国际商法 第4版 课件 导论 第四节 英美法系

英美法系

（CommonLawSystem）又称普通法系，以英国和美国为代表。形成于英国，以英国中世纪的普通法为基础而发展起来的法律制度体系。英美法系的概念1066年，诺曼底公爵威廉，率军征服不列颠群岛，建立了统一的英吉利王国保留原来的地方法院，继续适用地方习惯法，但是需要申请国王的“令状”设立皇家法院，法官巡回审理案件各地习惯法逐渐统一，成为全国普遍适用的共同法律普通法的形成美国法律属于普通法系。19世纪后期开始独立发展，对世界的法律产生很大影响。英美法分为英国法和美国法两个支系。属于英美法系的主要国家加拿大澳大利亚新西兰爱尔兰印度巴基斯坦马来西亚新加坡现在香港实行法律包括：《基本法》原有法律（包括普通法、衡平法、条例、附属立法、习惯法）香港特别行政区立法机关制定的法律属大陆法与英美法的混合物南非菲律宾斯里兰卡例

外联合王国的苏格兰加拿大的魁北克省美国的路易斯安那洲不属英美法系而属大陆法系“先例约束力原则”

（ruleofprecedent）法院在判决中所包括的判决理由必须得到遵循，即对作出判例的法院本身和对下级法院日后处理同类案件均具有约束力。判例法（caselaw）

英美法主要法律渊源

ComplainantsinstitutedthissuittohavespecificperformanceofacontractbywhichitwasallegedthedefendantshadsoldtoW.O.Lucyfor$50,000atractoflandknownastheFergusonfarmownedbydefendantA.H.Zehmer.J.C.Lucy,theothercomplainant,isabrotherofW.O.Lucy,towhomW.O.Lucytransferredahaftinterestinhisallegedpurchase.TheinstrumentsoughttobeenforcedwaswrittenbyA.H.ZehmeronDecember20,1952,inthesewords:"WeherebytoselltoW.O.LucytheFergusonfarmfor$50,000,titlesatisfactorytobuyer,"signedbybothdefendants.

Lucyetal.v.Zehmeretal.

84S.E.(2d)516,196Va.493(1954)

TheanswerofA.H.ZehmeradmittedthatatthetimementionedW.O.Lucyofferedhim$50,000cashforthefarmbutthathe(Zehmer)consideredthattheofferwasmadeinjest;thatsothinking,andbothheandLucyhavinghadseveraldrinks,hewroteoutthea‘memorandum’quotedaboveandinducedhiswifetosignit;thathedidnotdeliverthememorandumtoLucy,butLucypickeditup,readit,putitinhispocket,andattempttoofferhim$5.00tobindthebargain;thatherefusedtoaccept,and,realizingforthefirsttimethatLucywasserious,assuredhimthathehadnointentionofsellingthefarm,andthatthewholematterwasajoke.Lucyleftthepremisesinsistingthathehadpurchasedthefarm.

OnMonday,December22nd,Lucyengagedanattorneytoexaminethetitle.TheattorneyreportedfavorablyonDecember31st,andonJanuary2ndLucywrotetoZehmerstatingthatthetitlewassatisfactoryandthathewasreadytopaythepurchasepriceincash,andaskingwhenZehmerwouldbereadytoclosethedeal.Zehmerrepliedbyletterassertingthathehadneveragreedorintendedtosellthefarm.Thereuponcomplainantsbroughtthissuit.Theissueiswhethertheagreementwasenteredintowithcontractualintentorwasmerelyajoke.

Buchanan,J.InhistestimonyZehmerclaimedthathe"washighasaGeorgiapine,"andthatthetransactionwasjustabunchoftwodoggoneddrunksbluffingtoseewhocouldtalkthebiggestandsaythemost."Thatclaimisinconsistentwithhisattempttotestifyingreatdetailastowhatwassaidandwhatwasdone...TherecordisconvincingthatZehmerwasnotintoxicatedtotheextentofbeingunabletocomprehendthenatureandconsequenceoftheinstrumentbeexecuted,andhencethatinstrumentisnottobeinvalidatedonthatground.

TheevidenceisconvincingalsothatZehmerwrotetwoagreements,thefirstonebeginning'Iherebyagreetosell';thatLucytoldhimthathewantedZehmer'swifetosignthememorandum;andthatZehmertoreupthefirstagreementandthenmadeasecondonewhichread"Weherebyagreetosell."Bothheandhiswifesignedthesecondmemorandum.

Theappearanceofthecontract;thefactdiscussionforfortyminutesormorebeforeitwassigned;Lucy'sobjectiontothefirstdraftbecauseitwaswritteninthesingularandhewantedMrs.Zehmertosignitalso;therewritingtomeetthatobjectionandthesigningbyMrs.Zehmer;thediscussionofwhatwastobeincludedinthesale;theprovisionforexaminationofthetitle;thecompletenessoftheinstrumentthatwasexecuted;thetakingpossessionofitbyLucywithnorequestorsuggestionbyeitherofthedefendantsthathegiveitback,arefactswhichfurnishpersuasiveevidencethattheexecutionofthecontractwasaseriousbusinesstransactionratherthanacasual,jestingmatter,asdefendantsnowcontend.FirstNat.ExchangeBankofRoanokev.RoanokeOilCo.,169Va.99,192S.E.764.

Inthefieldofcontracts,asgenerallyelsewhere,“Wemustlooktotheoutwardexpressionofapersonasmanifestinghisintentionratherthanhissecretorunexpressedintention.Thelawimputestoapersonanintentioncorrespondingtothereasonablemeaningofhiswordsandacts.”

Thementalassentofthepartiesisnotrequisiteforaformationofacontract.Ifthewordsorotheractsofoneofthepartieshavebutonereasonablemeaning,hisundisclosedintentionisimmaterialexceptwhereanunreasonablemeaningwhichheattachestohismanifestationsisknowntotheotherparty.Anagreementormutualassentisofcourseessentialtoavalidcontractbutthelawimputestoapersonanintentioncorrespondingtothereasonablemeaningofhiswordsandacts.Soapersoncannotsetupthathewasmerelyjestingwhenhisconductandwordswouldwarrantareasonablepersoninbelievingthatheintendedarealagreement.Reversed.成文法英国的成文法，包括由立法机关议会制定的法律和由行政机关依据法律制定的条例。美国的成文法，分为联邦的成文法和州的成文法。美国最高法院认为，宪法是一切法律之源，凡是违反宪法的法律或判例，美国各法院均有权不予执行。成文法一般都要通过判例法才能起作用。习惯法习惯法曾经是普通法的重要渊源，但是，目前，习惯在英美国法律中所起的作用极小。根据法律规定，只有那些在1189年就已经存在的地方习惯，才有约束力。在法律渊源上，判例法占有重要地位判例法最大的特点就是新案判决依据于旧案。这一特点有助于国家法律的稳定，减少随意性。英美法系的特点1892年6月7日，具有八分之一黑人血统的普莱西故意登上路易斯安那州的一辆专为白人服务的列车，根据路易斯安那州当时的法律，白人和有色种族必须乘坐隔离的车厢。根据该条法律，普莱西被认定为“有色种族”，遭到逮捕和关押。于是他将路易斯安那州政府告上法庭，指责其侵犯了自己根据美国宪法而享有的权利。但是法官裁决，普莱西败诉，并且，以违反隔离法为名被判处罚金300美元。案

例在法律分类方面，以实用为主美国一般采用两种分类：实体法与程序法实体法，是指规定权利与义务的法律程序法，是指法律上的行政管理英美法系的特点在审判方式上，采用对抗制法官地位中立，起诉