2025年高考英语试题分类汇编之科普类阅读理解

高考资源网（），您身边的高考专家PAGE欢迎广大教师踊跃来稿，稿酬丰厚。PAGE2高考资源网（），您身边的高考专家欢迎广大教师踊跃来稿，稿酬丰厚。2025年高考英语试题分类汇编之科普类阅读理解【重庆卷】CAlmosteverymachinewithmovingpartshaswheels,yetnooneknowsexactlywhenthefirstwheelwasinventedorwhatitwasusedfor.Wedoknow,however,thattheyexistedover5,500yearsagoinancientAsia.Theoldestknowntransportwheelwasdiscoveredin2002inSlovenia.Itisover5,100yearsold.Evidencesuggeststhatwheelsfortransportdidn'tbecomepopularforawhile,though.Thiscouldbebecauseanimalsdidaperfectlygoodjobofcarryingfarmingtoolsandhumansaround.Butitcouldalsobebecauseofadifficultsituation.Whilewheelsneedtorollonsmoothsurfaces,roadswithsmoothsurfacesweren'tgoingtobeconstructeduntiltherewasplentyofdemandforthem.Eventually,roadsurfacesdidbecomesmoother,butthisdifficultsituationappearedagainafewcenturieslater.Therehadbeennoimportantchangesinwheelandvehicledesignbeforethearrivalofmodemroaddesign.Inthemid-1700s,aFrenchmancameupwithanewdesignofroad—abaselayer(层)oflargestonescoveredwithathinlayerofsmallerstones.AScotsmanimprovedonthisdesigninthe1820sandastrong,lastingroadsurfacebecameareality.Ataroundthesamelime,metalhubs(thecentralpartofawheel)cameintobeing,followedbythepneumatictyre(充气轮胎)in1846.Alloywheelswereinventedin1967,sixtyyearsaftertheappearanceoftarmackedroads(柏油路).Aswheeldesigntookoff,vehiclesgotfasterandfaster.64.Whatmightexplainwhytransportwheelsdidn'tbecomepopularforsometime?A.Fewknewhowtousetransportwheels.B.Humanscarriedfarmingtoolsjustaswell.C.Animalswereagoodmeansoftransport.D.Theexistenceoftransportwheelswasnotknown.65.Whatdoweknowaboutroaddesignfromthepassage?A.Itwaseasierthanwheeldesign.B.Itimprovedafterbigchangesinvehicledesign.C.Itwaspromotedbyfast-movingvehicles.D.Itprovidedconditionsforwheeldesigntodevelop.66.Howisthelastparagraphmainlydeveloped?A.Bygivingexamples.B.Bymakingcomparisons.C.Byfollowingtimeorder.D.Bymakingclassifications.67.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A.Thebeginningofroaddesign.B.Thedevelopmentoftransportwheels.C.Thehistoryofpublictransport.D.Hisinventionoffast-movingvehicles.【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文，题材是车轮。全文讲述了车轮的发展历程以及道路设计对车轮发展的影响。段落关键词、句大意推测第一部分（Para.1）everymachinewithmovingpartshaswheels、theyexistedover5,500yearsago每个能移动的机器都有轮子，轮子已经有很久的历史了。第二部分（Para.2-3）didn’tbecomepopular、animalsdidaperfectlygoodjob、alsobebecauseofadifficultsituation、wheelsneedtorollonsmoothsurfaces、difficultsituationappearedagain轮子并未普及，因动物表现不错，还有就是道路状况影响轮子的进一步发展。第三部分（Para.4）Inthemid-1700s,inthe1820s,in1846,in1967不同时期道路设计的发展促进轮子(包括轮胎)的发展。【解析】64.C。推理判断题。难度：中等。题干关键词为didn’tbecomepopular，定位第二段。根据Thiscouldbebecauseanimalsdidaperfectlygoodjobofcarryingfarmingtoolsandhumansaround.（这或许是因为动物在拉运农具人们的方面做得不错。）可知由于当时动物使用的方便让轮子没能够普及。解题思路：干扰项排除：考生易选C项，根据squirmingexcitedly来判断。这里尤其要注意excitedly，只是表达人物的心理，和调皮是没有关系的。选quiet，是忽略了squirmingexcitedly的表达。65.D。推理判断题。难度：较难。根据题干关键词roaddesign，定位第3段Therehadbeennoimportantchangesinwheelandvehicledesignbeforethearrivalofmodemroaddesign.（在现代道路设计之前，轮子和交通工具的设计都没有重大变化）。第4段接着讲述了随着道路设计的进步，各种新型的轮子(包括充气轮胎)随之发展，而且也促进了车辆的发展。由此可知，道路设计的发展促进了车轮的发展。干扰项排除：考生一定要先抓住关键词所在的句子，有的考生选B、C项意义相近，而A项文中根本没有提及。66.C。推理判断题。难度：较易。根据第四段时间数字，Inthemid-1700s、inthe1820s、in1846、in1967，只有C项符合。67.B。主旨大意。难度：中等。全文讲述了车轮的发展历程以及道路设计对车轮发展的影响，故选C项。解题思路：【难句学习】1.Almosteverymachinewithmovingpartshaswheels,yetnooneknowsexactlywhenthefirstwheelwasinventedorwhatitwasusedfor.翻译：几乎每台有活动部件的机器都有轮子，然而没有人知道第一个轮子究竟是什么时候发明的或者当时是作什么用途的。分析：本句的主干是everymachinehaswheels。When和what位于knows之后引导两个并列的宾语从句；withmovingparts为介词短语作定语修饰machine。2.Evidencesuggeststhatwheelsfortransportdidn’tbecomepopularforawhile,though.翻译：证据表明，不过当时轮子用于运输并没有普及。分析：本句的主干是Evidencesuggeststhat。That引导宾语从句，此处suggest意为“暗示、表明”，从句中用陈述语气。句末though是副词，意为“不过、然而”。3.Whilewheelsneedtorollonsmoothsurfaces,roadswithsmoothsurfacesweren’tgoingtobeconstructeduntiltherewasplentyofdemandforthem.翻译：尽管轮子需要在平滑的表面上滚动，但是有着光滑路面的道路并没有铺设直到后来对此需求越来越多。分析：本句的主干是roadsweren’tgoingtobeconstructed。While引导让步状语从句，withsmoothsurfaces为介词短语作定语修饰roads，until引导时间状语从句。【浙江卷】BBelowisaselectionfromapopularsciencebook.Ifbloodisred,whyareveins(静脉)blue?Actually,veinsarenotblueatall.Theyaremoreofaclear,yellowishcolour.Althoughbloodlooksredwhenit'soutsidethebody,whenit'ssittinginaveinnearthesurfaceoftheskin,it'smoreofadarkreddishpurplecolour.Attherightdepth,theseblood-filledveinsreflectlessredlightthanthesurroundingskin,makingthemlookbluebycomparison.Whichworksharder,yourheartoryourbrain?Thatkindofdependsonwhetheryouarebusythinkingorbusyexercising.Yourheartworksuptothreetimesharderduringexercise,andshiftsenoughbloodoveralifetimetofillasupertanker.But,inthelongrun,yourbrainprobablytipsit,becauseevenwhenyou’resittingstillyourbrainisusingtwiceasmuchenergyasyourheart,andittakesfourtofivetunesasmuchbloodtofeedit.Whydoteethfallout,andwhydon'ttheygrowbackingrown-ups?Baby(or"milk")teethdonotlastlong;theyfallouttomakeroomforbigger,strongeradultteethlateron.Adultteethfalloutwhentheybecomedamaged,decayedandinfectedbybacteria.Oncethissecondsetofteethhasgrownin,you'redone.Whenthey'regone,they’regone.Thisisbecausenaturefiguresyou'resetforlife,andwhatcontrolsregrowthofyourteethswitchesoff.Dooldpeopleshrinkastheyage?Yesanddo.Manypeopledogetshorterastheyage.But,whentheydo,itisn'tbecausethey'reshrinkingallover.Theysimplyloseheightastheirspine(脊柱)becomesshorterandmorecurvedduetodisuseandtheeffects,ofgravity(重力).Many(butnotall)menandwomendoloseheightastheygetolder.Menloseanaverageof3-4cminheightastheyage,whilewomenmaylose5cmormore.Ifyoulivetobe200yearsold,wouldyoukeepshrinkingtillyouwere,like60cmtall,likealittleboyagain?No,becauseoldpeopledon'treallyshrink!Itisnotthattheyaregrowingbackwards一theirlegs,armsandbackbonesgettingshorter.Whentheydogetshorter,it'sbecausethespinehasshortenedalittle.Or,moreoften,becomemorebaitandcurved.Whydoesspinningmakeyoudizzy(眩晕的)?Becauseyourbraingetsconfusedbetweenwhatyou'reseeingandwhatyou'refeeling.Thebrainsensesthatyou’respinningusingspecialgravity-and-motion-sensingorgansinyourinnerear,whichworktogetherwithyoureyestokeepyourvisionandbalancestable.Butwhenyousuddenlystopspinningthesystemgoesoutofcontrol,andyourbrainthinksyou'removingwhileyou'reDot!Wheredofeelingsandemotionscomefrom?Mostlyfromanancientpartofthebraincalledthelimbicsystem.Allmammalshavethisbrainarea—frommicetodogs,cats,andhumans.Soallmammalsfeelbasicemotionslikefear,painandpleasure.Butsincehumanfeelingsalsoinvolveother,newerbitsofthebrain,wefeelmorecomplexemotionsthananyotheranimalontheplanet.Ifexercisewearsyouout,howcanitbegoodforyou?Becauseourbodiesadapttoeverythingwedotothem.Andasfarasyourbodyisconcerned,it’s"useit,orlostit”!It'snotthatexercisemakesyouhealthy;it'smorethatalackofexerciseleavesyourbodyweakandeasilyaffectedbydisease.46.Whatisthecolourofbloodinaveinnearthesurfaceoftheskin?A.Blue. B.Lightyellow.C.Red. D.Darkreddishpurple.47.Whydosomeoldpeoplelookalittleshrunkenastheyage?A.Becausetheirspineisinactiveuse.B.Becausetheyaremoreeasilyaffectedbygravity.C.Becausetheykeepgrowingbackwards.D.Becausetheirspinebecomesmorebent.48.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutourbrainistrue?A.Inthelongrun,ourbrainprobablyworksharderthanourheart.B.Whenourbrainsensesthespinning,wewillfelldizzy.C.Thebrainsoftheothermammalsareascomplexasthoseofhumans.D.Ourfeelingsandemotionscomefromthemostdevelopedareainourbrain.49.Whatisthemainpurposeoftheselection?A.Togiveadviceonhowtostayhealthy.B.Toprovideinformationaboutourbody.C.Tochallengenewfindingsinmedicalresearch.D.Toreportthelatestdiscoveriesinmedicalscience.【语篇解读】本文是一篇科普文章，介绍了一些相关的人体知识。段落关键词、句大意推测Para1.Aselectionfromapopularsciencebook畅销科普书的节选Para2.-14.Whyareveinsblue;whichworksharder;whydoteethfallout;oldpeopleshrink;whydoesspinningmakesyoudizzy;wheredofeelingsandemotionscomefrom;howcanexercisebegoodforyou静脉是蓝色的原因；大脑比心脏的工作强度更大；人为什么会换牙；人老了为什么会变矮；为什么旋转会让人头晕；认得情感来自哪里；锻炼的好处46.D．细节理解题。难度：容易。从第三段第二行whenit\ssittingintheveinnearthesurfaceoftheshin,it\smoreofadarkreddishpurplecolour.可知选项D正确47.D．细节理解题。难度：容易。从第九段的whentheydogetshorter,it’snotbecausethespinehasshortenedalittle.Ormoreoften,becomemorebentandcurved.可知老年人变矮不是因为他们的脊柱变短，更多的原因是因为他们的脊柱变弯曲。所以D选项正确。A选项的内容文中没有提及；B选项不符合文中的内容Theysimplyloseheightastheirspine（脊柱）becomesshorterandmorecurvedduetodisuseandtheeffectsofgravity（重力）；C选项的内容与文中的描述相反。48.A．细节理解题。难度：中等。从文中butinthelongrun,,yourbrainprobablytipsit,becauseevenwhenyou’resittingstillyourbrainisusingtwiceasmuchasenergyasyourheart,可知选项A正确。第十一段的第一句就说明了人感到眩晕的原因是因为大脑分不清我们所看到的和所想的东西，排除B；从第十三段的描述butsincehumanfeelingsalsoinvolveother,newerbitsofthebrain,wefeelmorecomplexemotionsthananyotheranimalsontheplanet.可知C选项错误；从第十二段的副标题和十三段的第一句mostlyfromanancientpartofthebraincalledthelimbicsystem可知D选项错误。49.B．主旨大意题。难度：容易。从文章的副标题可知这篇文章解释了七个我们既熟悉又陌生的有关人体知识的问题，所以选项B正确，A、C和D选项在文中均没有提及。【天津卷】BUs,night'smeteor(流星)showerleftmanypeopleinthecommunitydissatisfiedanddemandinganswers.AccordingtoGabeRothschild.EmeraldValley'smayor,peoplegatheredinthesuburbsofthecity,carryingheavytelescopes,expectingtowatchthebrightlyburningmeteorspassingthroughtheskyWhattheyfoundinsteadwasaskysobrightenedbythecity'slightsthatitdarkenedthelightofthemeteorspassingoverhead."Myfamilywassofrustrated."admittedtownresidentDauneCosby.”Wewantedtomakethisanunforgettablefamilyouting,butitturnedouttobeahugedisappointment.”Astronomers—scientistswhostudystarsandplanets—havebeencomplainingaboutthisproblemfordecade,Theysaythatlightpollutionpreventsfromseeingobjectsintheskythattheycouldseequiteeasilyinthepast.Theycallonpeopleandthegovernmenttotakemeasurestofightagainstit.Thereisyetapopulationbesidesprofessionalandamateurstarobserversthatsuffersevenmorefromlightpollution.Thispopulationconsistofbirds,bats,frogs,snakes,etc.Forexample,outdoorlightingseverelyaffectsmigrating(迁徙的)birds.AccordingtotheInternationalDark-SkyAssociation,“100millionbirdsayearthroughoutNorthAmericadieincrasheswithlightedbuildingsandtowers.”Countlessmoreanimalcasualties(伤亡)resultfromtheuseofartificiallighting.Clearly,peopleenjoythebenefitsoflightingtheirevenings,butsomescientiststhinkitcanbeharmfultohumans,too.Theyworrythatexposuretolightwhilesleepingcanincreaseaperson'schancesofgettingcancer.EmeraldValleyisonlyonecommunitythatisbecomingawareofthenegativeeffectsoflightpollution.Foryears.Flagstaff,Arizona,hasenforcedlightingregulationsinitscityinordertoassistastronomersattheLowellObservatory.Similareffortshavebeenmadeworldwide,andamovementisunderwaytoremindustoturnofflightswhenwearenotusingthem,sothatothercreaturescansharethenight.41.Ithappenedlastnightthat______.A.thecity'slightsaffectedthemeteorwatchingB.themeteorsflewpastbeforebeingnoticedC.thecitylightshowattractedmanypeopleD.themeteorwatchingendedupasocialouting42.Whatdotheastronomerscomplainabout?A.Meteorshowersoccurlessoftenthanbefore.B.Theirobservationequipmentisinpoorrepair.C.Lightpollutionhasremainedunsolvedforyears.D.Theireyesightisfailingduetoartificiallighting43.WhatistheauthorconcernedaboutaccordingtoParagraph4?A.Birdsmaytakeothermigrationpaths.B.Animals'livinghabitsmaychangesuddenly.C.Varietiesofanimalswillbecomesharplyreduced.D.Animals'survivalisthreatenedbyoutdoorlighting.44.LightingregulationsinFlagstaff.ArizonaareputintoeffecttoA.lessenthechanceofgettingcancerB.createanidealobservationconditionC.ensurecitizensagoodsleepatnightD.enableallcreaturestoliveinharmony45.Whatmessagedoestheauthormostwanttogiveus?A.Savingwildlifeissavingourselves.B.Greateffortsshouldbemadetosaveenergy.C.Humanactivitiesshouldbeenvironmentallyfriendly.D.Newequipmentshouldbeintroducedforspacestudy.【语篇解读】本文是一篇议论文，题材是灯光污染与环境保护。本文主要介绍了灯光污染给天文学家、人类、其它生物所带来的不良影响。以及人们为解决此问题所采取的措施等。段落关键词、句大意推测第一部分（Para.1-3）Dissatisfied,darkenedthelight;frustrated,Complained...fordecades;fightagainst导入：通过观看流星不成功的原因导入本文的主题—灯光污染给天文学家带来的影响。第二部分（Para.4-5）Suffersevenmore;severelyaffectsmigrating;dieincrashes灯光污染给其它生物带来的影响。第三部分（Para.6）awareofthenegativeeffects;assistastronomers;similarefforts人们为解决此问题所采取的一些措施。【解析】41.A。推理判断题。难度：中等。根据题干关键词lastnight快速定位第一段。根据第一段最后一句可知“城市的夜空被灯点缀的是如此明亮以至于暗淡了头上飞过的流星的光亮，因此影响了人们观星”。所以可以推出A是正确选项。42.C。推理判断题。难度：中等。根据题干关键词astronomers快速定位第三段。根据theysaythatlightpollutionpreventsthemfromseeingobjects…theycouldseequiteeasilyinthepast.可以推断灯光污染问题一直没有得到解决，这才是他们所抱怨的。其他选项原文根本没有提到，属于无中生有的。43.D。推理判断题。难度：中等。根据题干快速定位第四段。第四段驻澳讲述了灯光污染对于鸟类、蝙蝠、青蛙、蛇等的影响，尤其严重影响你鸟类的迁徙，最后一句话“每年北美大约有一亿的鸟在与被灯光点缀的建筑物或是高塔的撞击中死亡”因此可以推断D选项是正确的。44.B。推理判断题。难度：中等。根据题干中的大写Flagstaff,Arizona快速定位文章最后一段…Flagstaff,Arizona,hasenforcedlightingregulationsinitscityinordertoassistastronomersattheLowellObservatory可知推行此规定的目的是为天文学家更好的观察服务的。45.C。推理判断作者意图题。难度：较难。文章主要讲的是灯光污染给人类和其它生物带来的影响，而灯光的直接造成原因就是人类本身，因此作者写本文主要是要告知人们人类的活动应该要注意环保。其它三项的内容均与本文无关。【难句学习】1.Whattheyfoundinsteadwasaskysobrightenedbythecity’slightsthatitdarkenedthelightofthemeteorspassingoverhead.翻译：城市的灯光时如此的明亮以至于头顶飞过的流星的亮度被削弱，因此人们看到的只是被点亮的夜空而不是流星分析：本句的是一个由what引导的主语从句，what作found的宾语。so…that引导结果状语从句。passingoverhead是非谓语动词作后置定语。darken是动词。2.Theysaythatlightpollutionpreventsthemfromseeingobjectsintheskythattheycouldseequiteeasilyinthepast.翻译：天文学家说光污染阻止了他们去看过去很容易就可以看到的天空中的目标。分析：本句中say后面的that引导的是一个宾语从句。而sky后面的that引导的是一个定语从句，先行词是objects，that在从句中作see的宾语。3.Thereisyetapopulationbesidesprofessionalandamateurstarobserversthatsuffersevenmorefromlightpollution.翻译：可是除了专业和业余的观星者外，还有一个群体遭受着甚至更为严重的光污染的影响。分析：本句是一个therebe特殊结构。that引导的是一个定语从句，在从句中作主语，先行词是population。4.Theyworrythatexposuretolightwhilesleepingcanincreaseaperson’schancesofgettingcancer.翻译：他们担心在睡觉的时候如果有太多的光亮的话可能会增加一个人得癌症的机会。分析：本句中worry后面的that引导的是一个宾语从句，whilesleeping引导的是时间状语从句的省略结构。ofgettingcancer是chances的后置定语。5.amovementisunderwaytoremindustoturnofflightswhenwearenotusingthem,sothatothercreaturescansharethenight.翻译：此外，一个运动正在进行中，目的是为了提醒我们不用灯的时候要关掉它，这样其它生物也能共享夜晚。

分析：本句中toremind…是不定式作目的状语。whenweare…是when引导的时间状语从句，sothat引导的是目的状语从句。【四川卷】EFearmaybefeltintheheartaswellasinthehead,accordingtoastudythathasfoundalinkbetweenthecyclesofabeatingheartandthechanceofsomeonefeelingfear.Testsonhealthyvolunteersfoundthattheyweremorelikelytofeelasenseoffearatthemomentwhentheirheartsarecontracting(收缩)andpumpingbloodaroundtheirbodies,comparedwiththepointwhentheheartbeatisrelaxed.Scientistssaytheresultssuggestthattheheartisabletoinfluencehowthebrainrespondstothefearfulevent,dependingonwhichpointitisatinitsregularcycleofcontractionandrelaxation.SarahGarfinkelattheBringtonandSussexMedicalSchoolsaid:“Ourstudyshowsforthefirsttimethatthewayinwhichwedealwithfearisdifferentdependingonwhenweseefearfulpicturesinrelationtoourheart.”Thestudytested20healthyvolunteersontheirreactionstofearastheywereshownpicturesoffearfulfaces.DrGarfinkelsaid,“Thestudyshowedfearfulfacesarebetternoticedwhentheheartispumpingthanwhenitisrelaxed.Thusourheartscanalsoaffectwhatweseeandwhatwedon’tsee—andguidewhetherweseefear.”Tofurtherunderstandthisrelationship,thescientistsalsousedabrainscanner(扫描仪)toshowhowthebraininfluencesthewaytheheartchangesaperson’sfeelingoffear.“Wehavefoundanimportantmechanismbywhichtheheartandthebrain‘speak’toeachothertochangeourfeelingsandreducefear,”DrGarfinkelsaid.“Wehopethatbyincreasingourunderstandingabouthowfearisdeathwithandwaysthatitcouldbereduced,wemaybeabletodevelopmoresuccessfultreatmentsforanxietydisorders,andalsoforthosewhomaybesufferingfromseriousstressdisorder.”47.Whatisthefindingofthestudy?A.One’sheartaffectshowhefeelsfear.B.Fearisaresultofone’srelaxedheartbeat.C.Fearhassomethingtodowithone’shealth.D.One’sfastheartbeatsarelikelytocausefear.48.Thestudywascarriedoutbyanalyzing_________.A.volunteers’heartbeatswhentheysawterriblepictures.B.thetimevolunteerssawfearfulpicturesandtheirhealthconditions.C.volunteers’reactionstohorriblepicturesanddatafromtheirbrainscans.D.differentpicturesshowntovolunteersandtheirheart-braincommunication.49.Whichofthefollowingisclosetinmeaningto“mechanism”inParagraph6?A.Order.B.System.C.Machine.D.Treatment.50.Thisstudymaycontributeto________.A.treatinganxietyandstressbetter.B.explainingthecycleoffearandanxiety.C.findingthekeytotheheart-braincommunication.D.understandingdifferentfearsinourheartsandheads.【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。介绍了对20名健康的志愿者进行的恐惧反应试验，告诉读者大脑与心脏都能感知到恐惧，而且心脏跳动的周期与人们感知恐惧的机会有关联。这份研究成果未来有望更成功地用于治疗忧虑症以及应激障碍疾病。段落关键词、句大意推测第一部分（Para.1-2）alinkbetweenthecyclesofabeatingheartandthechanceofsomeonefeelingfear；contractingandpumpingblood；abletoinfluence；respondstothefearfulevent研究结论：心跳与人们感知恐惧的关联；收缩、抽取血液；能影响到；对恐惧事件的反应第二部分（Para3-6）forthefirsttime；seefearfulpictures；betternoticed；thewaytheheartchangesaperson’sfeelingoffear；animportantmechanism介绍试验：首次；看到恐怖的图片；更容易注意到；心脏改变人对恐惧感觉的方式；重要的心理机制第三部分（Para.7）developmoresuccessfultreatments研究成果在未来医学上的价值：研发更成功的治疗方法【解析】47.A。细节理解题。难度：较易。题干关键词finding，定位第一段第一句accordingtoastudythathasfoundalinkbetweenthecyclesofabeatingheartandthechanceofsomeonefeelingfear（依据研究，发现：心跳循环与人感知恐惧是有关联的）。锁定选项A。One’sheartaffectshowhefeelsfear（人的心脏影响他对恐惧的感知）。48.C。细节理解题。难度：较难。题干关键词carriedout。定位文章对实验的介绍在3-6段。找到Para.4.Thestudytested20healthyvolunteersontheirreactionstofearastheywereshownpicturesoffearfulfaces.（这项研究对20名健康的志愿者试验了当他们看到恐惧面孔图片时的反应）以及Para.5.thescientistsalsousedabrainscanner(扫描仪)toshowhowthebraininfluencesthewaytheheartchangesaperson’sfeelingoffear.（为了演示大脑是如何影响心脏改变人对恐惧的感知方式，科学家们还使用扫描仪)。因此。选项C。volunteers’reactionstohorriblepicturesanddatafromtheirbrainscans.（志愿者们对恐惧图片的反应以及来自大脑扫描仪的数据）。49.B。词义推测题。难度：较难。由题干的mechanism定位文章Para.6,找到此词所在的句子，这个词后面的句子就是答案。Wehavefoundanimportantmechanismbywhichtheheartandthebrain‘speak’toeachothertochangeourfeelingsandreducefear翻译mechanism后面的句子：通过这个mechanism，心脏和大脑可以相互“交流”以便于改变我们的感觉减少恐惧。因此，mechanism是心脏与大脑交流的一个完整系统，而不是“命令、机器以及治疗”。50.A。细节判断题。难度：较易。题干关键词contributeto（有助于）。定位文章的末段。根据wemaybeabletodevelopmoresuccessfultreatmentsforanxietydisorders,andalsoforthosewhomaybesufferingfromseriousstressdisorder.（我可以能够更成功地治疗忧虑症，还可以治疗那些可能正遭受应激障碍疾病痛苦的患者）。锁定答案选项A.treatinganxietyandstressbetter.（更好地治疗忧虑症和应激障碍）。【上海卷】(C)AteamofengineersatHarvardUniversityhasbeeninspiredbyNaturetocreatethefirstroboticfly.Themechanicalflyhasbecomeaplatformforaseriesofnewhigh-techsystems.Designedtodowhataflydoesnaturally,thetinymachineisthesizeofafathousefly.Itsminiwingsallowittostayintheairandperformcontrolledflighttasks.“It’sextremelyimportantforustothinkaboutthisasawholesystemandnotjustthesumofabunchofindividualcomponents(元件),”saidRobertWood,theHarvardengineeringprofessorwhohasbeenworkingontheroboticflyprojectforoveradecade.Afewyearsago,histeamgotthego-aheadtostartpiecingtogetherthecomponents.“Theaddeddifficultywithaprojectlikethisisthatactuallynoneofthosecomponentsareofftheshelfandsowehavetodevelopthemallonourown,”hesaid.Theyengineeredaseriesofsystemstostartanddrivetheroboticfly.“Theseeminglysimplesystemwhichjustmovesthewingshasanumberofinterdependenciesontheindividualcomponents,eachofwhichindividuallyhastoperformwell,butthenhastobematchedwelltoeverythingit’sconnectedto,”saidWood.Theflightdevicewasbuiltintoasetofpower,computation,sensingandcontrolsystems.Woodsaysthesuccessoftheprojectprovesthattheflyingrobotwiththesetinycomponentscanbebuiltandmanufactured.Whilethisfirstroboticflyerislinkedtoasmall,off-boardpowersource,thegoaliseventuallytoequipitwithabuilt-inpowersource,sothatitmightsomedayperformdata-gatheringworkatrescuesites,infarmers’fieldsoronthebattlefield.“Basicallyitshouldbeabletotakeoff,landandflyaround,”hesaid.Woodsaysthedesignoffersanewwaytostudyflightmechanicsandcontrolatinsect-scale.Yet,thepower,sensingandcomputationtechnologiesonboardcouldhavemuchbroaderapplications.“Youcanstartthinkingaboutusingthemtoansweropenscientificquestions,youknow,tostudybiologyinwaysthatwouldbedifficultwiththeanimals,butusingtheserobotsinstead,”hesaid.“Sotherearealotoftechnologiesandopeninterestingscientificquestionsthatarereallywhatdrivesusonaday-to-daybasis.”72.Thedifficultytheteamofengineersmetwithwhilemakingtheroboticflywasthat________.A.theyhadnomodelintheirmindB.theydidnothavesufficienttimeC.theyhadnoready-madecomponentsD.theycouldnoassemblethecomponents73.Itcanbeinferredfromparagraphs3and4thattheroboticfly_________.A.consistsofaflightdeviceandacontrolsystemB.canjustflyinlimitedareasatthepresenttimeC.cancollectinformationfrommanysourcesD.hasbeenputintowideapplication74.Whichofthefollowingcanbelearnedfromthepassage?A.Theroboticflyerisdesignedtolearnaboutinsects.B.Animalsarenotallowedinbiologicalexperiments.C.Thereusedtobefewwaystostudyhowinsectsfly.D.Wood’sdesigncanreplaceanimalsinsomeexperiments.75.Whichofthefollowingmightbethebesttitleofthepassage?A.FatherofRoboticFlyB.InspirationfromEngineeringScienceC.RoboticFlyImitatesRealLifeInsectD.HarvardBreaksThroughinInsectStudy【语篇解读】本文为一篇说明文，讲述机器人苍蝇的研发，面临的困难以及前景。段落关键词、句大意推测第一部分（Para.1）createthefirstroboticfly;themechanicalfly;aplatformforaseriesofnewhigh-techsystems;whataflydoesnaturally;thesizeofafathousefly;miniwings;performcontrolledflighttasks.哈佛大学的一组技师在自然界的激发下，创造了第一部机器人苍蝇。进而描述了机器人苍蝇的样子与用途。第二部分（Para.2）extremelyimportant;asawholesystem;notjustthesumofabunchofindividualcomponents(元件);hasbeenworkingon；foroveradecade；gotthego-aheadtostartpiecingtogetherthecomponents.；theaddeddifficulty;offtheshelf;havetodevelopthemallonourown机器人苍蝇要的是一套完整的体系，而不是一组独立原件简单地相加。哈佛大学RobertWood教授数十年都在致力于研究机器人苍蝇这个课题。几年前，他的团队就开始了拼装原件。但这个项目也遇到了困难：那些元件没有一件能现货供应的，只能自己做。第三部分（Para.3-4）aseriesofsystemstostartanddrive…；hasanumberofinterdependenciesontheindividualcomponents;wasbuiltintoasetofpower,computation,sensingandcontrolsystems;…thesuccessoftheprojectprovesthat…;thesetinycomponentscanbebuiltandmanufactured;islinkedto;asmall,off-boardpowersource;equipitwith;abuilt-inpowersource;somedayperformdata-gatheringworkatrescuesites,infarmers’fieldsoronthebattlefield;beabletotakeoff,landandflyaround.从两个方面说明机器人苍蝇：一.机器人苍蝇所需要的一套体系。看上去相当简单地能够移动翅膀的系统却在那些单个原件中有很多相互依赖的成份，每个成分不仅要各自运转良好，还要和与它相连的所有成分都配合好。二.机器人苍蝇配有内置电源，是为了将来有一天能在营救点，在牧场上或者战场上从事数据收集工作。第四部分（Para.5）anewwaytostudyflightmechanicsandcontrolatinsect-scale;…onboardcouldhavemuchbroaderapplications;openscientificquestions;difficultwiththeanimals;using…instead;drivesuson…此设计为研究飞行力学和控制昆虫规模提供了一种崭新的方法。然而(搭载的)动力设备，传感以及运算技术会有更广泛的应用。Wood设计的机器人苍蝇在某些动物实验方面可以用来代替动物。72.答案：C.解析：细节理解题。考生根据第二段最后一句“Theaddeddifficultywithaprojectlikethisisthat…可知事实上那些元件没有一件能现货供应的，要理解beofftheshelf的用法，所以选项C.theyhadnoready-madecomponents就是对本句的同义替换，故为正确答案根据文章第一段Designedtodowhataflydoesnaturally,thetinymachineisthesizeofafathousefly.是有制作模型的，故排除A。根据文章第二段“It’sextremelyimportantforustothinkabout…,”theHarvardengineeringprofessorwhohasbeenworking….可知选项B.theydidnothavesufficienttime他们没有充足的时间，不合适；而选项D.theycouldnoassemblethecomponents他们不会组装元件是对原文的误解，并不是要组装，故排除选项D。73.答案：B解析：推理判断题。题干要求在第三段和第四段来推测，所以根据文章内容butthenhastobematchedwelltoeverythingit’sconnectedto,”saidWood.Theflightdevicewasbuiltintoasetofpower,computation,sensingandcontrolsystems.故选项A.consistsofaflightdeviceandacontrolsystem是片面的，排除；根据第四段sothatitmightsomedayperformdata-gatheringworkatrescuesites,infarmers’fieldsoronthebattlefield.可知选项C.中的frommanysources应为frommanysites/places，故排除；选项D.hasbeenputintowideapplication的定位在第五段Yet,thepower,sensingandcomputationtechnologiesonboardcouldhavemuchbroaderapplications.可知已经大量应用是错误的，故排除。纵观三四两段，尤其是第四段尾句“Basicallyitshouldbeabletotakeoff,landandflyaround,”hesaid.可推断出只有B.canjustflyinlimitedareasatthepresenttime正确。74.答案：D解析：推理判断题。文章末段的tostudybiologyinways…wouldbedifficultwithanimals,butusingtheserobotsinstead告诉我们这些机器人可以替代动物，故D项正确。考生注意的是，说明文末段尤其带有转折关系的路标词往往是题眼所在。根据第四段sothatitmightsomedayperformdata-gatheringworkatrescuesites,infarmers’fieldsoronthebattlefield.可知A选项错误，故排除。文章最后一段中指出“Youcanstartthinkingaboutusingthemtoansweropenscientificquestions,youknow,tostudybiologyinwaysthatwouldbedifficultwiththeanimals,butusingtheserobotsinstead,”hesaid.，并没有说：不允许拿动物进行生物实验，故排除B选项。根据文章最后一段Woodsaysthedesignoffersanewwaytostudyflightmec