourseoftheday.”5/40FormanycompanieswithoutGoogle’smoney，however，theleapsecondwilllikelystillcausesomecrashes.Don’tworry，though—atleastitwon’tlastlong!语篇解读本文主要介绍了“闰秒”带来影响及其处理方案。6/401.WhydoweneedtoaddaleapsecondA.Theworld’satomicclocksaresettodoso.B.Tokeepintimewiththeworld’scomputers.C.TokeepatomicclocksintimewiththeslowingofEarth’srotation.D.Torecordthechangestoastronomicaltime.解析细节了解题。依据文章第二段中“Theadditionofaleapsecond(闰秒)，announcedbytheParisObservatory，istokeepourclocksintimewiththeslowingofEarth’srotation(旋转)andastronomicaltimeasmeasuredbythesun.”可知，闰秒是因为地球自转变慢引发，为了与由太阳测量天文时间一致而增加一秒，故选C。√答案解析231457/402.WhathappenedtothewebsiteRedditwhentheleapsecondwasaddedinA.Itcrashedbecauseofavirusattack.B.Itsnetworktimeaddedtwoextraseconds.C.AllofthecodeinitsLinuxsystemwentwrong.D.Oneofitssoftwaresystemsgotconfusedandthesitebrokedown.解析细节了解题。依据第三段最终一句和第四段中“theproblemwaseventuallyfoundtobewithaLinuxsystemthatgotconfusedwhenitcheckedthenetworktimeandfoundanextrasecond”可知，闰秒发生时，网站瓦解，运行系统混乱，故选D。√答案解析231458/40解析代词指代题。依据文章第五段中“wefindsomething.It’sreallyannoying，becauseit’scode(代码)thatisalmostneverused，andthusnottestedbyusersundertheirnormalconditions”可知，something指代后文出现一些从没使用过和测试过代码，即代码不正常地工作，故选A。3.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“something”refertointhe5thparagraphA.Thecodenotworkingproperly. B.Theextrasecond.C.Theproblem. D.Normalconditions.√答案解析231459/404.HowdocompaniesusuallydealwiththeproblemoftheextrasecondA.Byshuttingdowncomputersattheendoftheday.B.Bystoppingreceivingemailsthatcomeinduringthatsecond.C.Byturningtheclocksbackbyonesecondattheendoftheday.D.Bycuttingtheextrasecondintomillisecondsthroughouttheday.解析细节了解题。依据第六段中“companiesusuallytrytofixtheproblembyturningbacktheclocksbyonesecondattheendofthedaysothattheyplaythatsecondagain”可知，处理额外一秒做法是在一天结束时将时钟往回调一秒，故选C。√答案解析2314510/405.What’sChristopherPascoe’sattitudetowardGoogle’ssolutiontotheproblemA.Unfavorable. B.Doubtful.C.Approving. D.Cautious.解析推理判断题。依据倒数第二段中“‘Thismeansthatwhenitbecametimetoaddanextrasecondatmidnight，’saysPascoe.‘Ourclockshavealreadytakenthisintoaccountoverthecourseoftheday.’”可知，午夜时分多一秒时，时钟已经在白天将这一秒考虑在内了，所以Pascoe认同这个方法，故选C。√答案解析2314511/40B(·和平区一模)Soapingupyourhandsmaydomorethanjustgetridofgerms.Itmaywashawaytheinnerconfusionyoufeelrightafterbeingforcedtomakeachoicebetweentwoappealingchoices，accordingtoanewstudy.Thestudybuildsonpastresearchintoaphenomenonknownas“theMacbetheffect”.12/40ItturnsoutthatShakespearewasreallyontosomethingwhenheimaginedLadyMacbethtryingtocleanherconscience(良心)byrubbinginvisiblebloodstainsfromherhands.Afewyearsago，scientistsaskedpeopletodescribeapastwrongact.Ifpeoplewerethengivenachancetocleantheirhands，theylaterexpressedlessguiltthanpeoplewhohadn’tcleaned.，aresearcher.“Anythingfromthepast，anykindofnegativeemotionalexperiences，mightbewashedaway，”saysLee.13/40Hedecidedtotesthandwashing’seffectononekindofbadfeeling：thetensionwefeelafterbeingforcedtochoosebetweentwoattractivechoices，becausepickingonechoicemakesusfeelthatwe’velosttheother.Peopleusuallytrytocalmthisinnerconflictbylaterexaggerating(夸大)thepositiveaspectsoftheirchoice.Hehadstudentsrank10differentmusicCDs.ThenheofferedstudentsoneCDasagift.Somestudentsthenusedliquidsoap.Othersonlylookedatthesoaporsniffed(嗅)it.“Actually，youdonotneedwaterandsoap，”saysLee.14/40Later，thestudentsagainhadtorankallthemusic.Peoplewhodidn’twashtheirhandshadthenormalresponse—theyscoredtheirtake-homeCDhigher，suggestingthattheynowsawitasevenmoreattractivethanbefore.Butthiswasn’ttrueforthehandwashers.Theyrankedthemusicaboutthesame.“Theyfeelnoneedatalltojustifythechoice，”saysLee.15/40Buttheimplicationsofitjustaren’tclear.Schwarzsaysit’stoosoontoknowwhetherpeopleshouldheadforasinkaftermakingatoughchoice.Hesayswashingmayhelpdecision-makersbycleaningawaymentaldisorder，butperhapsiftheydon’tgothroughtheusualpost-decisionprocessofjustifyingtheirchoice，theymightfeelmoresorrowinthelongrun.语篇解读本文主要讲述了用香皂洗手会帮助人们缓解作决定时担心与不安情绪。16/40解析推理判断题。由第二段内容可知，人们在洗手后会感到良心上愧疚感减轻，故选A。6.TheMacbetheffectreferstothefactthat

.A.peoplefeellessashamedafterwashingtheirhandsB.soapingupone’shandmayhelpwashawaytheinnerconfusionandmakeadecisionC.peoplefeellessguiltybygettingridofinvisiblegermsfromtheirhandsD.ShakespearedidscientificresearchbeforewritingMacbeth√答案解析78691017/407.AccordingtoLee，afterpeoplemakethechoice

.A.theywilloverstatethegoodnessoftheirchosenchoiceB.theywillfeelregretfulfornotchoosinganotherC.theywillfeelfreeduetothefeelingoflosingtheotherchoiceD.theywillthinknothingoftheirchosenchoiceanymoretocalmtheirinnerconflict解析细节了解题。由第四段内容可知，在做出两个选项选择后，人们通常会担心不安，以夸大自己所选择事物优点来使内心平静，故选A。√答案解析78691018/40解析细节了解题。依据倒数第二段中“‘Theyfeelnoneedatalltojustifythechoice，’saysLee.”可知选B。8.AccordingtoLee，thosehandwashersconsiderjustifyingtheirchoice

.A.morescientific B.unnecessaryC.alittleconvincing D.absolutelyuseless√答案解析78691019/409.WhatdoesSchwarzneedtoresearchmoreA.Whetherpeopleneedtojustifytheirchoice.B.Whetherpeoplefeelmoresorrowafterwashinghands.C.Whetherwashinghandshelpoveralongperiodoftime.D.Whetherwashinghandsishelpfultomakeachoice.解析细节了解题。经过最终一段内容可知，洗手从久远看是否有作用还需要更多研究，故选C。√答案解析78691020/4010.WhatmightbethemostsuitabletitleforthepassageA.IsWashingHandsNecessarytoDefeatTensionB.WashingHandsWashesOurMindC.WashingHandsHelpsMakeaBetterChoiceD.WashingHandsReducestheStressofDecision解析标题归纳题。依据第一段内容以及整篇文章介绍可知，本文主要讲洗手能够减轻作决定压力，故选D。√答案解析78691021/40C(·南开区三模)Youknowthesaying“You’reasyoungasyoufeel”.Well，theremaybesometruthinthat，accordingtoresearchersatHarvardandtheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology.EllenLanger，aHarvardpsychologistwhostudieshowthemindinfluencesthebody，andhercolleaguesreviewedthescientificliteratureforevidencethataperson’sperceptionoftheiragemightinfluencetheirhealth.TheypublishedtheirresultsinthejournalPerspectives

on

Psychological

Science.22/40InonestudythatLangerled,47womenhadtheirhairdone.Thewomenwhothoughttheirnewhairdos(发型)madethemlookyoungerdidlookyoungertoobjectiveobservers，whowereshownbefore-and-afterpictures.Thewomenwhothoughttheylookedyoungeralsoshowedadropinbloodpressure.Anotherstudyinvolving4,421menfoundthatthosewhobecamebald(秃顶)atarelativelyyoungageweremorelikelytogetcancerandheartdiseasethanmenwhodidnot.Similarly，anotherstudyinvolving2,017menfoundthatthosewholosttheirhairearlyweremorelikelytodevelopheartdisease.“Webelievethatthefeelingsassociatedwithbeingolderthanone’srealageaccountforsomeofthesehealthoutcomes，”theresearcherswrote.23/40Theresearchersalsodescribedstudieswhichfoundthatwomenwhohadchildrenlaterinlifeweremorelikelytobehealthierandlivelongerthanthosewhohadchildrenearly，whichtheyattributedtothefactthatthesemotherstendtospendmoretimewithyoungerwomen.Similarly，peoplewhomarryyoungerpartnerstendtolivelongerthanthosewhomarryolderpartners，accordingtootherstudies.Takentogether，theresearchsupportsthegeneralmind-bodyhypothesis(假说)thatwhenayoungermindisprepared，ayoungerbodycanaccompanyit.Whilethemechanism(机制)remainsunclear，24/40theresearchersfiguredthatsuggestionsassociatedwithagingcanmakeoneunconsciouslyorconsciouslyawareofoldageandsetinmotionaseriesofphysiologicalprocessesthatcanhaverealeffectsonshort-termandlong-termhealth.语篇解读本文为说明文，题材为科普知识类。以为自己更年轻人更健康也活得更长。25/40解析词义猜测题。由第一段第一句中“You’reasyoungasyoufeel”及第二段第一句中“howthemindinfluencesthebody”可推测出答案。11.Theunderlinedword“perception”inParagraph2means“

”.A.view B.appearanceC.influence D.creation√答案解析121311141526/4012.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEaccordingtoParagraph3A.Bloodpressureiscloselyrelatedtohairdos.B.Feelingolderthanone’srealagemaybetiedtohealthproblems.C.Gettingcancerorheartdiseaseisthecauseofhairlosing.D.Thewomenwholovehairdoslookyoungerthanthosewhodon’t.解析细节了解题。由第三段列举三项研究结果及最终一句话总结可知选B。√答案解析121311141527/40解析推理判断题。由该段中举例子可推知选C。13.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph4that

.A.ayoungermotherismorelikelytolivelongerB.theyoungeroneofacouplelivesmuchlongerC.oftenstayingwithyoungerpeoplecanbenefitpeople’shealthD.peoplewhowanttolivelongerneedtomarryyoung√答案解析121311141528/40解析主旨大意题。由第一段第一句中“You’reasyoungasyoufeel”和最终一段第一句中“theresearchsupportsthegeneralmind-bodyhypothesis(假说)thatwhenayoungermindisprepared，ayoungerbodycanaccompanyit”可知，人们对自己年纪认知可能会影响健康，故选D。14.Thepassagemainlytellsusthat

.A.gettingbaldtooearlyisnotgoodforhealthB.womenhadbettergivebirthlaterintheirlifeC.peoplewhomarryyoungerpartnerstendtolivelongerD.people’sviewoftheiragemayhaveaneffectontheirownhealth√答案解析121311141529/4015.FromwhichpageofanewspaperisthepassagemostprobablytakenfromA.Entertainment. B.Health.C.Economy. D.Politics.解析文章出处题。本文是关于健康，故最有可能出自报纸上健康专栏。故选B。√答案解析121311141530/40D(·河西区二模)Whenyouwanttothrowsomethingoutas“junk”，bettertakeasecondthoughtasitmaybeofgreatvalue.Infact，scientistsmadethesamemistakewithDNAyearsago，andnowtheyaretryingtogetitright.WeoftensaythatDNAisakindofacidthatcontainsourgenes.Butthetruthisthatgenesonlymakeup1to2percentofourDNA，whichcausedscientiststobelievethattherestofitisuseless.31/40Nevertheless，insteadofdoingnothing，junkDNA，asitiscalled，turnedouttobeplayinganimportantpartinourbody.Ifgenesarelikelightbulbs，thenjunkDNAactsasswitches.Theycontrolwhichgenesareusedinacellandhowactivetheyare.Forexample，theycandeterminewhetheracellbecomesalungcelloraneuron(神经元).Thestudy，publishedinthejournalNatureonSeptember5，startedin，and442scientistsfrom30labsaroundtheworldwereinvolved，accordingtoReuters.Itisconsideredthebiggestbreakthroughingenomics(基因学)inadecadebecauseitmighthelpscientistsfindthecauseofcertaindiseases.32/40Ithaslongbeenknownthatmanycomplicateddiseases，suchascancer，arecausedbytinychangesinDNA.Butnowscientistsrealizethatmostofthechangesoccurnotinthegenesthemselves，butinthe“junk”partoftheDNA.Theyareabletokeeptrackofhowandwhytheswitcheschangeandthenfigureoutnewtreatmentsanddrugs.“OurformerunderstandingofDNAwaslikegettingapictureofEarthfromspace，”EricLanderfromtheBroadInstitute，US，toldThe

New

York

Times.“Youknowtheplanetisthere，butyoucannotseeexactlywhatit’slikeonthesurface.”33/40Butnowwiththenewstudyresult“youcanfollowtheroadsandseethetrafficcirculation.That’sexactlythesamewaywewillusethisdataincancerresearch，”explainedMarkRubinfromWeillCornellMedicalCollegeinNewYork.语篇解读本文主要介绍了垃圾DNA其实在我们身体中也饰演着主要角色。34/40解析标题归纳题。本文主要介绍了垃圾DNA其实在我们身体中也饰演着主要角色，这是医学上一个新发觉，故选C。16.WhichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassageA.DNA—TheCauseofCancerB.WhatIsDNAC.ANewDiscoveryfor“JunkDNA”D.AMisunderstandingofGenes√答案解析171816192035/4017.Whatdoestheunde