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Coal
2024
Analysisandforecastto2027
INTERNATIONALENERGY
AGENCY
TheIEAexaminesthefull
spectrum
ofenergyissues
includingoil,gasandcoalsupplyand
demand,renewableenergytechnologies,electricitymarkets,energyefficiency,
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sustainabilityofenergyinits
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Coal2024Abstract
Analysisandforecastto2027
IEA.CCBY4.0.
PAGE|3
Abstract
Coalisoftenconsideredafuelofthepast,butglobalconsumptionofithasdoubledinthepastthreedecades.AttheheightoflockdownsrelatedtotheCovid-19pandemicin2020,demanddeclinedsignificantly.Yetthereboundfromthoselows,underpinnedbyhighgaspricesintheaftermathofRussia’sfull-scaleinvasionofUkraine,hasresultedinrecordglobalcoalproduction,consumption,tradeandcoal-firedpowergenerationinrecentyears.
Now,questionsabouttheforecastloom.Thatperiodalsosawaformidableexpansionofrenewablepowercapacity,whichisnowthreateningcoal’scentury-longsupremacyinelectricitygeneration.Atthesametime,acceleratingdemandforelectricityaroundtheworldcouldgivecoalanotherboost.
Manycompetingfactorsareatplay.Howquicklywillcoalusedeclineindevelopedeconomiesastheybecomemoreelectrified?WhenwillcoalusepeakinChina,theworld’slargestproducerandconsumer?HowwillIndiafuelitseconomicgrowth?Whenwillcoalbereplacedintheindustrialsector?Andwhatmightdifferentregionaltrajectoriesmeanonagloballevel?
Usingthelatestdata,Coal2024presentsrecenttrendsandathree-yearforecastforcoaldemand,supplyandtradebygradeandbyregion.Itisessentialreadingforanyoneinterestedinunderstandingglobalenergy.
Coal2024Acknowledgements,contributorsandcredits
Analysisandforecastto2027
IEA.CCBY4.0.
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Acknowledgements,contributorsandcredits
ThisInternationalEnergyAgency(IEA)publicationhasbeenpreparedbytheGas,CoalandPowerMarketsDivision(GCP),headedbyDennisHesseling,whoprovidedusefulsuggestionsandcommentsthroughouttheprocess.KeisukeSadamori,DirectorofEnergyMarketsandSecurity,providedessentialguidance.CarlosFernándezAlvarezledandco-ordinatedtheanalysis.HendrikDiers,JulianKeutzandCarlosFernándezAlvarezweretheauthorsofthereport.
OtherIEAcolleaguesprovidedimportantcontributions,includingHeymiBahar,StephanieBouckaert,ErenÇam,MarcCasanovas,JoelCouse,LauraCozzi,CaroleEtienne,MathildeFajardy,VíctorGarcíaTapia,TimGould,TimurGül,CiaránHealy,MiloszKarpinski,MartinKüppers,YihongLiu,AkosLosz,GergelyMolnár,ArnauRísquezMartínandFrederickRitter.
TimelyandcomprehensivedatafromtheEnergyDataCentrewerefundamentaltothereport.TaylorMorrisonandNicolaDraguiprovidedinvaluablesupportduringtheprocess.ThanksalsogototheIEAChinadesk,particularlyRebeccaMcKimm,YangBiqingandChenJiayifortheirresearchonChina.
TheIEACommunicationandDigitalOffice(CDO)providedproductionandlaunchsupport.ParticularthanksgotoJethroMullen,actingHeadofCDO,andhisteam:AstridDummond,IsabelleNonain-SemelinandLivGaunt.JustinFrench-Brookseditedthereport.
OurgratitudegoestotheInstituteofEnergyEconomicsattheUniversityofCologne(EWI)forsharingtheirextensivecoalexpertiseandmodellinginsights.
CRUprovidedinvaluabledataandinformationforthisreport.ThankstoGlenKurokawaforhissupportandsuggestions.
OurgratitudegoestotheIEACoalIndustryAdvisoryBoard(CIAB)foritssupport.
Specialthanksgototheinternationalexpertswhoprovidedinputduringtheprocessand/orreviewedthedraftofthereport.Theyinclude:KevinBall(WhitehavenCoal),StevenBrown(MineralsCouncilofAustralia),MickBuffier(Glencore),MichaelCaravaggio(EPRI),AlexandreClaude(DryBulk),NikkiFisher(ThungelaResources),PeterMorris(MineralsCouncilofAustralia),DmitryPopov(Oldendorff),BrianRicketts(Euracoal),HansWilhelmSchiffer(RWE),PaulSimons(YaleUniversity),RodolfoShimatsu(Telf)andAkiraYabumoto(J-POWER).
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Theindividualsandorganisationsthatcontributedtothisreportarenotresponsibleforanyopinionorjudgementitcontains.AnyerrororomissionisthesoleresponsibilityoftheIEA.
Forquestionsandcomments,pleasecontactCarlosFernándezAlvarez(carlos.fernandezalvarez@).
Coal2024Tableofcontents
Analysisandforecastto2027
IEA.CCBY4.0.
PAGE|6
Tableofcontents
Executivesummary 7
Demand 11
Supply 40
Trade 58
Pricesandcosts 74
Updateoninvestmentandcoalabatement 98
Generalannex 111
Coal2024Executivesummary
Analysisandforecastto2027
IEA.CCBY4.0.
PAGE|7
Executivesummary
Globalcoaldemandissettoreachanewall-timehighin2024…
Globalcoaldemandisexpectedtogrowby1%in2024toanall-timehighof8.77billiontonnes(Bt).Thisrepresentsaconsiderableslowdowningrowthfrompreviousyears:globalcoalconsumptionroseby7.7%in2021asitreboundedfromtheCovidshocktheyearbefore,by4.7%in2022andby2.4%in2023.Althoughindustrialconsumptionalsoincreasedoverthatperiod,thepowersectorhasbeenthemaindriverofcoaldemandgrowth,withelectricitygenerationfromcoalsettoreachanall-timehighof10700terawatt-hours(TWh)in2024.
Attheregionallevel,coaldemandinChinaisexpectedtogrowby1%in2024toreach4.9Bt,anotherrecord.Indiaispoisedtoseedemandgrowthofover5%to1.3Bt,alevelthatonlyChinahasreachedpreviously.IntheEuropeanUnionandtheUnitedStates,coaldemandcontinuestofall,butatasignificantlyslowerpace.Itisontracktodeclineby12%and5%respectivelythisyear,comparedwith23%and17%in2023.
…butdemandcouldplateauthrough2027,dependingonChina
Afterhavinggrownbymorethan1.2billiontonnessince2020,globalcoaldemandissettoplateauinthenextthreeyears,reachingaround8.87billiontonnesby2027.Giventheslowprogressofdeployingcarboncapture,utilisationandstorage(CCUS)technologiesinthesector,carbondioxideemissionsfromcoalarenotexpectedtodeclineinthatperiod,basedontoday’spolicysettingsandmarkettrends.Whilecoaldemandinadvancedeconomiescontinuestoshrink,thisdeclineisexpectedtobeoffsetbygrowthinafewemerginganddevelopingeconomies,suchasIndia,IndonesiaandVietNam,wheretheadditionalenergydemandassociatedwitheconomicgrowthissettobemetwithavarietyofsources,includingcoal.Despiteincreasingrenewableelectricitygeneration,Indiaisexpectedtoseethelargestincreaseincoaluseinthecomingyears,drivenbyconsumptionfromthepowersectorandindustry.Still,ashasbeenthecasefor25years,China,whichconsumes30%morecoalthantherestoftheworldputtogether,willcontinuetodefineglobaltrends.
FastergrowthinelectricityuseinChinaispushingupcoaldemandthere
AthirdofallthecoalconsumedworldwideisburnedinpowerplantsinChina,makingthecountry’selectricitysectorthemaindriverofglobalcoalmarkets.In2024,Chinahasmaintaineditsfocusondiversifyingitspowersources,continuingtobuildoutnuclearplantsandacceleratingitsmassiveexpansionofsolarPVand
IEA.CCBY4.0.
PAGE|8
windcapacity.Thecountry’shydrosectoralsoexperiencedareboundafterseveralyearsofunderperformance.However,electricitydemandinChinaisincreasingstrongly,growingatafasterrateonaveragethanGDPsince2021.TwomajordriversareunderpinningpowerdemandgrowthinChina:theelectrificationofservicespreviouslyprovidedbyotherfuels,suchasmobilityandindustrialheat,andemergingindustriessuchasdatacentresandAI.
Weather-drivenfluctuationsovershadowstructuralchangesintheshortterm
Inthisreport’sforecast,theyear-to-yearchangesinglobalcoaldemandthrough2027arerelativelysmall,cominginatlessthan50milliontonnes(Mt).InIndia,thecountrypoisedtoseethelargestincreaseincoaldemand,itrisesbyjustover100Mtthrough2027.IntheEuropeanUnion,coaldemanddeclinesby68Mtinthesameperiod.InChina,analysisofpotentialvariationincoaldemandbasedonweatherconditionsandtheirimpactonrenewablegenerationindicatesdemandcouldbeabout140Mthigherorlowerthanthebasecaseduringtheforecastperiod.Thisunderscoresthatweathervariationsareincreasinglydefiningshort-termtrends,evenasstructuralchangestakeplaceatboththeregionalandgloballevel.GivenChina’sdominantroleinworldcoalmarkets,weathervariationstherecanbeparticularlyimpactful–bothatthecountrylevelandthegloballevel.
Coaldemandissettocontinuetoshrinkinmostadvancedeconomiesthrough2027
Coaldemandinmostadvancedeconomiespeakedafewyearsagoandisfalling,althoughthetrajectorycanvarydependingontheregionorcountry.InEuropeandNorthAmerica,wherecoalusehasdroppedoverthepastdecade,therateofdeclineisnowslowing.Demandforpowerfromtheelectricitysectorcouldfurtherslowdeclinesintheseregionsintheyearsahead.Evenso,by2025,thecoalconsumedintheEuropeanUnionandtheUnitedStatescombinedwillbelessthanhalftheamountusedinIndia.TheclosureofthelastcoalpowerplantintheUnitedKingdominSeptember2024wasanimportantsymbolicmomentforacountrywherecoalhadpoweredtheindustrialrevolution.
Globalcoalproductionisalsoexpectedtoflattenthrough2027
In2024,globalcoalproductionisexpectedtoreachanall-timehigh,surpassing9Btforthefirsttime.Thethreelargestproducers–China,IndiaandIndonesia–reachednewrecordsforoutput.China,whichaccountsforhalfofglobalproduction,issettoseeoutputgrowby1%in2024,despitedeclinesinthefirsthalfofthisyearamidasafetycampaigninShanxi,thelargestproducingprovince.InIndia,thegovernmentisincentivisingproductionfrompubliccompanies,mainlyCoalIndia,aswellascaptiveandcommercialproducers.Asaresult,outputissettorisebyover7%.Indonesianproducers,whichbenefitedfromstrongdomestic
IEA.CCBY4.0.
PAGE|9
coaldemandandsustaineddemandfrominternationalmarkets,areexpectedtosurpass800Mtforthefirsttime.
Lookingahead,productioninChinaissettoease,givenabundantstocksandalackofsubstantialdemandgrowth.Bycontrast,productioninIndiaisexpectedtocontinuetogrow,spurredbyrobustcoaldemandandgovernmentpoliciestoreduceimports.InIndonesia,despitecontinuedstrongdomesticdemand,productionispoisedtoshrinkduetoweakerinternationalmarketsforthermalcoal.Overall,weexpectannualglobalcoalproductionofcloseto9Btthrough2027.Australiaissettobecomethefourthlargestproducerby2027,surpassingtheUnitedStatesandRussia.ProducersinRussiaarestrugglingamidinternationalsanctions,lowprofitabilityandinfrastructurebottlenecks.
Tradevolumessettoreachall-timehighin2024beforereceding
Internationaltradeofcoalbyvolumeisexpectedtoreachanewall-timehighin2024,at1.55Bt.Allcategoriesareoncoursetosetnewrecordsintermsofbothgrowthandoverallvolume,namelyseabornethermalcoal,totalthermalcoal,seabornemetallurgicalcoalandtotalmetallurgicalcoal.InChina,despiteabundantstocksandlukewarmdemand,importsareexpectedtosurpass500Mtin2024.InIndia,strongdemandhaskeptimportsatsimilarlevelsasin2023,despitethecountry’sproductionpush.VietNamhassurpassedChineseTaipeiastheworld’sfifthlargestimporter.Lookingahead,inlightofthesetrends,ourmodelsshowtradevolumesshrinking,withtradeinthermalcoalseeingthebiggestdecline.Thatsaid,Chineseimportshaverepeatedlycomeinhigherthanexpectedinrecentyears.
ReshuffleoftradeflowscontinuesasshifttoAsiaaccelerates
MorethantwoyearsaftertheEuropeanUnionbannedRussiancoalimportsandRussianproducersshiftedexportseastwards,thereshuffleoftradeflowscontinues.ItisdifficulttoknowtheeffectoftheextensionofUSsanctionstosomeRussianproducers,whicharealsograpplingwithrailbottleneckstoeasternmarkets,higherrailtariffs,exportduties,andnewimportdutiesinsomecountriessuchasChina.OtherfactorsreshapingtradeflowsincludearesumptionofAustralianexportsintoChinaandsecurityriskstosomeshippingroutes.Ontopofthat,themarket’scentreofgravitycontinuestoshiftincreasinglytoAsiaamidthecollapseofdemandinEurope.Indonesiahasprovenagaintobethemostflexibleexporter.Afterrisingabove500Mtin2023,Indonesianexportsareexpectedtosurpass550Mtin2024.MongoliahasbecomethesecondlargestmetallurgicalcoalexporterafterAustralia,althoughitsroleinglobaltradeislimited,sinceallofitsexportsgotoChina.
IEA.CCBY4.0.
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Coalremainsprofitableaspricesstayabovepre-crisislevels
Thepandemicandassociateddropindemandforcoalsentpricesplungingin2020,buttheysubsequentlyreboundedtorecordhighs–firstinOctober2021,andthenagainafterRussia’sinvasionofUkrainein2022.Priceshaverecededsincethen,buttheyarestill50%higherthantheaverageduringthe2017-19period.AsofNovember2024,thepriceofimportedthermalcoalinEuropewasaroundUSD120pertonne,comparedwithanaverageofUSD80pertonnein2017-19.ForAustralianthermalcoal,thepricetodayisaroundUSD140pertonne,versusUSD90onaverageattheendofthelastdecade.
Coalexportersaremakingsolidprofitsoverall.Russianproducersarethemainexception.Afterearningsubstantialprofitsin2022,andtoalesserextentin2023,manyproducershavetippedintolossesbecauseofincreasedrailtariffsandotherduties,whichcomeontopofthediscountatwhichtheymustselltheircoalduetoWesternsanctions.
Theownershipofexport-orientedcoalminingcapacityischanging
Achangeintheownershipofexport-orientedminescompetingininternationalmarketsisobservableinthelastfewyears.Ononehand,somecompanieswhichwanttoreducetheircarbonfootprintorimprovetheirEnvironmental,SocialandGovernance(ESG)credentialsaresellingcoalassetsinordertofocusonothercommodities.Ontheotherhand,anumberofcompanieswhichhavegeneratedsignificantcashduetolargeprofitssince2021aredoublingdownoncoal.ArecentmajormovewastheacquisitionofElkValleyResourcesbyGlencore,thelargestthermalcoalexporter,whichalsobecameamajormetallurgicalcoalexporteraftertheacquisition.
Coal2024Demand
Analysisandforecastto2027
IEA.CCBY4.0.
PAGE|11
Demand
Afterasmallincreasein2024toanall-timehigh,globalcoaldemandissettoflattenthroughto2027
In2023globalcoaldemandincreasedtoarecord8687Mt,markinga2.5%y-o-yincrease.Thisrisewasprimarilydrivenbycountriesheavilyreliantoncoal,suchasChinaandIndia.Additionally,lowhydropoweroutputfuelledthedemandforcoalinpowergeneration,whichclimbedby2.5%to5855Mt.Non-powercoalusegrewby2.3%,reaching2833Mt.
China,theworld’slargestcoalconsumer,accountedforover56%ofglobaldemandin2023.Thecountry’scoalconsumptionincreasedby6%to4883Mt,withthepowersectoraccountingfor63%ofitscoaldemand.India,thesecond-largestconsumer,sawa10%riseincoaldemand,reachingatotalof1245Mt.
For2024globalcoaldemandisprojectedtogrowby1.0%,settinganewall-timehighof8771Mt.TheslowercoaldemandgrowthinAsia,partiallyoffsetbyfallingdemandinadvancedeconomies,resultsinslowerglobalgrowth.Globalcoaldemandcontinuesitsshifteastward,withChina,IndiaandASEANcountriesexpectedtoconsumethree-quartersoftotaldemandin2024,asignificantincreasefromaround35%atthestartofthecentury.
Inabsoluteterms,themostsignificantincreasesin2024areanticipatedtohavebeeninIndia(up70Mt,or6%)andChina(up56Mt,or1.1%),togetherwithotherslikeIndonesiaandVietNam.Conversely,thelargestdeclinesareexpectedtohavetakenplaceintheEuropeanUnion(down42Mt,or12%)andtheUnitedStates(down18Mt,or5%),withtheelectricitygeneratingsectorthemaindriver.ForecastsfortheRussianFederation(hereafter“Russia”),thefourth-largestcoalconsumer,remainuncertainduetotheongoingwarinUkraine,whichalsomakesUkraine’scoaloutlookunclear.
Forourforecastperiodupto2027weanticipatecoaldemandtomoveinanarrowrange.WhilegrowthinIndiaandASEANcountriescounterbalancedeclinesintheEuropeanUnionandtheUnitedStates,Chinacontinuestobethemajordeterminantofglobalcoaldemand.Intheelectricitysector,despitetheformidableexpansionofrenewables,strongelectricitydemandisexpectedtokeepcoal-firedpowergenerationatsimilarlevelsto2024.
Coal2024Demand
Analysisandforecastto2027
IEA.CCBY4.0.
PAGE|12
Globalcoalconsumption,2002-2027
Mt
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
0
200220072012201720222027
aChinaaIndiaaASEANaUnitedStates
EuropeanUnionRestofworldForecast
IEA.CCBY4.0.
Changeinglobalcoalconsumption,2023-2027
Mt
8873
76
8771
35
8687
107
68
66
56
37
8900
8850
8800
8750
8700
8650
8600
42
70
42
2023
-+2024-+2027
China
aIndiaaASEANaUnitedStates
EuropeanUnion
aRestofworldSForecast
IEA.CCBY4.0.
Coal-firedpowergenerationreachesanall-timehighin2024,thenplateaus
In2023globalcoal-firedelectricitygenerationgrewby1.7%,or175TWh,correspondingto192Mtofcoaldemandinthepowersector.
1
Despitesignificantgrowthinrenewablegenerationin2023(up426TWh),coal-firedpowergenerationremainedthelargestsourceofelectricity,accountingforover35%ofthetotal.Regionally,theUnitedStates(down169TWh)andtheEuropeanUnion(down133TWh)recordedthebiggestdeclinesincoal-firedpowergenerationin2023,althoughthiswasmorethanoffsetbygainsinChina(up347TWh)andIndia(up125TWh).Globally,totalpowergenerationgrewby2.4%,reachingatotalof29898TWh.
Globalelectricitygenerationisexpectedtohavegrownby4.4%in2024,reaching31099TWh.ChinaandIndiahaveonceagainledthegrowthinelectricitydemand.WhileChinaisexpectedtohavemetthisincreaseprimarilythroughtheexpansionofrenewables,Indiaisforecasttohavereliedmostlyoncoalforitsadditionalelectricityduetolowhydropoweravailabilityinthefirsthalfoftheyear.Despitetheexpansionofrenewables,coal-firedpowergenerationinChinaisexpectedtorecordmoderategrowthof1.7%for2024.Globalcoal-firedpowergenerationisprojectedtohavegrownby1.0%,or104TWh.
Changeinglobalelectricitygenerationbysource,2023-2027
TWh
35000
34000
33000
32000
31000
30000
34559
31099
29814
29000
2023-+2024-+2027
回Coal回Gas回Nuclear回Renewables回Others回Forecast
IEA.CCBY4.0.
1Therateofgrowthincoalconsumptioninthepowersectordiffersfromthechangeinelectricitygenerationforanumberofreasons.First,differentplantsconsumecoalofdifferentcalorificvalue(CV)atdifferentefficiencies.Second,aroundone-quarterofcoalplantsarecombinedheatandpower(CHP)and,therefore,heatprovisionalsoplaysaroleincoaldemand.Third,coal-firedpowergenerationincludespowergeneratedbycoalby-productssuchasmetallurgicalgasesfromsteelworks,andthisisnotincludedinthecoaldemandforpowergeneration.
IEA.CCBY4.0.
PAGE|13
Coal2024Demand
Analysisandforecastto2027
IEA.CCBY4.0.
PAGE|14
Forourforecastperiodthroughto2027,weexpectglobalcoaldemandforpowergenerationtoremainstableataround6000Mt.Therapiddeploymentoflow-costsolarPVbolsterstheriseinrenewablepowergeneration.Nuclearpowerandgas-firedgenerationarealsoprojectedtoseemoderategrowth,particularlyinChinaandIndia.Theanticipatedgrowthinrenewableenergysources,nuclearpowerandnaturalgasisexpectedtoalignwiththeprojectedincreaseinelectricitydemand.Consequently,nodeclineincoal-firedpowergenerationisforeseen.
Giventhesefactors,weanticipatecoal-firedpowergenerationtoremainatlevelssimilarto2023duringthe2024-2027period.Nevertheless,bythattime,coal’sshareoftheglobalelectricitymixisexpectedtodroptojustover31%,thelowestlevelrecordedbytheIEA.
Noincreaseinnon-powerthermalcoalandligniteexpectedthroughto2027
Beyondpowergeneration,thermalcoalandligniteareusedinvariousactivities,suchascementmanufacturingandprovidingheatforindustrialandresidentialpurposes.Fortheanalysisinthisreport,heatsuppliedbyCHPunitsorcentraldistrictheatingisincludedinthepowersector.In2023non-powerthermalcoalandligniteconsumptionincreasedby2.5%,reaching1736Mt.Thisaccountedfor23%oftotalthermalcoalandligniteconsumptionforthatyear.
ThemajorityofthisincreasewasdrivenbyChina,whereconsumptionroseto1094Mt,withcontinuousgrowthinthecoalconversionsector,whichaimstoreduceoilandgasimportdependence.WhilestillafractionofChina’slevelofconsumption,ASEANcountriessawahigherpercentageincrease,withconsumptionrisingby13%from76Mtto87Mt.ThisexceptionalgrowthwasprimarilydrivenbyIndonesia,whichsawanincreaseof9Mt.Indonesiaisstrategicallyboostingitsnickelproductiontomeettheglobaldemandforthiscriticalmineralusedinbatterymanufacturing.SincemostIndonesiannickelisproducedusingtherotarykiln-electricfurnace(RKEF)process,whichreliesoncoalasbothareductantandanenergysource,nickelproductionisdrivingthegrowthofthermalcoalconsumptioninIndonesia.Additionally,coalusedforelectricityintheprocess(includedinthepowersector)andtheuseofcoke(includedinthemetcoaldemand)furthercontributetothecarbonfootprintofnickelproduction.
Weanticipateaslightincreaseintheaggregatednon-poweruseofthermalcoalandlignitein2024,drivenbygainsinIndia,whichareexpectedtooffsetdeclinesinotherAsiancountriesandtheEuropeanUnion.InChina,effortstoreducecoalconsumptionforresidentialheatingandsmallindustry,alongwithweakinfrastructureinvestmentaffectingcementdemand,arelikelytodampennon-powercoalconsumption.However,thecoalconversionsectorcontinuestoshow
Coal2024Demand
Analysisandforecastto2027
IEA.CCBY4.0.
PAGE|15
significantpotentialforcoaluse.Overall,weexpectapronounceddeclineof58MtinChina’sthermalnon-powercoaldemandthroughtotheendof2027.
India’snon-powerthermalcoalandligniteconsumptionisprojectedtocontinueitsupwardtrend,withindustrialactivityexpectedtogrowbynearly6%annuallyoverthenextthreeyears.WeestimateIndia'sconsumptionincreasingby44Mtby2027,andanadditional10MtexpectedfromASEANcountries.
Insummary,weprojectglobalconsumptionofthermalcoalandlignitefornon-powerpurposestoremainstable,withaslightdeclineof4Mt,or0.2%,by2027.
Changeinthermalcoalandligniteconsumptionfornon-powerpurposesbyregion,2022-2027
Mt
80
60
40
20
0
-20
-40
-60
-80
2022-20232023-20242024-2027
aRestofworldASEAN
aIndiaChina
EuropeanUnion
OtherAsia因Forecast
World
IEA.CCBY
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