6.1.3 热水供应系统供水方式选择 Selection of Water Supply Modes of Hot Water Supply Systems-1733554676011

6.1.3热水供应系统供水方式选择SelectionofWaterSupplyModesofHotWaterSupplySystems热水供应系统的供水方式WaterSupplyModesofHotWaterSupplySystems热水供应系统的供水方式WaterSupplyModesofHotWaterSupplySystems1按热水加热方式：直接加热、间接加热Canbecategorizedasdirectheatingandindirectheatingaccordingtothehotwaterheatingmode2按热水管网的压力工况：开式、闭式Canbecategorizedasopentypeandclosedtypeaccordingtothecompressionsituationofthehotwaterpipenetwork3按热水管网的循环方式：全循环、半循环、无循环Canbecategorizedasfullcirculation,halfcirculation,andnocirculationaccordingtothecirculationmodeofthehotwaterpipenetwork4按热水管网运行方式：全天循环、定时循环Canbecategorizedasall-daycirculationandtimedcirculationaccordingtotheoperationmodeofthehotwaterpipenetwork5按热水管网循环动力：自然循坏、机械循环Canbecategorizedasnaturalcirculationandmechanicalcirculationaccordingtothecirculationpowerofthehotwaterpipenetwork6按水平干管的位置：下行上给、上行下给Canbecategorizedassupplyingdownward&runningupwardandrunningdownward&supplyingupwardaccordingtothelocationofthehorizontalmainpipes热水供应系统的供水方式WaterSupplyModesofHotWaterSupplySystems（1）直接加热Directheating直接加热，也称一次换热，是利用以燃气、燃油、燃煤为燃料的热水锅炉，把冷水直接加热到所需热水温度，或者是将蒸汽或高温水通过穿孔管或喷射器直接通入冷水混合制备热水。Directheating,alsoknownasprimaryheatexchange,istodirectlyheatcoldwatertotherequiredhotwatertemperaturebyusingahotwaterboilerwithgas,oil,andcoalasfuel,ortodirectlyintroducesteamorhigh-temperaturewaterintocoldwaterthroughaperforatedpipeorinjectortopreparehotwater.1按热水加热方式的不同，有直接加热和间接加热之分Accordingtodifferentwaterheatingmodes,itiscategorizedasdirectheatingandindirectheating热水供应系统的供水方式WaterSupplyModesofHotWaterSupplySystems噪声大，对蒸汽质量要求高，冷凝水不能回收，热源需大量经水质处理的补充水，运行费用高等缺点。Ithasdisadvantagessuchasloudnoise,highrequirementsforsteamquality,non-recyclablecondensatewater,alargeamountofmake-upwaterafterwatertreatmentastheheatsource,andhighoperatingcosts.缺点Disadvantages具有合格的蒸汽热媒、且对噪声无严格要求的公共浴室、洗衣房、工矿企业等。Publicbathrooms,laundries,andindustrialandminingenterpriseswithqualifiedsteamheatmediumsandnostrictrequirementsfornoise.适用场所Applicationplace具有热效率高、节能的特点；蒸汽直接加热方式具有设备简单、热效率高、无需冷凝水管的优点。Ithasfeaturessuchashighthermalefficiencyandenergysaving.Directsteamheatinghastheadvantagesofsimpleequipment,highthermalefficiency,andnoneedforcondensatepipes.优点Advantages热水供应系统的供水方式WaterSupplyModesofHotWaterSupplySystems（2）间接加热Indirectheating也称二次换热，是将热媒通过水加热器把热量传递给冷水达到加热冷水的目的，在加热过程中热媒（如蒸汽）与被加热水不直接接触。Italsoknownassecondaryheatexchange,istotransfertheenergyofheatmediumtocoldwaterthroughawaterheatertoheatcoldwater.Duringtheheatingprocess,theheatmedium(suchassteam)doesnotdirectlycontactwiththeheatedwater.1按热水加热方式的不同，有直接加热和间接加热之分Accordingtodifferentwaterheatingmodes,itiscategorizedasdirectheatingandindirectheating回收的冷凝水可重复利用，只需对少量补充水进行软化处理，运行费用低，且加热时不产生噪声，蒸汽不会对热水产生污染，供水安全稳定。Therecycledcondensatewatercanbereused,andonlyasmallamountofmake-upwaterneedstobesoftened.Theoperatingcostislow,andnonoisewillbegeneratedduringheating.Steamwillnotpollutehotwater,anditissafeandstabletosupplywater.特点Features要求供水稳定、安全，噪声要求低的旅馆、住宅、医院、办公楼等建筑。Thebuildingssuchashotels,residences,hospitals,andofficebuildingsthatrequirestableandsafewatersupplyandlownoise.适用场所Applicationplace热水供应系统的供水方式WaterSupplyModesofHotWaterSupplySystems（1）开式Opentype2按热水管网的压力工况，可分为开式和闭式两类。Accordingtothepressureconditionsofthehotwaternetwork,thehotwatersupplymodescanbecategorizedasopenandclosedtypes.开式热水供水方式，即在所有配水点关闭后，系统内的水仍与大气相通。

Theopenhotwatersupplymodemeansthatthewaterinthesystemisstillconnectedtotheatmosphereafterallwaterdistributionpointsareclosed.该方式一般在管网顶部设有高位冷水箱和膨胀管或高位开式加热水箱，适用于用户要求水压稳定，且允许设高位水箱的热水系统。

Forthismode,acoldwatergravitytankandanexpansionpipeoranopenheatinggravitytankatthetopofthenetworkaregenerallyprovided.Thismodeissuitableforthehotwatersysteminwhichconsumersrequirestablewaterpressureandallowagravitytank.热水供应系统的供水方式WaterSupplyModesofHotWaterSupplySystems图1开式热水供应系统Fig.1Openhotwatersupplysystem热水供应系统的供水方式WaterSupplyModesofHotWaterSupplySystems（2）闭式Closedtype2按热水管网的压力工况，可分为开式和闭式两类。Accordingtothepressureconditionsofthehotwaternetwork,thehotwatersupplymodescanbecategorizedasopenandclosedtypes.闭式热水供水方式，即在所有配水点关闭后，整个系统与大气隔绝，形成密闭系统。

Theclosedhotwatersupplymodemeansthatafterallwaterdistributionpointsareclosed,thewholesystemisisolatedfromtheatmospheretoformaclosedsystem.该方式中应采用设有安全阀的承压水加热器或设置压力膨胀罐，适用于不宜设置高位水箱的热水供应系统。

Forthismode,pressurizedwaterheaterswithsafetyvalvesorpressurizedexpansiontanksshallbeused.Thismodeissuitableforthehotwatersupplysysteminwhichgravitytanksarenotappropriate.热水供应系统的供水方式WaterSupplyModesofHotWaterSupplySystems图2闭式热水供应系统Fig.2Closedhotwatersupplysystem全循环供水方式，是指热水干管、热水立管和热水支管都设置相应循环管道，保持热水循环，各配水嘴随时打开均能提供符合设计水温要求的热水。

Thefull-circulationwatersupplymodemeansthatthehotwatermainpipe,verticalhotwaterpipe,andhotwaterbranchpipeareprovidedwithcorrespondingcirculationpipestomaintainhotwatercirculation.Eachchokecanbeopenedatanytimetoprovidehotwatermeetingtherequirementsfordesigntemperature.热水供应系统的供水方式WaterSupplyModesofHotWaterSupplySystems（1）全循环Fullcirculation3按热水管网设置循环管网的方式不同，有全循环、半循环、无循环热水供水方式之分。Accordingtothedifferentwaysofsettingacirculatingnetwork,therearefull-circulation,semi-circulationandnon-circulationhotwatersupplymodes.该方式用于对热水供应要求比较高的建筑中，如高级宾馆、饭店、高级住宅等。

Thismodeisusedinbuildingswithhighrequirementsforhotwatersupply,suchashigh-gradehotels,restaurantsandhigh-graderesidences.热水供应系统的供水方式WaterSupplyModesofHotWaterSupplySystems图3全循环Fig.3Fullcirculation膨胀排气管Expansionexhaustpipe循环水泵Circulatingwaterpump加热器Heater冷水箱Coldwatertank立管循环方式是指热水干管和热水立管均设置循环管道，保持热水循环，打开配水嘴时只需放掉热水支管中少量的存水，就能获得规定水温的热水。

Thestandpipecirculationmode

meansthatboththemainhotwaterpipeandtheverticalhotwaterpipeareprovidedwithcirculatingpipestomaintainthehotwatercirculation.Whenthechokeisopened,onlyasmallamountofstoredwaterinthehotwaterbranchpipeneedstobedischargedtoobtainhotwateratthespecifiedtemperature.热水供应系统的供水方式WaterSupplyModesofHotWaterSupplySystems（2）半循环供水方式，又有立管循环和干管循环之分。Half-circulationwatersupplymodeincludesstandpipecirculationandmainpipecirculation.3按热水管网设置循环管网的方式不同，有全循环、半循环、无循环热水供水方式之分。Accordingtothedifferentwaysofsettingacirculatingnetwork,therearefull-circulation,semi-circulationandnon-circulationhotwatersupplymodes.该方式多用于设有全日供应热水的建筑和设有定时供应热水的高层建筑中。

Thismodeismostlyusedinbuildingswithanall-dayhotwatersupplyandhigh-risebuildingswithatimedhotwatersupply.膨胀排气管Expansionexhaustpipe循环水泵Circulatingwaterpump加热器Heater冷水箱Coldwatertank热水供应系统的供水方式WaterSupplyModesofHotWaterSupplySystems图4

(a)半循环：立管循环方式Fig.4(a)Half-circulation:standpipecirculationmode干管循环方式是指仅热水干管设置循环管道，保持热水循环，多用于采用定时供应热水的建筑中。

Themainpipecirculationmodemeansthatonlythemainhotwaterpipesareprovidedwithcirculatingpipestomaintainhotwatercirculation.Itismostlyusedinbuildingswherearegularhotwatersupplyisadopted.热水供应系统的供水方式WaterSupplyModesofHotWaterSupplySystems（2）半循环供水方式，又有立管循环和干管循环之分。Half-circulationwatersupplymodeincludesstandpipecirculationandmainpipecirculation.3按热水管网设置循环管网的方式不同，有全循环、半循环、无循环热水供水方式之分。Accordingtothedifferentwaysofsettingacirculatingnetwork,therearefull-circulation,semi-circulationandnon-circulationhotwatersupplymodes.在热水供应前，先用循环泵把干管中已冷却的存水循环加热，当打开配水嘴时只需放掉立管和支管内的冷水就可流出符合要求的热水。

Beforethehotwatersupply,thecooledstoredwaterinthemainpipeiscirculatedandheatedbyacirculatingpump.Whenthechokeisopened,onlythecoldwaterintheverticalpipeandbranchpipeneedstobedischargedtoobtainqualifiedhotwater.热水供应系统的供水方式WaterSupplyModesofHotWaterSupplySystems图5

(b)半循环：干管循环方式Fig.5(b)Half-circulation:mainpipecirculationmode膨胀排气管Expansionexhaustpipe冷水箱Coldwatertank循环水泵Circulatingwaterpump加热器Heater热水供应系统的供水方式WaterSupplyModesofHotWaterSupplySystems（3）不循环Non-circulation3按热水管网设置循环管网的方式不同，有全循环、半循环、无循环热水供水方式之分。Accordingtothedifferentwaysofsettingacirculatingnetwork,therearefull-circulation,semi-circulationandnon-circulationhotwatersupplymodes.无循环供水方式，是指在热水管网中不设任何循环管道。

Thenon-circulationwatersupplymodemeansthatthereisnocirculatingpipeinthehotwaternetwork.对于热水供应系统较小、使用要求不高的定时热水供应系统，如公共浴室、洗衣房等可采用此方式。

Thismodecanbeusedforasmallregularhotwatersupplysystemwithlowuserequirements,suchaspublicbathroomsandlaundryrooms.热水供应系统的供水方式WaterSupplyModesofHotWaterSupplySystems图6不循环热水供水方式Fig.6Hotwatersupplymodewithoutcirculation膨胀排气管Expansionexhaustpipe冷水箱Coldwatertank加热器Heater全天循环方式，即全天任何时刻，管网中都维持有不低于循环流量的流量，使设计管段的水温在任何时刻都保持不低于设计温度。

Theall-daycirculationmodemeansthatatanytimethroughouttheday,thereisaflownotlowerthanthecirculatingflowinthenetworksothatthetemperatureofwaterinthedesignpipesectioniskeptabovethedesigntemperatureatanytime.热水供应系统的供水方式WaterSupplyModesofHotWaterSupplySystems4按热水管网运行方式不同，可分为全天循环方式和定时循环方式。Accordingtothedifferentoperationmodesofthehotwaternetwork,thehotwatersupplymodescanbecategorizedasall-daycirculationmodeandtimedcirculationmode.（1）全天循环All-daycirculation热水供应系统每天定时供水，其余时间系统停止运行，该方式在集中使用前，利用循环水泵将管网中已冷却的水强制循环到水加热器加热，达到规定水温时才使用。

Thehotwatersupplysystemistimedtosupplywatereverydayandstopsoperatingfortherestoftheday.Beforecentralizeduse,themodeusescirculatingwaterpumpstoforciblycirculatethecooledwaterinthepipenetworktotheheaterforheatingandwon'tusethewateruntilitreachesthestipulatedtemperature.（2）定时循环Timedcirculation即利用水泵强制水在热水管网内循环，造成一定的循环流量，以补偿管网热损失，维持一定的水温。

Itmeansthatthewaterpumpisusedtoforcewatertocirculateinthehotwaternetwork,resultinginacertaincirculatingflowtocompensatefortheheatlossofthenetworkandmaintainacertaintemperature.热水供应系统的供水方式WaterSupplyModesofHotWaterSupplySystems（1）机械循环Mechanicalcirculation5按热水管网采用的循环动力不同，可分为自然循环方式和机械循环方式。Accordingtothedifferentcirculationpowersthehotwaternetworkadopts,thehotwatersupplymodescanbecategorizedasnaturalcirculationandmechanicalcirculation.目前实际运行的热水供应系统，多数采用这种循环方式。

Atpresent,mostofthehotwatersupplysystemsinactualoperationadoptthiscirculationmode.因一般配水管与回水管内的水温差仅为5～10℃，自然循环作用水头值很小，所以实际使用自然循环的很少，尤其对于中、大型建筑采用自然循环有一定的困难。

Sincethetemperaturedifferencebetweenwaterinthecrossmainandthereturnpipeisgenerallyonly5to10degreesCelsius,andtheactingheadvalueofnaturalcirculationisverysmall,naturalcirculationisrarelyusedactually.Especiallyformediumandlargebuildings,itisdifficulttoadoptnaturalcirculation.自然循环方式，即利用热水管网中配水管和回水管内的温度差所形成的自然循环作用水头（自然压力），使管网内维持一定的循环流量，以补偿热损失，保持一定的供水温度。

Thenaturalcirculationmodemeansthatthenaturalcirculationactinghead(naturalcompression)formedduetothetemperaturedifferencebetweenthecrossmainandthereturnpipeinthehotwaternetworkisusedtomaintainacertaincirculatingflowinthenetworktocompensateforheatlossandmaintainacertaintemperature.热水供应系统的供水方式WaterSupplyModesofHotWaterSupplySystems（2）自然循环Naturalcirculation5按热水管网采用的循环动力不同，可分为自然循环方式和机械循环方式。Accordingtothedifferentcirculationpowersthehotwaternetworkadopts,thehotwatersupplymodescanbecategorizedasnaturalcirculationandmechanicalcirculation.蒸汽间接加热机械强制全循环干管下行上给的热水供水方式，适用于全天供应热水的大型公共建筑或工业建筑。

Itreferstothehotwatersupplymodeinwhichthesteamisusedtoindirectlyheatandmechanicallyforcemainfull-circulationpipestosupplyhotwater.Itissuitableforlargepublicbuildingsorindustrialbuildingsthatsupplyhotwateralldaylong.热水供应系统的供水方式WaterSupplyModesofHotWaterSupplySystems（1）下行上给Runningdownward&supplyingupward6按热水配水管网水平干管的位置不同，可分为下行上给供水方式和上行下给供水方式。Accordingtothedifferentpositionsofhorizontalmainpipesinthehotwatercrossmainnetwork,itcanbedividedintorunningdownward&supplyingupwardandrunningupward&supplyingdownwardwatersupplymodes.选用何种热水供水方式，应根据建筑物用途，热源供给情况、热水用量和卫生器具的布置情况进行技术和经济比较后确定。在实际应用时,常将上述各种方式按照具体情况进行组合。Theselectionofhotwatersupplymodeshallbedeterminedaftertechnicalandeconom