衔接与连贯完整版本

CohesionandCoherenceCohesionandcoherencearetermsusedindiscourseanalysis

（话语分析）andtextlinguistics（篇章语言学）

todescribethepropertiesofwrittentexts.TexttexturecoherenceandcohesionContentsCohesionCohesiveDevicesCohesionCoherentDevicesComparisonbetweentheTwoExamples(1)A:Howoldisyourson?B:Heisseven.(2)A:Howoldisyourson?B:Sheisplayinginthegarden.(3)A:ClaireandKentclimbedMt.McKinleylastsummer.B:Shephotographedthepeak,andhesurveyedit.CohesionCohesionisdefinedas“theuseofexplicitlinguisticdevicestosignalrelationsbetweensentencesandpartsoftexts”.

Cohesioncanbethoughtofasallthegrammaticalandlexicallinksthatlinkonepartofatexttoanother.Thisincludesuseofsynonyms,lexicalsets,pronouns,verbtenses,timereferences,grammaticalreference,etc.Cohesionisapartoftextformingcomponentinthelinguisticssystem.Itlinkstogethertheelementsthatarestructurallyunrelatedthroughthedependenceofoneontheotherforitsinterpretation.Withoutcohesionthesemanticsystemcannotbeeffectivelyactivatedatall.(4)MyfatheronceboughtaLincolnconvertible.Hediditbysavingeverypennyhecould.Thatcarwouldbeworthafortunenowadays.However,hesoldittohelppayformycollegeeducation.SometimesIthinkI'dratherhavetheconvertible.(4)Myfather

once

boughtaLincolnconvertible.He

diditbysavingeverypenny

hecould.Thatcar

wouldbeworthafortunenowadays.However,he

sold

ittohelppayformycollegeeducation.SometimesIthinkI'dratherhavetheconvertible.CohesiveDevices1.Reference照应、指称2.Substitution替代3.Ellipsis省略4.Conjunction关联5.Lexicalcohesion

词汇衔接ReferenceAparticipantorcircumstantialelementintroducedatoneplaceinthetextcanbetakenasareferencepointforsomethingthatfollows.

Exophora外指

/Endophora

内指Anaphora前指/Cataphora

后指Personalreference人称指称Demonstrativereference指示指称Comparativereference比较指称Exophora外指Itindicatessituationalreferences.Anaphorasignalsthatreferencemustbemadetothecontextofsituation.Itisoutsidethetextsoitiscalledanaphoricreference.E.g.Forhe’sajollygoodfellowandsosayallofus.Endophora内指Itisageneralnameforreferencewithinthetext.Thisreferencecanbeoftwotypes.Anaphora前指: ReferencebackCataphora后指: Referenceforwarde.g.Ms.Smithhasresigned.Sheannouncedheredecisionthismorning.Child:Whydoesthatonecomeout?Parent:Thatwhat？Child:Thatone.Parent:Thatonewhat?Child:Thatlevertherethatyoupushtoletthewaterout.Threetypesofreference

PersonalReference人称指示人称指称关系的指称词一般为第三人称代词，如，him、his、everybody等；DemonstrativeReference指示指称指示指称词包括this、that、these、those之类的指示代词以及定冠词the和sucha一类的词，也包括here、there、now、then等地点指示词和时间指示词；ComparativeReference比较指称比较指称关系中的比较通常可以通过一些具有比较意义的词语如same、as、equal、such、similar、different、other、else等来实现。

SubstitutionInsubstitution,anitemisreplacedbyanotheritem.

nominalsubstitution:(one/ones/thesame)verbalsubstitution:

(do/does/did)clausalsubstitution:

(so/not)Substitution1)A:Haveyouanyknives?Ineedasharpone.B:Icangetyouseveralverysharpones,butthisisthebest(one)Ihave.2)BobsaysheisgoingtojointheLabourParty.Itwillbeinterestingtoseewhetherhedoes(do).3)A:‘Bruceisagoodactor.’B:‘Idon’tthinkso.’EllipsisEllipsisinvolvestheomissionofanitem.Itisthe“substitutionbyzero”.Inotherwords,inellipsis,anitemisreplacedbynothing.NominalellipsisVerbalellipsisClausalellipsi

Ellipsise.g.HehadtoadmitthatSarah’sdrawingswereasgoodashisown.NigelfinishedtheexamatthesametimeasGeorge.Themengotbackatmidnight.Bothweretiredout.Takethesepillsthreetimesaday.Andyou’dbetterhavesomemoreofthosetoo.EllipsisAreyoumarried?’‘Notyet.’‘Areyouinlove?’‘Yes.’‘WiththeEnglishgirl?’‘Yes.’‘Poorbaby.Isshegoodtoyou?’‘Ofcourse.’E.Hemingway,AFarewellToArmsConjunctionConjunctioninvolvestheuseofformalmarkerstocombineclauses,sentencesandparagraphssuchastheuseof“and”,“however”,“but”,etc.Additive:and,inaddition,moreover,besides,further,etc.

Transition：however,nevertheless,eventhough,still,yet,but,etc.Causeandeffect：consequently,so,accordingly,asaresult,forthisreason,etc.Condition

：otherwise,ifso,ifnot,etc.Introducers：

that,whether,who,etc.eg.Speakingandwritingaredifferentinmanyways.Speechdependsonsounds;writing,ontheotherhand,useswrittensymbols.Speechwasdevelopedabout500000yearsago,butwrittenlanguageisarecentdevelopment,inventedonlyaboutsixthousandyearsago.Speechisusuallyinformal,whilethewordchoiceofwriting,bycontrast,isoftenrelativelyformal.Althoughpronunciationandaccentoftentellwherethespeakerisfrom,theyareignoredinwiringbecauseastandarddictionandspellingsystemprevailsinmostcountries.Speechreliesongesture,loudness,andtheriseandfallofthevoice,butwritinglacksthesefeatures.Carefulspeakersandwritersareawareofthesedifferences.

LexicalCohesionLexicalcohesioninvolveseitherthereiteration,repetitionofanitem,ortheuseofasynonym,nearsynonym,orsuperordinateterm.Lexicalcohesioncouldalsobeusedinreferencetolexicalcollocation.Collocationinvolvestheassociationoflexicalitemsthatregularlyco-occur,forinstance,climb/ascend;order/obey;laugh/joke;garden/dig;andbeach/waves/sand/swim/lifeguard.Synonymy同义词、近义词:buy-purchase;Antonym反义词:love-hateHyponymy下义词:fruit-appleMetonymy换喻词:tree-leafLexicalrepetition词汇重复AccordingtoLee(2002),coherenceisdefinedastherelationshipsofvariousideasinatextthatarelinkedtogethertocreateameaningfuldiscourse.

Coherenttextsmakesensetothereader.Whensentences,ideas,anddetailsfittogetherclearly,readerscanfollowalongeasily,andthewritingiscoherent.Theideastietogethersmoothlyandclearly.CoherenceCoherenceCoherencecanbethoughtofashowmeaningsandsequencesofideasrelatetoeachother.Itsuggestssemanticunity.Typicalexampleswouldbegeneral>particular;statement>example;problem>solution;question>answer;claim>counter-claim.Leeidentifiesfivefeaturesofacoherenttextasfollows:Thetexthasamacrostructurethatprovidesasenseappropriatetoitscommunicativepurposesandfunctions.Themacrostructureisanoutlineofthemaincategoriesorfunctionsofthetext,e.g.whenthewriter’spurposeistotellastory,itiscommontoarrangetheeventsinachronologicalorder.Thetexthasaninformationstructurethatguidesthereaderinunderstandinghowinformationisorganizedandhowthetopicofthetextisdeveloped.Thisinvolvesthegivingofoldinformationbeforenewinformation.Thetextshowsconnectivityoftheunderlyingcontentevidencedbyrelationsbetweenpropositions.Atextiscoherentifthepropositionsitcontainsarejustifiedorexemplifiedwithdetail.Thetexthascohesivedevicestoestablisharelationshipbetweensentencesandparagraphs.Thisfeaturesisassociatedwiththesurfacestructureofcoherencewhichlinkssentencesandpointsbeingmade.Thetextcontainsappropriatemetadiscoursefeatures.

Metadiscoursemarkersintextshelpreadersorganize,interpretandevaluateinformation.Someexamplesofthesemarkersaresequencers(first,second,finally),andcertaintymarkers(certainly,nodoubt),etc.CoherentDevices

Textmarkers语篇标记Lexicalcoherence词汇连贯Thetopicalpattern话题类型

Fivepatternsoforganizationarechronological年代的,spatial空间的,compare-and-contrast比较对比,advantage-disadvantage优劣势,cause-effect因果,problem-solution问题及解决途径.(句型、结构有形可循)Differences

betweenCohesionandCoherenceCoherenceexpressesthecontinuitythatexistsbetweenonepartoftextandanotherandtheoverallrelationofallparts.Cohes