未来网络中可信数字身份产业的发展 THE IEEE GLOBAL INITIATIVE ON TRUST TECHNOLOGY

INDUSTRYCONNECTIONS

REPORT

STANDARDS

AATN

THEIEEEGLOBALINITIATIVEONTRUSTTECHNOLOGY

THEDEVELOPMENTOFTHETRUSTEDDIGITALIDENTITY

INDUSTRYINFUTURENETWORKS

Authoredby

LifengZhangandYihuiZhang

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Specialthanksaregiventothefollowingreviewersofthispaper:

AngBoonChong

ChengkangChuXueqinJia

TingtingLiuBoLv

WeizhiMeng

YiPan

WeiweiPangLongShi

XiaojiaSongNinaWang

YangXiang

LiangliangZhangYifengZhang

HangZhouJintaoZhu

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ABSTRACT 5

1.INTRODUCTIONOFNETWORKIDENTITY 6

1.1.INTERNETNETWORKIDENTITY 6

1.2.COMMUNICATIONNETWORKIDENTITY 7

FIGURE1EVOLUTIONOFDIGITALIDENTITYINMOBILECOMMUNICATION

NETWORKS 9

2.INSIGHTSINTOFUTURENETWORKIDENTITY 9

2.1.THEINTEGRATIONTREND 9

2.2.THEAPPLICATIONTREND 10

2.3.THETECHNOLOGYTREND 12

2.4.THEINDUSTRYTREND 14

2.4.1.OVERVIEW 14

2.4.2.INTERNET-BASEDFUTURENETWORKIDENTITY 14

2.4.3.COMMUNICATION-BASEDFUTURENETWORKIDENTITY 15

3.THETRUSTEDDIGITALIDENTITY 15

3.1.DEFINITIONOFTRUSTEDDIGITALIDENTITY 15

3.2.KEYINDICATORS 16

4.FUTURECONSIDERATIONS 18

4.1.DEVELOPMENTSUMMARY 18

4.2.TRENDOUTLOOK 19

5.REFERENCES 20

TABLEOFCONTENTS

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THEDEVELOPMENTOFTHETRUSTED

DIGITALIDENTITYINDUSTRYINFUTURENETWORKS

ABSTRACT

Asdigitalizationandintelligenceadvance,communicationisexpandingfromthephysicalworldtointeractionsbetweenthephysicalanddigitalworlds.Thefocusisshiftingfromhuman-to-humantomulti-modalinteractionsinvolvinghuman-to-digitalentities/robotsanddigitalentity-to-digitalentitycommunications.Thisshiftnecessitatesnewdigitalidentitytechnologies,whicharebecomingcrucialforestablishingtrustandconnectivitybetweentheseworldsandsupportingalldigitalactivities.

Withtheadventofconceptslikethenext-generationinternet(Web3.0)andnext-generationcommunicationnetworks(6G),networkidentityisundergoingsubtlechanges,withtrustemergingasacentralelement.Ensuringnetworksecurity,simplifyingaccesscontrolanddataencryptionprocessesamongmultipleentities,andsupportingtheconstructionofanopen,shared,andsecurecyberspacecommunityisessential.Additionally,pervasivecross-domainaccessrequirestrustendorsementsforusers’socialattributes,andbuildingaglobaltrustframeworkusingtechnologieslikeblockchainanddistributeddigitalidentitiesiscrucialforenhancingtheuniversalityandextensibilityofusercredentials.Trustbarriersbetweendomainscanbeovercomewithhelpfromthisframework,whileusersreceivemoreflexibleandcost-effectiveaccessoptions.

Thehistoricaldevelopmentofinformationandcommunicationnetworkidentity,aswellasinsightsintonetworkidentitytechnologies,applications,andindustrytrendsarereviewedinthisreport.Currentapproachestoimplementingdigitalidentityinfuturenetworksareoutlined,anddefinitionsandkeymetricsfortrustworthydigitalidentitiesinfuturenetworksareproposed.Additionally,aforward-lookingperspectiveonfuturedevelopmentsisprovided.

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1.INTRODUCTIONOFNETWORKIDENTITY

1.1.INTERNETNETWORKIDENTITY

Theconceptoftrustednetworkdigitalidentityhasevolvedalongsidethedevelopmentofcommunicationtechnology(CT)andinformationtechnology(IT).

ThenativeITInternetProtocols(IPs)lackanidentitylayer,meaningthatinternetusersdonothaveanativedigitalidentity.Whentheinternetwasinitiallydesigned,itonlyprovidedidentityidentifiersforcomputernodes,whichweremanagedbycentralizedauthoritativeinstitutions.Forexample,theIEEEassignsMediaAccessControl(MAC)addressestonetworkdevices,ensuringthateachdevicehasauniquehardwareidentifier.TheInternetAssignedNumbersAuthority(IANA)managesIPaddresses,whicharelogicaladdressesusedtoidentifydevicesonanetwork.TheInternetCorporationforAssignedNamesandNumbers(ICANN)managesdomainnames,convertsuser-friendlydomainnamesintomachine-readableIPaddresses,andenablesuserstoaccessresourcesontheinternet.Additionally,theidentityauthenticationofcommercialwebsitesishandledbycertificateauthorities(CAs).Since1995,CAshavebeenissuingsecuritycertificatestoensurethesecurityandtrustworthinessofwebsites.

Theseorganizationsandprotocolstogetherformthebasicpatchworkoftheinternet’sidentityrecognitionandmanagementsystem.Whilethisensuresorderlynetworkoperationandsecureinformationexchange,theinternethasnowbecomeaglobalinfrastructureoperatinginafullyopenandcomplexenvironment.ByDecember2022,therewerealready4.95billioninternetusersworldwide(Ayed

[1])

.

1

However,thenativeInternetProtocolsstilllackasecondaryconfirmationmechanisminthecommunicationnetwork,whereidentityisverifiedthroughvoiceandreal-timeinteractiveinformation.Withtherapidcommercializationoftheinternet,relyingonexternalforcesandcentralizedmanagementforsecurityandtrustisnolongerfeasible.

Inparticular,thenext-generationinternet(Web3.0)emphasizestheconceptoftheinternetofvalue,whichinvolveseconomicactivitiessuchase-commerce,dataassetcirculation,anddigitalassetexchanges.Fromaneconomicperspective,trustisfundamentaltoeconomicactivities,andtrustedidentityisthefoundationofalldigitaltrust.Therefore,fromtheperspectiveoftheinternet,establishingatrusteddigitalidentityisimperative.

1ThenumbersinbracketscorrespondtothoseofthereferencesinSection

5.

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1.2.COMMUNICATIONNETWORKIDENTITY

Theintegrationofcommunicationnetworktechnologywithdigitalidentitytechnologyhasevolved.Thefirstgenerationofmobilecommunicationtechnology(1G)introduceddigitalidentitytechnologytoidentifyentities,thoughsignificantsecurityvulnerabilitiesremained.Forinstance,1Gtechnology,representedbytheAdvancedMobilePhoneSystem(AMPS),wasananalogcellularmobilecommunicationsystem.However,withinthissystem,usersanddeviceswerestillassigneddigitalidentifiers.Usersweregivenauniquemobileidentificationnumber(MIN)byoperators,whileterminaldeviceswereidentifiedbyanelectronicserialnumber(ESN)assignedbymanufacturers.Whenauserconnectedaterminaldevicetothecommunicationnetwork,theESNandMINweretransmittedinplaintext.Thisledtowidespreadillegalphonecloning,posingmajorsecurityrisksaffectingbothusersandoperators.

Thesecondgenerationofmobilecommunicationtechnology(2G)pioneeredtheseparationofdeviceandSubscriberIdentityModule(SIM)cardidentity,effectivelyreducingsecurityrisks.2Gtechnology,representedbyGlobalSystemforMobileCommunications(GSM),introducedtheinnovativedevice-SIMseparationapproach,whereamobilephoneandSIMcardtogetherformedthemobilecommunicationterminal.Thisseparationbroughtthefollowingfourkeybenefits:

First,theSIMcardprovidedstorageforuserdata,includingidentityinformationandencryptionkeys.ThisallowedtheGSMnetworktoauthenticatetheuserandencryptvoicedataduringcalls,preventingphonecloningandeavesdropping.

Second,itseparatedtheidentifiersforusers,services,anddevices.Theinternationalmobileequipmentidentity(IMEI)identifiedtheterminaldevice,theinternationalmobilesubscriberidentity(IMSI)storedontheSIMcarduniquelyidentifiedtheuserforauthentication,andtheMobileStationInternationalISDNNumber(MSISDN)servedastheserviceidentifierforphonecalls.

Third,theintroductionofSIMcardsalloweduserstoreplacelostSIMcardswithoutaffectingtheirphonenumbers,astheIMSIwouldchangebutnottheMSISDN.

Fourth,itprotecteduserprivacythroughtheintroductionoftheTemporaryMobileSubscriberIdentity(TMSI),whichreducedtheexposureofIMSIduringtransmissionsovertheair.

Thethirdgenerationofmobilecommunicationtechnology(3G)introducedmutualauthenticationcapabilitiesandexpandedserviceidentifiers.3Gtechnology,representedbywidebandcodedivisionmultipleaccess

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(WCDMA),upgradedSIMcardstouniversalsubscriberidentitymodules(USIMs)andenabledmutualauthenticationbetweentheterminalandthenetwork.AlthoughtheIMEIstillidentifiedthedeviceandIMSIidentifiedtheuser,3Gnetworksexpandedserviceidentifierstocoverbothcircuit-switched(CS)andpacket-switched(PS)services.TheMSISDNwasusedforCSservices,whiletheaccesspointname(APN)wasintroducedforPSservices.

Thefourthgenerationofmobilecommunicationtechnology(4G)introducednewIPmultimediaidentities,enablingunifiedcommunicationandidentitymanagementbasedonIP.4Gtechnology,representedbyLTE,discontinuedtheevolutionoftheCSdomain,withtheIPMultimediaSubsystem(IMS)domaintakingoveraudioandvideoservices.IntheIMSdomain,theIPmultimediaprivateidentity(IMPI)uniquelyidentifiedtheuserforpurposessuchasregistration,authorization,andbilling,whiletheinternationalmobilesubscriberidentity(IMSI)couldbeembeddedintheIMPI.TheIPmultimediapublicidentity(IMPU)wasusedastheuser’sserviceidentifierintheIMSnetwork,presentedintheformofaSessionInitiationProtocolUniformResourceIdentifier(SIPURI)oratelephoneURIcontainingtheuser’sMSISDN.

Thefifthgenerationofmobilecommunicationtechnology(5G)introducednewserviceidentifiers,enablingsecureandflexiblenetworkslicingservicesandunifieduseridentitymanagement(Lian,Kang,andYang

[2])

.In5Gnetworks,thesubscriptionpermanentidentifier(SUPI),equivalenttoLTE’sIMSI,isnevertransmittedovertheairtopreventusertracking.Instead,thesubscriptionconcealedidentifier(SUCI),aprivacy-protectedidentifiercontainingaconcealedSUPI,isusedfortransmissionovertheair.Everyterminaldeviceconnectedtothe5Gnetworkisassignedapermanentequipmentidentifier(PEI),equivalenttoLTE’sIMEI.Serviceidentifiersincludethedatanetworkname(DNN),correspondingtoLTE’sAPN,andthenewsinglenetworksliceselectionassistanceinformation(S-NSSAI),whichidentifiesnetworkslicesforservices.IntheIMSdomain,IMPIandIMPUcontinuetobeusedforuserandserviceidentifiers.

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1G

2G

4G

5G

3G

ESN

IMEI

IMEI

IMEI

PEI

DEVICE

IMSI

IMSI

IMSI

SUPI

SUCI

GUTI

IMPI

USER

MIN

TMSI

TMSI

TMSI

IMPI

MSISD

MSISD

APN

IMPU

APN

IMPU

DNN

S-NSSAI

BUSINESS

FIGURE1EVOLUTIONOFDIGITALIDENTITYINMOBILE

COMMUNICATIONNETWORKS

Overall,theevolutionfrom1Gto5Ghasseenadeepeningintegrationofdigitalidentitytechnologywithmobilecommunicationnetworks,effectivelyachievingtheseparationandindependentdevelopmentofdeviceidentifiers,useridentifiers,andserviceidentifiers.Lookingahead,whilethesystemcenteredarounduseridentifiersisexpectedtocontinue,thediversificationofnetworkterminalsandtheexpansionofservicetypeswillleadtofurtherinnovationandchangesinthespecificformsofuseridentifiers,deviceidentifiers,andserviceidentifiers.Accordingly,digitalidentitytechnologyinmobilenetworkswillfollowthisdevelopmenttrend,continuouslyevolvingtomeetnewchallengesanddemands.

2.INSIGHTSINTOFUTURENETWORKIDENTITY

2.1.THEINTEGRATIONTREND

Networkdigitalidentityfacilitatesthecreationofnewtrustrelationshipsandthedevelopmentofadigitaltrustsystemframework.Trustisfundamentaltoeconomicactivitiesandservesastheadhesiveinsocialrelationships.Inagriculturalsocieties,trustwasbuiltthroughpersonalconnectionsbasedonkinshipandlocality.Associetiestransitionedtoindustrialization,theemergenceof“trustcredentials”suchasmoneyandassetsgaverisetoinstitutionaltrustregulatedbylegalsystems.Today,withtheadventofthedigitaleconomy,theintroductionof

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digitaltechnologieshasmovedmanyeconomicactivities,interactions,andpersonalassetsonline,creatinganewformofdigitaltrustbasedontechnology.Digitalidentitytechnologyisincreasinglybecomingacorecomponentofdigitaltrustsystems,supportingtrustrelationshipsindigitalspaces.Manydigitaltrustresearchinstitutionsworldwidearefocusedonconstructingframeworksfordigitaltrustsystemscenteredarounddigitalidentity.

Withthedevelopmentofdigitaltechnologiesandthedemandsofthedigitaleconomy,theintegrationofinformationandcommunicationtechnology(ICT)hasbecomeagiven.Intheearly1990s,theglobalspreadoftheinternetenabledpeopletoconnectthroughcomputersandnetworkstoaccessandshareinformation,layingthegroundworkfortheintegrationofcommunicationtechnology(CT)andinformationtechnology(IT).Bytheearly2000s,cloudcomputingtechnologyhadmaturedandbecomewidelyadopted,allowingCTandITenterprisestoshareinfrastructure,storage,anddata-processingcapabilities,solidifyingtheirintegrateddevelopment.Today,withtheriseofartificialintelligenceandtheInternetofThings,bothITandCTtechnologieshaveadvancedtoanewlevel,heraldinganeraofcomprehensiveintegration.Thisintegrationismoreurgentandrapidthanever,especiallyinthecontextofacceleratingdigitaleconomicdevelopmentandtheintelligenttransformationofvariousindustries.

Asacorecomponentforentitiesaccessingnetworks,digitalidentityplaysacrucialroleinbridgingthevirtualandphysicalworlds.Accurateidentificationbasedondigitalidentityhelpsensurenetworksecurityandtrustmechanisms,simplifiesaccesscontrolanddataflowbetweenvariousentities,andfostersstabledigitalinteractionrelationships.Globally,thereisactiveresearchandexplorationintonetworkdigitalidentitytechnologiesandtheirpracticalapplications.

2.2.THEAPPLICATIONTREND

Asvirtualhumansandrobotsemergeasnewtypesofvirtualandphysicalentities,theywillconnecttonetworksthroughincreasinglydiversemechanisms.Thiswilldrivefurtherupdatesandrapiddevelopmentofnetworktechnologiesthatsupporttheiridentityaccess,leadingtotherapidformationoffuturenetworksystems.Digitalidentity,asacorecomponentofentityaccess,playsacrucialroleinbridgingthevirtualandphysicalworlds.Itnotonlyhelpstoensurenetworksecurityandtrustbutalsosimplifiesaccesscontrolanddataencryptionprocessesbetweenvariousentities.Thedemandforitsapplicationisbecomingincreasinglyurgent.Therefore,theinnovativeapplicationandstandardizeddevelopmentofdigitalidentitywillprovidesolidsupportforconstructinganopen,shared,andsecurecyberspacecommunity.

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Scenario1:Virtualhumanidentityauthenticationandmanagementneeds—Virtualhumans,aspersonalintelligentassistants,areexpectedtobecomewidespread.However,virtualhumanslackphysicaltrustanchors,makingitessentialtoensuretheirtrustworthyaccesstonetworks.Additionally,duetotheinherentreplicationcharacteristicsofvirtualhumans,verifyingtheresponsibilityfortheiractionsisalsoanimportantmanagementrequirement.

Scenario2:Fine-grainedauthorizationforintelligentagents—Withtheadvancementandapplicationofartificialintelligencetechnology,theissueofAIinterpretabilityisreceivingincreasingattention.Explainingtherelationshipbetweeninputandoutputremainsachallengeacrosstheindustry.Intelligentagentsoftenexhibitadegreeofunpredictabilityintheirbehavior.Toeffectivelyaddressthecomplexityofintelligentagents’behavioranddecision-makingandhelpensuretheiractionsaresafeandcompliant,thereisapressingneedforanauthorizationmanagementsystemthatcanimplementprecisebehaviorcontrol.Thissystemaimstopreventpotentialharmthatintelligentagents,suchasembodiedrobots,mightcausetohumansortheenvironment,andtoavoidtheexcessiveleakageofsensitivepersonalinformationbyintelligentagents,suchasvirtualdigitalassistants.

Scenario3:Diversifieddigitalidentityneeds—Inthefuture,userdigitalidentitieswillextendbeyondsimpleidentityverification.Thescopeandcontentofidentitieswillbecomemorediverse,includingawiderrangeofusercredentialinformation,suchaspublickeycertificatesandattributecertificates.Theformercanprovetheuser’sidentitythroughtheirpublickeyinformation,whilethelattercandemonstrateattributessuchassocialandnaturalcharacteristics.Thiswillprovideuserswithmorecomprehensiveservicesandsupportforaccessingthedigitalworld.

Scenario4:Ubiquitoustrustacrossindustries—Asthespeedofinformationandcommunicationtechnology(ICT)integrationaccelerates,theboundariesbetweencommunicationnetworksandtheinternetarebecomingincreasinglyblurred.Withthefocusonfuturenetworks,thereisaneedtoaddresscross-scenario,industry,andbusinesstrustrequirements.Thisinvolvesexploringfuturenetworkdigitalidentitytechnologiesthatmeetcross-industryandcross-domaintrustneeds,basedonsolvinguseridentityconnection-recognitionissues.Forexample,inafuturenetworkwheredigitalidentityiscentral,atelecombusinessattributecertificatemightbeusedinnon-telecomcontexts,whiletelecombusiness-issuedattributecertificatesmightbepresentedineverydaylifescenarios,providinguserswithafoundationforcross-industryandcross-domainubiquitoustrustandsolvingmutualtrustchallengesinvariousindustry

scenarios.

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2.3.