土木工程专业英语 试卷及答案 共3套

土木工程专业英语模拟考卷一（考试时间：90分钟）Part1.VocabularyTranslationPleasetranslatethefollowingtechnicaltermsintoEnglish（15X1’）1.预应力混凝土结构2.销栓作用3.均布荷载4.反应谱5.抗火性6.偏心预应力7.和易性8.地震力9.传感器10.数据采集11.有限元分析12.塑性铰13.单向板14.预制混凝土结构15.桥梁工程PleasetranslatethefollowingtechnicaltermsintoChinese（15X1’）1.cablestayedbridge2.retainingwall3.dynamicnonlineartimehistoryanalysis4.seismicdesign5.modulusofelasticity6.underreinforcedbeam7.progressivecollapse8.weatherresistance9.principleofvirtualwork10.root-mean-square11.outriggertrusses12.vibrationcontrol13.homogeneousmaterial14.structuraldamping15.nuclearplantPart2.SentenceTranslationPleasetranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese(5X3’)Loadeffectsonindividualstructuralmembersshallbedeterminedbymethodsofstructuralanalysisthattakeintoaccountequilibrium,generalstability,geometriccompatibility,andbothshort-andlong-termmaterialproperties.Allstructuralmembersandsystems,andallcomponentsinastructure,shallbedesignedtoresistforcesduetoearthquakeandwind,withconsiderationofoverturning,sliding,anduplift,andcontinuousloadpathsshallbeprovidedfortransmittingtheseforcestothefoundation.Constructionjointsshouldbelocatedwheretheywillcausetheleastweaknessinthestructure.Whenshearduetogravityloadisnotsignificant,asisusuallythecaseinthemiddleofthespanofflexuralmembers,asimpleverticaljointmaybeadequate.Inthefrequency-domainmethod,itisassumedthattheloadingisperiodicandhasbeenresolvedintoitsdiscreteharmoniccomponentsbyFouriertransformation.Additionalwater,overandabovethatneedforthischemicalreaction,isnecessarytogivethemixturetheworkabilitythatenablesittofilltheformsandsurroundtheembeddedreinforcingsteelpriortohardening.PleasetranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish(5X3’)1.通过适当的调整混凝土组成材料的比例，可以得到各种不同特性的混凝土。很多年来，北美地区抗震设计的目标是建造中震下不坏、大震下不倒的建筑物。抗震设计的目的是合理设计结构，以使其可以承受由于地面运动引起的位移和力。开展钢筋混凝土或预应力混凝土结构的结构分析是为了定量确定该结构在生命周期内的某一时刻可能经受的最大应力。被动系统包括许多可以增强结构阻尼、刚度、强度的材料和装置。Part3.ParagraphTranslationPleasetranslatethefollowingparagraphsintoChinese(3X8’)1.ThecompositestructuralsystemfortheJinMaoTowerlocatedinShanghai,Chinawasdesignedtoresisttyphoonwinds,earthquakeforces,andaccommodatepoorsoilconditionswhileprovidingaveryslendertowertobefullyoccupiedforofficeandhoteluses.ThestructurefortheJinMaoTowerwascompletedinAugust1997withoccupancyexpectedinAugust1998.TheToweristhetallestbuildinginChinaandthethirdtallestintheworld.ThesuperstructureoftheTowerresistlateralloadswithacentralreinforcedconcreteshearwallcoreinterconnectedwithcompositemega-columnsthroughcompositeoutriggertrussesatthree(3)two-storylevels.Gravityloadsareresistedbycompositefloormemberswhichframetostructuralsteelmega-columnsandtothecentralcoreandcompositemega-columns.ThefoundationsystemfortheTowerconsistsofopensteelpipepilescappedbyareinforcedconcretemat.Adeepslurrywallsystemformsthetemporaryretentionaswellasthepermanentfoundationsystemaroundthesite.2.Thereareatleastthreewaystolookattheprestressingofconcrete:(a)asamethodofachievingconcretestresscontrol,bywhichtheconcreteisprecompressedsothattensionnormallyresultingfromtheappliedloadsisreducedoreliminated,(b)asameansforintroducingequivalentloadsontheconcretemembersothattheeffectsoftheappliedloadsarecounteractedtothedesireddegree,and(c)asaspecialvariationofreinforcedconcreteinwhichprestrainedhigh-strengthsteelisused,usuallyinconjunctionwithhigh-strengthconcrete.Eachoftheseviewpointsisusefulintheanalysisanddesignofprestressedconcretestructures.3.Inrecentyears,considerableattentionhasbeenpaidtoresearchanddevelopmentofstructuralcontroldevices,withparticularemphasisonalleviationofwindandseismicresponseofbuildingsandbridges.Inbothareas,seriouseffortshavebeenundertakentodevelopthestructuralcontrolconceptintoaworkabletechnology,andtodaywehavemanysuchdevicesinstalledinawidevarietyofstructures.Thefocusofthisstate-of-the-artpaperisonpassiveandactivestructuralcontrolsystems.Passivesystemsencompassarangeofmaterialsanddevicesforenhancingstructuraldamping,stiffnessandstrength.Activesystems,whichincludeactive,hybridandsemi-activesystems,employcontrollableforcedevicesintegratedwithsensors,controllersandreal-timeinformationprocessing.Thispaperincludesabriefhistoricaloutlineoftheirdevelopmentandanassessmentofthestate-of-the-artandstate-of-the-practiceofthisexciting,andstillevolving,technology.Alsoincludedinthediscussionaretheiradvantagesandlimitationsinthecontextofseismicdesignandretrofitofcivilengineeringstructures.PleasetranslatethefollowingparagraphsintoEnglish(2X8’)通常，高强混凝土通常有更高的弹性模量。这意味着施加预应力下初始弹性应变减小，并且徐变应变减小，而徐变应变是与弹性应变近似成比例的。这就使得预应力损失减小。结构内部，刚度较大的构件往往会承担较大部分的荷载。当框架与剪力墙结合时，会对减小结构位移并减少结构和非结构损坏产生积极影响。然而，当刚度较大的构件，如砌体填充墙，没有被考虑在设计中时，常常会出现意料之外的不好的结果。PrestressconcretestructureDowelactionDistributedloadResponsespectrumFireresistanceEccentricprestressWorkabilitySeismicforceSensorDataacquisitionFiniteelementanalysisPlastichingeOne-wayslabFabricatedconcretestructureBridgeengineering斜拉桥挡土墙动力非线性时程分析抗震设计弹性模量少筋梁连续性倒塌耐候性虚功原理均方根伸臂桁架振动控制各向同性材料结构阻尼核电厂1.分析单个构件上的荷载效应时，应考虑平衡、整体稳定、几何协调以及短期和长期材料性能2.所有的结构构件和体系以及结构的所有组件应设计抵御地震和风荷载，并考虑倾覆、滑移和上拔，且应用连续的荷载传递路径实现荷载传递至基础。3.施工缝应设置在对结构产生最小弱化影响的位置。当自重引起的剪力不显著时，通常在受弯构件的跨中位置，简单的垂直接缝应该是足够的。4.在频域方法，假设荷载是周期的，并且通过傅里叶变换分解成离散的简谐成分5.额外的水，即超过化学反应所需的水，对于拌合物的和易性是非常必要的，这样使得拌合物可填满模板并且在硬化之前围绕在预埋的钢筋周围。1.Concreteswithawiderangeofpropertiescanbeobtainedbyappropriateadjustmentoftheproportionsoftheconstituentmaterials.2.Formanyyears,thegoalofearthquakedesigninNorthAmericahasbeentoconstructbuildingsthatwillwithstandmoderateearthquakeswithoutdamageandsevereearthquakeswithoutcollapse.3.Thepurposeofseismicdesignistoproportionstructuressothattheycanwithstandthedisplacementsandtheforcesinducedbythegroundmotion.4.Thestructuralanalysisofareinforcedorprestressedconcretestructureisundertakentoquantifytheorderofthemaximumforcesorstressesthatthestructuremightbeexpectedtoexperienceatsometimeinitslife.5.Passivesystemsencompassarangeofmaterialsanddevicesforenhancingstructuraldamping,stiffnessandstrength.中国上海金茂大厦结构体系复杂，依据抗台风、抗震、适应差的地质条件来设计，同时有一个非常细长的塔供办公和旅馆使用。金茂大厦结构部分在1997年8月完成，预计1998年8月投入使用。它是中国最高的建筑，世界第三。塔的上部结构横向受力体系是由钢筋混凝土剪力墙核心筒和巨型复合柱通过三个两层高的复合悬臂桁架连接而组成的。竖向荷载由建造于型钢巨柱、核心筒以及组合巨柱的组合楼板抵抗。基础形式是钢管桩筏基础，地下连续墙作为场地周围基础的一部分，有暂时和长久的承载作用。对预应力混凝土至少有3种观点：（a）作为一种控制混凝土应力的方法，通过预压混凝土来减小或者消除一般外加荷载产生的拉应力，（b）作为一种在混凝土构件内产生等效荷载的方法，从而外加荷载的作用得以控制在可以接受的范围内，以及（c）作为一种钢筋混凝土的特殊变形体，在其中配合使用预张拉的高强钢筋和高强混凝土。每一种观点都在预应力混凝土结构的设计和分析中有用。近年来，结构控制装置的研发引起了大量的重视，其中格外重视减轻房屋和桥梁在风荷载和地震荷载下的反应。在这两个领域，人们努力将结构控制概念发展为一个可施行的技术，并且今天我们已经有这样的装置安装在许多结构上。这篇文献综述的关注点在被动和主动结构控制系统。被动系统包括许多可以增强结构阻尼、刚度、强度的材料和装置。主动系统，包括主动，混合和半主动系统，运用可控荷载装置与传感器组合在一起，控制器和信息处理系统。这篇文章包括了对于它们发展的历史概述，对于这一激动人心又仍在不断发展的技术的国内外研究现状以及应用状况的评估。同样也包含了对于它们在土木工程结构抗震设计和改进方面优点和不足的讨论。Ordinarily,concreteofsubstantiallyhighercompressivestrengthisusedforprestressedstructuresthanforthoseconstructedofordinaryreinforcedconcrete.High-strengthconcretenormallyhasahighermodulusofelasticity.Thismeansareductionininitialelasticstrainunderapplicationofprestressforceandareductionincreepstrain,whichisapproximatelyproportionaltoelasticstrain.Thisresultsinareductioninlossofprestress.Withinastructure,stiffermemberstendtopickupagreaterportionoftheload.Whenaframeiscombinedwithashearwall,thiscanhavethepositiveeffectofreducingthedisplacementsofthestructureanddecreasingbothstructuralandnon-structuraldamage.However,whentheeffectsofhigherstiffnessmembers,suchasmasonryinfillwalls,arenotconsideredinthedesign,unexpectedandoftenundesirableresultscanoccur.土木工程专业英语模拟考卷二（考试时间：90分钟）Part1.VocabularyTranslationPleasetranslatethefollowingtechnicaltermsintoEnglish（15X1’）1.项目经理2.销栓作用3.均布荷载4.反应谱5.箱形基础6.偏心预应力7.和易性8.地震力9.传感器10.数据采集11.立方体抗压强度12.塑性铰13.单向板14.预制混凝土结构15.添加剂PleasetranslatethefollowingtechnicaltermsintoChinese（15X1’）1.cablestayedbridge2.retainingwall3.dynamicnonlineartimehistoryanalysis4.seismicdesign5.modulusofelasticity6.underreinforcedbeam7.progressivecollapse8.weatherresistance9.principleofvirtualwork10.vibrationcontrol11.outriggertrusses12.tsunami13.homogeneousmaterial14.structuraldamping15.slurrywallPart2.SentenceTranslationPleasetranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese(5X3’)Forearthquake-typeexcitations,theresponsereductionislargeforresonantgroundmotionsanddiminishesasthedominantfrequencyofthegroundmotiongetsfurtherawayfromthestructure’snaturalfrequencytowhichtheTMDistuned.Thedevelopmentinperformance-baseddesigninseismicengineeringwillbedirectedtowardsthedefinitionofperformanceobjectives,ageneraldesignmethodology,issuesofgroundmotionmodeling,anddemandandcapacityevaluations.Thetallerastructure,themoresusceptibleitistotheeffectsofhighermodesofvibration,whicharegenerallyadditivetotheeffectsofthelowermodesandtendtohavethegreatestinfluenceontheupperstories.Inthefrequency-domainmethod,itisassumedthattheloadingisperiodicandhasbeenresolvedintoitsdiscreteharmoniccomponentsbyFouriertransformation.Therelativelylowdesignforcesarejustifiedbytheobservationsthatbuildingsdesignedforlowforceshavebehavedsatisfactorilyandthosestructuresdissipatesignificantenergyasthematerialsyieldandbehaveinelastically.PleasetranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish(5X3’)1.偏心预应力通常比同心预应力更有效。很多年来，北美地区抗震设计的目标是建造中震下不坏、大震下不倒的建筑物。被动系统包括许多可以增强结构阻尼、刚度、强度的材料和装置。开展钢筋混凝土或预应力混凝土结构的结构分析是为了定量确定该结构在生命周期内的某一时刻可能经受的最大应力。作用在一个结构上的活荷载在设计时应该考虑将其布置在最大效应处，必要时应考虑包括部分布置，隔跨布置或者全跨布置的情况。Part3.ParagraphTranslationPleasetranslatethefollowingparagraphsintoChinese(3X8’)1.ThecompositestructuralsystemfortheJinMaoTowerlocatedinShanghai,Chinawasdesignedtoresisttyphoonwinds,earthquakeforces,andaccommodatepoorsoilconditionswhileprovidingaveryslendertowertobefullyoccupiedforofficeandhoteluses.ThestructurefortheJinMaoTowerwascompletedinAugust1997withoccupancyexpectedinAugust1998.TheToweristhetallestbuildinginChinaandthethirdtallestintheworld.ThesuperstructureoftheTowerresistlateralloadswithacentralreinforcedconcreteshearwallcoreinterconnectedwithcompositemega-columnsthroughcompositeoutriggertrussesatthree(3)two-storylevels.Gravityloadsareresistedbycompositefloormemberswhichframetostructuralsteelmega-columnsandtothecentralcoreandcompositemega-columns.ThefoundationsystemfortheTowerconsistsofopensteelpipepilescappedbyareinforcedconcretemat.Adeepslurrywallsystemformsthetemporaryretentionaswellasthepermanentfoundationsystemaroundthesite.2.Thereareatleastthreewaystolookattheprestressingofconcrete:(a)asamethodofachievingconcretestresscontrol,bywhichtheconcreteisprecompressedsothattensionnormallyresultingfromtheappliedloadsisreducedoreliminated,(b)asameansforintroducingequivalentloadsontheconcretemembersothattheeffectsoftheappliedloadsarecounteractedtothedesireddegree,and(c)asaspecialvariationofreinforcedconcreteinwhichprestrainedhigh-strengthsteelisused,usuallyinconjunctionwithhigh-strengthconcrete.Eachoftheseviewpointsisusefulintheanalysisanddesignofprestressedconcretestructures.3.Inrecentyears,considerableattentionhasbeenpaidtoresearchanddevelopmentofstructuralcontroldevices,withparticularemphasisonalleviationofwindandseismicresponseofbuildingsandbridges.Inbothareas,seriouseffortshavebeenundertakentodevelopthestructuralcontrolconceptintoaworkabletechnology,andtodaywehavemanysuchdevicesinstalledinawidevarietyofstructures.Thefocusofthisstate-of-the-artpaperisonpassiveandactivestructuralcontrolsystems.Passivesystemsencompassarangeofmaterialsanddevicesforenhancingstructuraldamping,stiffnessandstrength.Activesystems,whichincludeactive,hybridandsemi-activesystems,employcontrollableforcedevicesintegratedwithsensors,controllersandreal-timeinformationprocessing.Thispaperincludesabriefhistoricaloutlineoftheirdevelopmentandanassessmentofthestate-of-the-artandstate-of-the-practiceofthisexciting,andstillevolving,technology.Alsoincludedinthediscussionaretheiradvantagesandlimitationsinthecontextofseismicdesignandretrofitofcivilengineeringstructures.PleasetranslatethefollowingparagraphsintoEnglish(2X8’)大部分组成材料，除了水泥和添加剂，通常都可在当地或就近的施工场地以很低廉的价格获得。像天然的石头一样，它的抗压性能很高，所以适合于制造主要承受压力的构件，如柱和拱。另一方面，又因为它像天然的石头，因此它是相对较脆的材料，其抗拉强度低于抗压强度。对于结构设计，地震烈度通常用地面加速度峰值来描述，即部分的重力加速度，如0.lg,0.2g，或0.3g。虽然加速度峰值是一个重要的设计参数，但是频率特性和地震的持续时间也是很重要的，地震运动的频率与结构的固有频率越接近、地震持续时间越长，则损坏的可能性就越大。ProjectmanagerDowelactionDistributedloadResponsespectrumBoxfoundationEccentricprestressWorkabilitySeismicforceSensorDataacquisitionCubiccompressivestrengthPlastichingeOne-wayslabFabricatedconcretestructureadditive斜拉桥挡土墙动力非线性时程分析抗震设计弹性模量少筋梁连续性倒塌耐候性虚功原理振动控制伸臂桁架海啸各向同性材料结构阻尼地下连续墙1.对于地震类型的激励，当共振时反应的削弱程度是最大的，并且随着地面运动的控制频率远离结构的自振频率（TMD调谐的频率），反应的削弱程度降低。2.在地震工程领域基于性能的设计的进步主要得方向是性能目标的定义，普遍设计的方法，地面运动的模拟，需求和能力估计。3.结构越高，它越容易受高阶振动模态的影响，而高阶模态通常是低阶模态的附加效应，并且通常对于上部楼层有着最大的影响。4.在频域方法，假设荷载是周期的，并且通过傅里叶变换分解成离散的简谐成分5.相对较低的设计荷载是可以接受的，如果观察到在较低的荷设计载下结构的表现比较令人满意，并且结构可以随着材料屈服和发生非线性从而消耗大量的能量1.Eccentricprestressisusuallymuchmoreefficientthanconcentricprestress2.Formanyyears,thegoalofearthquakedesigninNorthAmericahasbeentoconstructbuildingsthatwillwithstandmoderateearthquakeswithoutdamageandsevereearthquakeswithoutcollapse.3.Passivesystemsencompassarangeofmaterialsanddevicesforenhancingstructuraldamping,stiffnessandstrength4.Thestructuralanalysisofareinforcedorprestressedconcretestructureisundertakentoquantifytheorderofthemaximumforcesorstressesthatthestructuremightbeexpectedtoexperienceatsometimeinitslife.5.Liveloadwhenappliedtoastructureshouldbepositionedtogivethemaximumeffect,includingpartialloading,alternatespanloading,orfullspanloadingasmaybenecessary.中国上海金茂大厦结构体系复杂，依据抗台风、抗震、适应差的地质条件来设计，同时有一个非常细长的塔供办公和旅馆使用。金茂大厦结构部分在1997年8月完成，预计1998年8月投入使用。它是中国最高的建筑，世界第三。塔的上部结构横向受力体系是由钢筋混凝土剪力墙核心筒和巨型复合柱通过三个两层高的复合悬臂桁架连接而组成的。竖向荷载由建造于型钢巨柱、核心筒以及组合巨柱的组合楼板抵抗。基础形式是钢管桩筏基础，地下连续墙作为场地周围基础的一部分，有暂时和长久的承载作用。对预应力混凝土至少有3种观点：（a）作为一种控制混凝土应力的方法，通过预压混凝土来减小或者消除一般外加荷载产生的拉应力，（b）作为一种在混凝土构件内产生等效荷载的方法，从而外加荷载的作用得以控制在可以接受的范围内，以及（c）作为一种钢筋混凝土的特殊变形体，在其中配合使用预张拉的高强钢筋和高强混凝土。每一种观点都在预应力混凝土结构的设计和分析中有用。近年来，结构控制装置的研发引起了大量的重视，其中格外重视减轻房屋和桥梁在风荷载和地震荷载下的反应。在这两个领域，人们努力将结构控制概念发展为一个可施行的技术，并且今天我们已经有这样的装置安装在许多结构上。这篇文献综述的关注点在被动和主动结构控制系统。被动系统包括许多可以增强结构阻尼、刚度、强度的材料和装置。主动系统，包括主动，混合和半主动系统，运用可控荷载装置与传感器组合在一起，控制器和信息处理系统。这篇文章包括了对于它们发展的历史概述，对于这一激动人心又仍在不断发展的技术的国内外研究现状以及应用状况的评估。同样也包含了对于它们在土木工程结构抗震设计和改进方面优点和不足的讨论。Mostoftheconstituentmaterials,withtheexceptionofcementandadditives,areusuallyavailableatlowcostlocallyoratsmalldistancesfromtheconstructionsite.Itscompressivestrength,likethatofnaturalstones,ishigh,whichmakesitsuitableformembersprimarilysubjecttocompression,suchascolumnsandarches.Ontheotherhand,againasinnaturalstones,itisarelativelybrittlematerialwhosetensilestrengthissmallcomparedwithitscompressivestrengthForstructuraldesign,theintensityofanearthquakeisusuallydescribedintermsofthepeakgroundaccelerationasafractionoftheaccelerationofgravity,i.e.,0.lg,0.2g，or0.3g.Althoughpeakaccelerationisanimportantdesignparameter,thefrequencycharacteristicsanddurationofanearthquakearealsoimportant;thecloserthefrequencyoftheearthquakemotionistothenaturalfrequencyofastructureandthelongerthedurationoftheearthquake,thegreaterthepotentialfordamage.土木工程专业英语模拟考卷三（考试时间：90分钟）Part1.VocabularyPleasetranslatethefollowingtechnicaltermsintoEnglish（15X1’）1.预应力混凝土结构2.承载力3.型钢4.有限元分析5.集中荷载6.传感器7.剪力墙8.信号处理9.曲率10.随机变量11.自重12.弯矩图13.相对位移14.优化方法15.简谐运动PleasetranslatethefollowingtechnicaltermsintoChinese（15X1’）1.vibrationcontrol2.steamcuring3.structuraldamping4.modulusofelasticity5.momentofinertia6.moderateearthquake7.interstorydrift8.constantmoment9.well-designed10.strengthorsafetymargin11.jacks12.unitstrain13.internalforces14.neutralposition15.sustainedloadsPart2.TranslationPleasetranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese(5X3’)Itscompressivestrength,likethatofnaturalstones,ishigh,whichmakesitsuitableformembersprimarilysubjecttocompression,suchascolumnsandarches.Inthefrequency-domainmethod,itisassumedthattheloadingisperiodicandhasbeenresolvedintoitsdiscreteharmoniccomponentsbyFouriertransformation.Itmaybeevidentthatforanyarrangementofappliedloads,atendonprofilecanbeselectedsothattheequivalentloadsactingonthebeamfromthetendonarejustequalandoppositetotheappliedloads.Thestructuralframeworkdesignistheselectionofarrangementandsizesofstructuralelementssothatserviceloadsmaybesafelycarried,anddisplacementsarewithinacceptablelimits.Thetermimpactasordinarilyusedinstructuraldesignreferstothedynamiceffectofasuddenlyappliedload.PleasetranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish(5X3’)1.偏心预应力通常比同心预应力更有效。因为结构生命周期里可能出现的最大荷载不确定，因此它可以被考虑为一个随机变量。设计一个给定的桥梁中，要么是将一个卡车的荷载加到整个结构上，要么是将车道荷载施加到结构上。作用在一个结构上的活荷载在设计时应该考虑将其布置在最大效应处，必要时应考虑包括部分布置，隔跨布置或者全跨布置的情况。被动系统包括许多可以增强结构阻尼、刚度、强度的材料和装置。Part3.ParagraphTranslationPleasetranslatethefollowingparagraphsintoChinese(3X8’)1.Liveloadsconsistchieflyofoccupancyloadsinbuildingsandtrafficloadsonbridges.Theymaybeeitherfullyorpartiallyinplaceornotpresentatall,andmayalsochangeinlocation.Theirmagnitudeanddistributionatanygiventimeareuncertain,andeventheirmaximumintensitiesthroughoutthelifetimeofthestructurearenotknownwithprecision.Theminimumliveloadsforwhichthefloorsandroofofabuildingshouldbedesignedareusuallyspecifiedinthebuildingcodethatgovernsatthesiteofconstruction.2.Structuraldesignmaybedefinedasamixtureofartandscience,combiningtheexperiencedengineer’sintuitivefeelingforthebehaviorofastructurewithasoundknowledgeoftheprinciplesofstatics,dynamics,mechanicsofmaterials,andstructuralanalysis,toproduceasafeeconomicalstructurethatwillserveitsintendedpurpose.3.Deadloadisafixed-positiongravityserviceload,socalledbecauseitactscontinuouslytowardtheearthwhenthestructureisinservice.Theweightofthestructureisconsidereddeadload,aswellasattachmentstothestructuresuchaspipes,electricalconduit,air-conditioningandheatingducts,lightingfixtures,floorcovering,roofcovering,andsuspendedceilings;thatis,allitemsthatremainthroughoutthelifeofthestructure.PleasetranslatethefollowingparagraphsintoEnglish(2X8’)高强度混凝土通常具有较高的弹性模量。这意味着在施加预应力时初始弹性应变的减小，以及蠕变应变的减小，其大致与弹性应变成比例。这导致预应力损失的减少。2.通常，高强混凝土通常有更高的弹性模量。这意味着施加预应力下初始弹性应变减小，并且徐变应变减小，而徐变应变是与弹性应变近似成比例的。这就使得预应力损失减小。PrestressedconcretestructureCarrying/BearingcapacityStructu