（高考英语作文炼句）第27篇译文老师笔记

PAGEPAGE11.中国正在面临一场减少土地污染的艰难战斗,土地污染导致了一系列的公共健康危害以及可耕种土地的减少.要取得这场战斗的胜利,我们必须立刻实施一些紧急措施.Chinaisfacing

anuphillbattle(1.一场艰难的战斗)toreducelandpollutionwhichhasledtoaseriesof

publichealthhazards

(2.公共健康危害)andshrinking

arableland(3.可耕种土地).Towinthebattle,someurgentmeasureshavetobecarriedoutimmediately.

1-anuphillbattle

词典释义：uphill[ˌʌp'hɪl]

adjective

adverb

■leadingtoahigherplaceonaslope

上坡(的);向山上(的);朝上坡方向(的)•an

uphill

climb向上的攀爬•running

uphill往山上跑Comparedownhillneedingalargeamountofeffort

费力的,艰难的•It'llbean

uphill

struggle/battle/fight

to

getthenewproposalsaccepted.要让新的提案获得通过会很困难.

外刊例句：ButTPPfaces

an

uphillbattle

gettingapprovedinsomeparliaments.

()但跨太平洋贸易伙伴协定面临着一场恶斗——它要得到一些议员同意.

替换表达：anuphilltask

学生错误表达：(1)

Atough

campaign点评：campaign一般指"宣传活动”,不可以用atoughcampaign来指"艰苦的战斗”.

2-publichealthhazard

词典释义：hazardUK

['hæz.əd]

US

[-ɚd]

noun

countable

■somethingthatisdangerousandlikelytocausedamage

危险物,危害物•ahealth/fire

hazard健康／火灾隐忧•Thebusytrafficentrancewasa

hazard

to

pedestrians.那个繁忙的车辆入口处对行人来说很不安全.

外刊例句：DuringapaneldiscussionlastweekattheHeartRhythm

symposiuminChicago,aphysicianaskedmewhyIwasraisingthealarmover

cybersecurityasa

publichealth

hazard.(TheGuardian)在上周于芝加哥举行的心律专家座谈会上,一位医生问我,为什么我会警告大家注意网络安全,视其为公公健康危害.

替换表达：publichealthrisks/threats

学生错误表达：(1)

Publichealth

dangers/harm点评：一般没有publichealth

dangers/harm这两种说法,可以改为常见说法publichealthhazards

3-arableland

词典释义：arableUK

['ær.ə.bl]

US

['er-]

adjective

■describesfarmingandfarmlandthatisusedfor,oris

suitablefor,growingcrops

适于耕种的,可耕的;耕作的

•arable

farming/farmers/farms/land耕作农业／从事耕作农业的人／适宜垦植的农场／可耕地

外刊例句：Ifpotentialwereedible,Africawouldhavethebest-fed

peopleonearth.Thevastcontinenthas60%oftheworld’suncultivated

arableland,mostofitunfarmed.()如果这些潜在作物真能食用,非洲将成为能养活世界上最多人口的大洲.非洲大陆广阔无垠,有着世界上60%尚未开发的耕地.

替换表达：farmable/cultivable/productive/tillableland

Q：老师,anuphillbattletoreducelandpollution中的to可以改为of?我在表达某名词的后置定语时,经常习惯性的使用介词of,这样是不是错误的,应该有各个名词自己的习惯搭配吧.A：anuphillbattletodosomething是一个固定搭配,不可以写成ofdoingsomething,一般来说,如果表目的一般用介词to,而不是用of,关于名词的习惯搭配可以多查词典,多看词典例句.

Q：为什么用publichealthhazards而不用publichealthyhazardshealthy是形容词?A：healthhazard是一个固定说法,可以当成特例记住.

2.通过对可回收物的分类和处理,将它们变成原材料,再将原材料制造成新的产品,回收利用能够极大降低垃圾填埋场中固体废物的数量.By

sortingandprocessing

(1.分类和处理)recyclables

(2.可回收物)intorawmaterialsandmanufacturingrawmaterialsintonewproducts,recyclingcangreatlydecreasetheamountof

solidwastes(3.固体废物)in

landfills(4.垃圾填埋场).

1-sortingandprocessing

词典释义：sort3.VERB

动词

把…分类;整理

Ifyou

sort

things,youseparatethemintodifferentclasses,groups,or

places,forexamplesothatyoucandodifferentthingswiththem.•He

sortedthematerialsintotheirfolders...他把材料分门别类放进了文件夹.•Thestudentsare

sorted

intothreeabilitygroups...学生们被按照各自的能力分成了3个组.•Heunlatchedtheboxand

sorted

throughthepapers...他打开盒子,把文件整理好.•I

sortedthelaundry.我把要洗的衣服分了类.

process3.VERB

动词

加工;处理

Whenrawmaterialsorfoods

areprocessed,

theyarepreparedinfactoriesbeforetheyareusedorsold.•...fishwhichare

processed

byfreezing,canningorsmoking...经过冷冻、罐装或熏制处理的鱼

•Thematerialwillbe

processed

intoplasticpellets.这些材料将会被加工成塑料小球.•...dietshighinrefinedand

processed

foods.包含很多精制食品和加工食品的饮食

外刊例句：Thegovernment'swasteadvisorybodyWraphasprovideda

£1.15mloantowardsthedevelopmentofthefacility-anextensionofthe

existingbottle

sortingandprocessing

facility-andanimportantsteptowardsbuildingmuch-neededreprocessing

infrastructureforrigidplastics.

()政府垃圾警报机构Wrap已经给提供了115万英镑用于该发展该设施,即升级现存垃圾分类设施,而对于建立起新型垃圾再利用设施来应对顽固的塑料垃圾的迫切需求,这将是重要一步.

学生错误表达：(1)

Sortingand

disposing点评：当表示"处理……”时,dispose的搭配应该是disposeofsomething(2)

Classification

andprocessing点评：and前面部分应该尽量保持词性和形式一致,这里可以改为classifyingandprocessing

2-recyclables

词典释义：recyclable

1.ADJ-GRADED

能被表示程度的副词或介词词组修饰的形容词

可回收的;可再次利用的

Recyclable

wasteormaterialscanbeprocessedandusedagain.•...aseparatebinfor

recyclable

wasteproducts.一个专门收集可回收废弃物的垃圾桶nounasubstanceorobjectthatcanberecycled

可回收物品

外刊例句：Itinspectsitstruckstoseewhichbuildingsor

neighbourhoodsarethrowingawaylotsof

recyclables

andgetsitsstafftocontacttheworstoffenderstourgethemtobemore

careful.

()它将对火车进行检测,找出那些楼群和社区正大量抛弃可回收垃圾,然后收集起这些证据,去联系那些严重违反者,督促他们扔垃圾时要更认真负责.

替换表达：recyclablematerials

学生错误表达：(1)

recoverable

things点评：用词不准确,recoverable是指"能追回的;可开采的”,例如：

Travelexpenseswill

be

recoverable

fromthecompany.

差旅费用可到公司报销.recoverable

oilreserves

可开采的石油资源,这里应该改为recyclable

3-solidwastes

词典释义：solidUK

['sɒl.ɪd]

US

['sɑ：.lɪd]

adjective

NOT

LIQUID/GAS

非液体／气体

IMPROVER

■notliquidorgas

固体的,固态的

•Liquidand

solid

wasteiscollectedinthe

tank.液体和固体废弃物集中在箱罐里.•Freezethemixtureforabout3hoursorsountil

solid.把混合物冷冻三小时左右,直到其变成固体.

waste[weɪst]

noun

UNWANTED

MATTER

无用的物质

ADVANCED

countable

or

uncountable

■unwantedmatteror

materialofanytype,oftenthatwhichisleftafterusefulsubstancesor

partshavebeenremoved

废品,垃圾,废物,废料•Britainproduces20milliontonnesofhousehold

waste

eachyear.英国每年产生2000万吨家居垃圾.•Heopposesanykindofnuclear

waste

being

dumpedatsea.他反对将任何一种核废料倾倒入海中.•Everyday,30milliongallonsofuntreatedhuman

waste

(=excrement)flowfromCiudadJuarezintotheRioGrande.每天都有3000万吨未经处理的人类粪便从华雷斯城排入格兰德河.•Oilspillsarecommon,asisthedumpingoftoxic

industrial

wastes.溢油现象很常见,就像倾倒有毒工业废料一样.•TheJapaneserecyclemorethanhalfoftheir

waste

paper.日本人回收他们一半以上的废纸.

外刊例句：Weareseeingusedbatteries,asbestos,leadandother

potentiallyhazardouswastemixedwiththemunicipal

solidwastes

beingputintothewater.()我们正在寻找废弃电池、石棉、铅片,以及其他与各种固态垃圾混在水里的潜质危险废品.

4-landfill

词典释义：landfill['lænd.fɪl]

noun

countable

or

uncountable

■gettingridoflargeamountsofrubbishbyburyingit,or

aplacewhererubbishisburied

垃圾掩埋;垃圾掩埋场

•NinetypercentofAmericanrubbishisdumpedin

landfill

sites.美国90%的垃圾都是倾倒进垃圾掩埋场.

例句：Underafederallawpassedin2010allsolidwastemustbe

depositedinmodern

landfills,

linedtostoptoxinsfromsoakingintothesoil.

()根据于2010年颁布的联邦法律,所以固体废品必须运到现代化垃圾埋堆场处理,并且不能把有毒物质倒入土地里.

替换表达：refusedumps

Q：垃圾填埋场前的介词我用的at,表小地点,例句用的in是表示垃圾填埋在里面的意思吗?A：in和at都可以表示地点,但in一般表示大地点,at表示小地点.对于landfill前面的介词一般是in

Q：waste作为不可数名词的时候才有"废物,废料”的意思,为什么这里是用的复数呢?A：waste表示"废物,废料”时可以作可数名词,也可以作不可数名词,作可数名词时可用复数.例如剑桥词典例句：Oilspillsarecommon,asisthedumpingoftoxicindustrialwastes.溢油现象很常见,就像倾倒有毒工业废料一样.

3.当景区在被建造和扩大的时候,由于以下行为,生态系统会遭到破坏：树木被砍伐以此来为建筑物和交通运输系统让路,本土物种被夺走了栖息地,缺乏植被有可能导致山体滑坡和其他自然灾害.When

scenicspots

(1.景区)arebeingbuiltandexpanded,theecosystemisdestroyedastheresultofthefollowingactions：treesarecutdownforbuildingsandtransportation,

indigenousspecies

(2.本土物种)aredeprivedof

(3.被夺走)theirhabitats,andthelackof

vegetation

(4.植被)maybringaboutlandslidesandothernaturaldisasters.

1-scenicspots

词典释义：scenic['si：.nɪk]

adjective

■havingorallowingyoutoseebeautifulnaturalfeatures

风景优美的•anareaofoutstanding

scenic

beauty风景优美的地区•a

scenic

drive/railway风景优美的公路／铁路•We

tookthescenic

route

home.我们回家走了一条风景优美的路.

spotUK

[spɒt]

US

[spɑ：t]

noun

countable

PLACE

地方

IMPROVER

■aparticularplace

地点;场所

•Thislookslikeanice

spot

forapicnic.看起来这里是个野餐的好地方.

外刊例句：Onthefringesoftown,theLakeGardensattractjoggers

andcycliststosprawlinggreengrounds,linedwithancientraintrees.You

canrentabiketofindthemostscenic

spots.

()湖滨公园坐落于城镇边缘,众多慢跑者和自行车手慕名而来,在草地上休息,欣赏古老的雨林植物.你大可租车一辆去寻找美景.

替换表达：resort/touristattraction

学生错误表达：(1)

scenery

districts点评：没有scenery

districts的说法,这里可以改为scenicspots(2)

sceneryspot点评：同样没有sceneryspot的说法,这里应该改为scenicspots

2-indigenousspecies

词典释义：indigenous

[ɪn'dɪdʒ.ɪ.nəs]

adjective

■naturallyexistinginaplaceorcountryratherthan

arrivingfromanotherplace

当地的;本土的,土生土长的

•Arethereanyspeciesoffrog

indigenous

to

thearea?

这个地区是否有本地品种的青蛙?•Sowhoarethe

indigenous

peopleofthisland?

那么谁是这块土地的原住民?

species['spi：.ʃi：z]

(pluralspecies)

noun

countable

IMPROVER

■asetofanimalsorplantsinwhichthemembershave

similarcharacteristicstoeachotherandcanbreedwitheachother

(动植物的)种,物种•Mountaingorillasarean

endangered

species.山地大猩猩属于濒危物种.•Overahundred

species

of

insectarefound

inthisarea.这一地区有上百种昆虫.•figurative

humorous

WomenfilmdirectorsinHollywoodarearare

species.女性电影导演在好莱坞属于稀有物种.外刊例句：Accordingtothecentre'smanager,Dutch-bornMarijcke

Jongbloed,only

indigenousspecies

willqualifyforthisNoah'sarkofarescueproject.()据荷兰裔的中心管理者MarijckeJongbloed所言,仅本地物种有资格呈上该计划的"诺亚方舟”.

替换表达：nativespecies

3-bedeprivedof

词典释义：deprive[dɪ'praɪv]

verb

transitive

ADVANCED

■totakesomething,especiallysomethingnecessaryor

pleasant,awayfromsomeone

夺走,抢走,剥夺•Heclaimedthathehadbeen

deprived

of

his

freedom/rights.他声称本身自由／权利被剥夺.•Youcan'tfunctionproperlywhenyou're

deprived

of

sleep.如果被剥夺了睡眠,人体就无法正常运作.

外刊例句：ChildrendetainedinanadultprisoninVictoria

weredeprivedof

theirhumanrights

andfacedriskstotheirmentalhealth,asupremecourtjudgehasfound.()一位最高法院法官发现,关在维多利亚成人监狱的孩子遭受人权剥夺,面临精神健康危险.

替换表达：bestrippedof

学生错误表达：(1)

aredeprived点评：deprive的搭配是deprivesomebodyofsomething,这里应该改为be

deprivedof(2)

capture点评：用词不当,capture是指"捕获”.(3)

carryoff点评：用词不当,carryoff是指"成功完成(某事)”,例如：He'sgottheexperienceandtheauthoritytocarryitoff.他的经验和威望足以做成这件事.

4-vegetation

词典释义：

vegetation[ˌvedʒ.ɪ'teɪ.ʃən]

noun

uncountable

■plantsingeneralorplantswhicharefoundina

particulararea

(总称)植物;植被,植物群落•Therailwaytrackwillhavetobeclearedof

vegetation

ifitistobeusedagain.那条铁路如果要重新启用,就得清除沿线的草木.•Muchoftheregion'snative

vegetation

hasbeendamaged

bydeveloperswhoarebuildinghotelsalongthecoast.该地区很多本地植物都被那些沿海岸建造饭店的开发商破坏了.

外刊例句：Peatforestscanbeasmuchas200timesmoredamagingto

theatmospherewhenburntthanothertypesof

vegetation,bothbecausetheystoremorecarbonandbecausemore

ofitisreleasedasmethane,anespeciallyharmfulgreenhousegas.

()泥炭森林若遭遇火灾将给气候带来200倍于其他种类植物的损害,主要因为它们存着大量炭,以及因为炭燃烧时会生成危险的温室气体甲烷.

学生错误表达：(1)

deforestation点评：deforestation是指"砍伐树林,毁林”,这与"缺乏植被”含义不同.

Q：indigenous和native怎么区分?A：indigenous和native是近义词,但indigenous是一个更为专业的词汇,它专门指本土植物/物种/居民等.在话题作文中经常会出现indigenouspeople(原住民)这个表达.

Q：expand和extend都有扩大的含义,在此应该都可以使用吧A：expand和extend是近义词,但extend侧重于在长度上的扩大(比如把道路修得更长),而expand侧重于全方位的扩大,因此这里用expand会更好.

4.由于空气质量差,大城市的哮喘以及其他肺部疾病的发病率要比农村地区高很多.通过减少废气排放,改善空气质量,这些疾病的发生率会降低,城市居民的生活质量也会提升.Duetothelowqualityofair,

theoccurrenceof

(1.……发生的几率)asthmaandotherlung-relatedailmentsisconsiderablyhigherinlargecitiesthaninruralareas.Bycutting

exhaustemissions

(2.废气排放)andthus

ameliorating

(3.改善)airquality,theincidenceofthesemedicalconditionscanbereducedandthequalityoflifeimprovedforurbandwellers.

1-theoccurrenceof

词典释义：occurrence

●○○○○1.N-COUNT

可数名词

发生的事情;事件

An

occurrence

issomethingthathappens.

【语域标签】：FORMAL正式•Complaintsseemedtobeaneveryday

occurrence...似乎每天都有投诉.•Thefoodqueueshavebecomeadaily

occurrence

acrossthecountry.排队购买食品的长龙已成了全国各地每日可见的景象.2.N-COUNT

可数名词

发生;出现

Theoccurrenceof

somethingisthefactthatithappensorispresent.

【搭配模式】：theNofn•Thegreatest

occurrence

ofcoronaryheartdiseaseisinthoseover65.65岁以上者是冠心病的最高发人群.

例句：Atthattime,

the

occurrenceof

non-biologicallybasedphysicalsymptoms,suchasa

paralysedarmorleg,waswidespread.

()非生理性的身体症状在那时,比如四肢麻痹,普遍发生.

替换表达：theincidenceof

学生错误表达：(1)

Theincident

of点评：incident是指"事件”,这里应该改为theincidenceof(……的发生率).(2)

thesuffering

rateof点评：没有sufferingrate的说法,这里可以改为theincidence/occurrenceof(3)

incidence

rate点评：incidence和rate的语义重复了,这里可以去掉rate

2-exhaustemissions

词典释义：exhaustUK

[ɪg'zɔ：st]

US

[-'zɑ：st]

noun

uncountable

■thewastegasfrom

anengine,especiallyacar's,orthepipethegasflowsthrough

(引擎排出的)废气;(尤指汽车的)尾气;排气管•Car

exhaust

isthemainreasonforthe

city'spollution.汽车排出的废气是造成城市污染的主要原因.

emission[ɪ'mɪʃ.ən]

noun

uncountable

■whengas,heat,light,etc.issentout

(气体、热量、光线等的)排放,散发,射出•TheGreenPartyhavecalledforasubstantialreductionin

the

emission

ofgreenhousegasesbytheUK.绿党要求英国切实减少温室气体的排放量.countable

■anamountofgas,heat,light,etc.thatissentout

排放物;散发物•carbondioxide

emissions二氧化碳的排放

外刊例句：AseparaterulingmadeinMrObama'sfirsttermwillclean

up

exhaustemissions

from

vehicles,thesecond-biggestsourceofemissions.

()奥巴马在其第一任期时颁布的独立法令将清理作为第二大废气排放来源的汽车废气排放.

学生错误表达：(1)