专八写作课件-writing-(structure)

WritingTEM-8IntroductionKeyelementsofTEM8WritingContentOrganizationGrammarAppropriatenessKeyelementsContent（50%）

观点清楚，前后无矛盾，并有充分、恰当的例证说明自己的论点。Organization(10%)

细节安排有条理，叙述层次清楚，段落之间联系自然，句子连贯。Grammar(35%)

没有句子结构上的重大错误，拼写、标点、大小写等正确；引文不超过文章的10%；用词确切、恰当。Appropriateness(5%)

语言得体，语气恰当，以理服人，有说服力。Content—ThoughtAsummaryofTEM8Writings:励志人生和谐社会年份主题或题目题材content体裁genre(organization)2010Theimportantroleofacity’slocalconditionsintheurbandesign社会问题议论文argumentation2009Aredialectsjustasacceptableinpublicplaces?社会问题议论文2008WhathaveIlearnedfrommyyearsofuniversity?校园生活说明文exposition2007Financialdisparityandfriendship社会问题议论文2006Ambition个人发展说明文2005Interviewisagoodwaytoselectemployees社会问题议论文StepsinWritingaComposition

1.Planning2.WritingtheFirstDraft3.Revising4.MakingtheFinalCopyStepsinWritingaComposition

1.Planning--tothinkofasmanyrelevantfactsaspossible--tofindaproperthesisorthemefromthefacts--selectimportantfactsandarrangetheminalogicalorder--writeanoutlineStepsinWritingaComposition

3.Revisinga.Content:Lookattheessay/compositionasawhole--Aroundthetopic?--Clearthesis?Sufficientfacts(details,examples,reasons,etc.)?--Irrelevantinformation?--Soundlogic?StepsinWritingaComposition

3.Revisingb.Organization:Lookatthearrangementofthematerial--Introductoryparagraphleadtothemainpointornot?--Eachparagraphhasacentralideaornot?Paragraphsrelatedtotheirpreviousorfollowingoneornot?Propertransitionsbetweensections?Paragraphsarrangedinclimaticorderornot?--Concludingparagraphgivethereaderaclearimpressionofthepaper’sintentionornot?Content—ThoughtWaystoimprovewritingdaily平时积累，永久获益Second-handExperiencea.Emulation(imitation)

b.Reading

Newswebsites:1)(headlines)e.g.ShouldParentsgivecashforromance?学生校园谈恋爱父母掏钱来买单ShouldPrettywomendressdownfor‘masculine’jobs?美女也遭职场碰壁？Internprogramscanputstudentsatrisk大学生实习Content—ThoughtNewswebsites:

2)

(news&topics)e.g.Whentemperatureshitextremehighs(orlows),whatmeasuresshouldbetakentoprotectthehealthofthoseworkingoutdoors?Underwhatcircumstancesshouldoutdoorlabourbeceased?Whattypeofworkdemandssuchspecialarrangement?中国大部分地方的气温最近频频创下纪录，高温到什么程度员工可以放假？高温天气之下，哪些人最该享受降温补贴？大家觉得什么情况下应该停止户外劳动？3)http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news

(news)Books如：《英语经典美文背诵》《晨读英语美文》Content—ThoughtTheexercisesinThoughtsAreDialectsjustasAcceptableinPublicPlaces?Ideastosupportitsacceptabilitya.tohaveeasycommunicationwithpeoplewhocan’tspeakmuchMandarinb.tocultivatefriendshipeasierfordialectsareverypleasingtotheearsoftheirspeakersc.topreservethecolorfulvarietiesofdialectsContent—ThoughtTheexercisesinThoughtsADiscussiononStudyingAbroada.conspicuousbenefits

a)tokeepupwiththelatestacademicachievementinmanydevelopedcountries

b)todevelopabroaderoutlookbyexperiencingnewwayoflife

c)tohaveamoreprospectwithone’soverseaseducationbackgroundtogetherwithhisorherplentifulforeign-fundworkingexperienceContent—ThoughtTheexercisesinThoughtsADiscussiononStudyingAbroadb.Drawbacks

a)seriousoutflowofintelligenceandintellectuals

b)followanyvalueblindlyduetolanguagebarrierandcultureshock

c.Conclusion

Therearealwaystwosidestoeverything.Therewillbenosweetnesswithoutsweat.Acarefulthinkingabouttheoverseasstudyplanisneeded.TheexercisesinThoughtsRENTisrisingincitiesacrossChina,andyoungChinesearefeelingthebruntofthisworryingtrend.Whatarethereasonsbehindtherentrise?Pleasegiveyouropinions.

Expertsblametherisingcostsofrentinganapartmentonanumberoffactors,suchasrecentgovernmentregulationsonhousingprices,andaninfluxofrentaldemandfromnewgraduatesandothergroups.Thegovernmentshouldcontroltheamountofviolenceinfilmsandontelevisioninordertodecreasetheviolentcrimesinsociety.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagreewiththisissue?Content—Thought

TypesofWriting

1.Description2.Narration3.Exposition4.Argumentation

TypesofWriting

1.DescriptionDescriptionispaintingapictureinwordsofaperson,place,object,orscene.Generalprinciple:tobringoutthedominantcharacteristicoroutstandingqualityofthepersonorthingdescribedthroughcarefulandpurposefulchoiceofsensorydetailsa.Descriptionofaperson--Peculiaritiesandidiosyncrasiesb.Descriptionofaplace--Foritsownsake,butmoreoftenforthepurposeofrevealingthepersonalityandcharacterofaperson,orcreatingafeelingormood--Todescribethethingsthatmaketheplacedifferentfromotherplaces

TypesofWriting

2.NarrationTonarrateistogiveanaccountofaneventoraseriesofevents.Narrativewritingincludesstories(realorimaginary),biographies,histories,newsitemsandnarrativepoems.Narrationoftengoeshandinhandwithdescription.Fiveaspectstoconsiderwhenplanninganarrative:a.Context--when,whereandtowhomtheactionhappenedb.Selectionofdetails--detailsinterestingandrelevanttothethemeorpurposec.Organization--usu.inchronologicalorder

TypesofWriting

3.ExpositionPerhapsthetypeofwritingmostfrequentlyusedbystudents,scientistsorprofessionals.Expositionsmeansexpoundingorexplaining.Anexpositorypaperexplainsorexploressomething.Descriptionmainlydealswithappearancesandfeelings,narrationwitheventsandexperiences,andexpositionsprocessesandrelationships.Clarityisthemostimportantqualityofexposition.

TypesofWriting

3.ExpositionMethodsforwritingexpositoryessays:a.Illustration:theuseofexampletoillustrateapoint(exampleonP183)b.DivisionandClassification:twowaystosortthingsout--division:separatethingsintoparts--classification:groupthingswhichsharecertainqualitiessystematicallyc.ComparisonandContrast

TypesofWriting

3.ExpositionAnalogy:aspecialkindofcomparison,whichshowsthesimilaritiesbetweentwothingsofdifferentclass.Oneitemisusedonlytoexplaintheother.Theitemusedtoclarifytheothermustbequitefamiliartothereaderandprovidesanewinsightorperspective,butnottoproveanything.E.g.1）AcupistoDionysuswhatashieldistoAres.酒杯之于酒神，正如盾牌之于战神。

2）Toreadwithoutreflectingislikeeatingwithoutdigesting.学而不思犹如食而未化。

TypesofWriting

3.Expositiond.CauseandEffect:showingofexplainingthecauseand/oreffectofsth.--distinguishbetweendirectandindirectcausesandeffectsandbetweenmajorandminorcausesandeffects--donotomitlinksinachainofcausesandeffects--beobjectiveandsupporttheanalysiswithsolid,factualevidencee.Definition:todefineatermandmakethemeaningclearanddefinite

TypesofWriting

4.ArgumentationThepurposeofexpositionistoinformwhilethatofargumentationistoconvinceorpersuade(triestomakethereaderagreewiththepointofviewandsupportit.)Itfrequentlymakesuseofdescription,narrationandexposition.Featuresofargumentativeessays--a.Thesis/debatablepointa)merestatementsoffactsb)statementofpersonalpreference--b.SupportingIdeaswithsufficientevidenceevidenceincludescommonknowledge,specificexamples,facts,expertorauthoritativeopinions,statistics,quotationsfromauthorities,etc.Organization—ThestructuringofThoughtsStructure3-part5-paragraphessay(Argumentation)

introductoryparagraph

supportingparagraphsconcludingparagraph

Para.1Para.2Para.3(e.g.LosingTouch,WhatILivedFor)Organization—ThestructuringofThoughtsStructure

4-part5-paragraphessay(Exposition)

introductoryparagraph

supportingparagraphsbalancingparagraphconcludingparagraphPara.1Para.2(e.g.Ambition)Organization—HowtowriteagoodintroductoryparagraphMethodsofOpeningNarration叙述Quotes引用Description描写PresentandPast现在与过去的对比Classification分类Criticalreasoning推理General-Focus-Survey引入-焦点-分析Emphasis强调Organization—HowtowriteagoodintroductoryparagraphMethodsofOpeningFocusing1)AdditionTotakeaquickglanceattheentertainmentcolumninanynewspaperormagazine,youareeasytofindsomegossipsaboutdifferentcelebrities.Plentyofthemareonlyliesmadeupbytiresomenewsreporters,andsomeothersareevenpublicizedtoattackfamouspeopleinanimmoralway.

Organization—HowtowriteagoodintroductoryparagraphMethodsofOpeningFocusing2)ConcessionAccordingtotheNewOxfordDictionaryofEnglish,frustration,bydefinition,meansthefeelingofbeingupsetorannoyed,especiallybecauseofinabilitytochangeorachievesomething.Sincefrustrationseemstobeanegativefeeling,somepeoplemaybetemptedtothinkthatfrustrationisbadforpeople.Theybelievethatconstantfrustrationmaycauseseriousmentalproblems.Organization—HowtowriteagoodintroductoryparagraphContentinopeningparagraphIntroductoryremarks—引言句

a)介绍与主题相关的当前背景

b)介绍不同观点

c)对要讨论的问题进行设问

d)引用调查研究的数据、名人名言或有代表性的看法Thesissentence—主旨句主旨句要清楚明确，应控制结构

Organization—Howtowriteagoodintroductoryparagraph引言句常用表达描述现象drawn/arousedpublic/popular/

Recentlytherisein…grave/world-wideattention.phenomenonof…caused/arousedwide/general/

problemof…hasconsiderableconcern.

questionof…arisen/loomedup/croppedup

ascontroversial/asnote-worthy/moredistinctlyforsettlemente.g.Recentlytheissueofwhethertheelderlyshouldbetakencareofbythegovernmentortheiryoungchildrenhasbeenposedamongthegeneralpublic.Organization—Howtowriteagoodintroductoryparagraph引言句常用表达呈现不同观点Whenaskedabout….,thevast/overwhelmingmajorityofpeoplesay/think/believemost/many/quiteafew

that….Butotherpeopleregard/view/see/thinkoftheproblem/theissueas….e.g.Thereisafamoussayingthat“Looksaren’teverything”.Peoplewhoargueforitclaimthattheappearanceisonlysuperficial.Thosewhoopposeithavetheirsoundreasons.Undeniably,therearepointsinbothsidesoftheargument,however,tomymind,Iwouldliketosupportthestatementstrongly.Organization—Howtowriteagoodintroductoryparagraph引言句常用表达呈现不同观点Whenaskedabout….,thevast/overwhelmingmajorityofpeoplesay/think/believemost/many/quiteafew

that….Butotherpeopleregard/view/see/thinkoftheproblem/theissueas….e.g.Thereisafamoussayingthat“Looksaren’teverything”.Peoplewhoargueforitclaimthattheappearanceisonlysuperficial.Thosewhoopposeithavetheirsoundreasons.Undeniably,therearepointsinbothsidesoftheargument,however,tomymind,Iwouldliketosupportthestatementstrongly.Organization—Howtowriteagoodintroductoryparagraph引言句常用表达进行设问

Should/What….?Opinionsof/Attitudestoward…varywidely/greatlyfrompersontoperson.Somethinkof/regard/view…as….Otherscontend/argue/claimthat….e.g.Thereisafamoussayingthat“Looksaren’teverything”.Peoplewhoargueforitclaimthattheappearanceisonlysuperficial.Thosewhoopposeithavetheirsoundreasons.Undeniably,therearepointsinbothsidesoftheargument,however,tomymind,Iwouldliketosupportthestatementstrongly.Organization—Howtowriteagoodintroductoryparagraph引言句常用表达引经据典

Oneofthegreatearlymen/writer/philosophers/psychologistssaid/wrote/remarkedthat….Ifthisistrue/thecase,thenthepresent/currentview/value/attitude/situationshouldmakeusponderover/wonderwhether….e.g.AgiftedAmericanpsychologisthassaid“Worryisaspasmoftheemotion;themindcatchesholdofsomethingandwillnotletitgo.”Inotherwords,itisuselesstoarguewiththemindinthiscondition.Thestrongerthewillis,themorefutilethetaskis.Onecanonlygentlyinsinuatesomethingelseintoitsconvulsivegrasp.Ifitistrue,thenthecultivationofahobbyisapolicyoffirstimportancetoamodernmanwhoeasilygetsanxiousanddepressed.Organization—Howtowriteagoodintroductoryparagraph主题句常用表达AsfarasIamconcerned,Ifirmlybelievethat….Iconsider…tobe…Personally,Idonotsharethispointofview.Inthisdiscussion,Iwillsupport/refutetheviewthat…Formypart,…Itis,therefore,natural/mostconspicuous/mostpredictable/obvious/apparentthat…Thereisnodenyingthat…Itgoeswithoutsayingthat…Thereisagrowingbodyofevidencetosupportthat…Organization—HowtowriteagoodintroductoryparagraphExamples.Muchofthecontroversyontheartisticprojectshasitsmaintheme—thequestionofwhetherornotgovernmentshouldspendsomuchfundonhighart.Somecitizensclaimthatitsinksmoneyandistooextravagantfordevelopingcountries.Othersholdtheviewthatitispartoftheculture,whichisasymbolofhumancivilization.Personally,Itakethesideofthelatterview.Fundamentallyspeaking,itisawidelybelievedtruththatknowledgelearnedfrombooksisofsignificantimportancebeforesomeoneisabletomakeanysubstantialcontributiontohisfuturecareer.Yet,inmypointofview,personalexperience,whichhasbeentestifiedbycountlessfacts,hasdisplayeditsgreatervalueinsocialpractices.Organization—HowtowriteagoodintroductoryparagraphWaysofsupportingaparagraphListingofcauses原因分析Listingofeffects结果分析Listingofspecificexamples举例论证Synonymousreinforcement强调

positiveandnegative正反论证强调

‘inotherwords’解释

comparison/contrast/analogy比较/对比/类比/推展

Organization—Howtodevelopthesupportingparagraphs常用表达因果表达

1)Why…?Onereasonis….Anotherreasonfor…is….Besides,….2)Thephenomenon/changein…mainlyresultsfromthefactthat…3）Onemayregardthephenomenonasasignof…4)Thereasonsforthisarenotfartoseek.Foronething,….Foranother….5)Thereisnodoubtthat…hasproducedquitemanynegativeeffectsonoursociety.Themostsevereconsequenceis….Asecondeffectis….Organization—Howtodevelopthesupportingparagraphs常用表达举例/列举

1)Thereareanumberof….First,….Second,….Finally…2)…hasawidevarietyof….Forthose….Forthose…3)Foronething,….Foranother….4)Tobeginwith,….Then,….Furthermore/Moreover/Inaddition/Additionally,….Finally/Inconclusion/Lastbutnotleast,….5）Toillustrate,--------.Asanotherinstance,------.Ifonemorecasewereneeded,Icouldmentionthat------.Organization—Howtodevelopthesupportingparagraphs常用表达举例/列举e.g.IntheUnitedStatesanypersonwhocompletessecondaryschoolhasavarietyofadvancededucationalopportunities.Forthoseinterestedinafour-yeareducationingeneralpreparationforwork,therearehundredsofliberalartscolleges.Forthosewhowantatechnicaleducation,therearespecializedcolleges,too.Organization—Howtodevelopthesupportingparagraphs常用表达比较/类比

1)Nothingismore…than…

2)ComparedwithA,B...3)Thereisastrikingcontrastbetween…and…4)Likewise/Similarly/Inthesameway/Equallyimportantare,…

5)Unlike/Bycomparison/Onthecontrary/Instead,…e.g.Intheessaythefirstparagrap