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ARTICLE
OPEN
/10.1057/s41599-023-02464-6
Navigatingtheperilsofartificialintelligence:a
focusedreviewonChatGPTandresponsible
researchandinnovation
Athanasios
Polyportis
1✉&NikolaosPahos2
Whiletheriseofartificialintelligence(AI)toolsholdspromisefordeliveringbenefits,itisimportanttoacknowledgetheassociatedrisksoftheirdeployment.Inthisarticle,weconductafocusedliteraturereviewtoaddresstwocentralresearchinquiriesconcerningChatGPTandsimilarAItools.Firstly,weexaminethepotentialpitfallslinkedwiththedevelopmentandimplementationofChatGPTacrosstheindividual,organizational,andsocietallevels.Sec-ondly,weexploretheroleofamulti-stakeholderresponsibleresearchandinnovationfra-meworkinguidingchatbots’sustainabledevelopmentandutilization.Drawinginspirationfromresponsibleresearchandinnovationandstakeholdertheoryprinciples,weunderscorethenecessityofcomprehensiveethicalguidelinestonavigatethedesign,inception,andutilizationofemergingAIinnovations.ThefindingsofthefocusedreviewshedlightonthepotentialperilsofChatGPTimplementationacrossvarioussocietallevels,includingissuessuchasdevaluationofrelationships,unemployment,privacyconcerns,bias,misinformation,anddigitalinequities.Furthermore,theproposedmulti-stakeholderResponsibleResearchandInnovationframeworkcanempowerAIstakeholderstoproactivelyanticipateanddeliberateuponAI’sethical,social,andenvironmentalimplications,thussubstantiallycontributingtothepursuitofresponsibleAIimplementation.
1FacultyofAppliedSciences,DepartmentofBiotechnology,TUDelft,Delft,TheNetherlands.2FacultyofTechnology,Policy,andManagement,TUDelft,Delft,TheNetherlands.✉email:
a.polyportis@tudelft.nl
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Introduction
ttheendof2022,theChatGenerativePre-Trained
Transformer(ChatGPT)wasunveiled,markingasig-
A
nificantadvancementinAI.Asasophisticatedchatbot,itusesdeeplearningtoperformvariouslanguagetaskswithunprecedentedhuman-likefluency.UnlikepreviousAI,ChatGPT’sneuralnetworksaretrainedonextensivedata,includingsimulatedhumanconversations,enablingittooffernuanced,conceptuallyrichresponsesthatcloselyimitatehumaninteraction.Thisbreakthroughispoisedtorevolutionizelearningandinformationdissemination,reflectingitssignificanttechno-logicalprowess(Dwivedietal.,
2023
).
However,thequestionremains:IsChatGPTanunmitigatedboon,ordoesitsdeploymentcomewithpotentialpitfalls?Whenutilizedresponsibly,ChatGPTmightbringbenefitsattheindi-vidual,organization,andsocietallevelsinfieldssuchascustomerservice,education,healthcare,finance,entertainment,creativewriting,digitalmarketing,ande-commerce(Rivas&Zhao,
2023
;Stahl&Eke,
2024
).Furthermore,advancesinemergingAItechnologiescansignificantlyraiseproductivity(Yigitcanlar,
2021
)andenhanceadministrativeefficiencyandpublicservicedelivery(Yigitcanlaretal.,
2023
)duetotheireconomicandsocietalbenefits(Wilson&vanderVelden,
2022
).
Nevertheless,withtheseprevalentAIadvancescomestheneedforsustainableandresponsibleAIdevelopment(Dignum,
2018
).ThecasestudyofChatGPThighlightstheconundrumoftheAIrevolution,as,apartfromapparentbenefits,itraisesethicalconcernsaboutthepotentialnegativeimpactofadvancedAIonsocietyAI.GiventhenascentstageofAIethics,thereisatena-ciousneedtodeviseframeworksforAIadvancementstoincor-porateethicalconsiderations(LoPiano,
2020
).Indeed,theemergenceofAIrelatedtodangersforhumanityorexistentialrisksisviewedbytheAIcommunityasaprobablescenario(Müller&Bostrom,
2016
;Bostrom,
2020
).ThisstudytakesasastartingpointthatAIinnovationssuchasChatGPTmightchallengeprivacy,inclusivity,andinequality(Ansharietal.,
2023
;Dignum,
2018
;McGee,
2023
;Yusteetal.,
2017
),bringbias(Chen,
2023
)andraisesafetyconcerns(Kaplan&Haenlein,
2020
;Rozado,
2023
;Yigitcanlaretal.,
2023
).ChatGPTinspecific,hasbeenfoundtocorruptratherthanimprovemoraljudgment(Krügel,etal.,
2023
).
ThisreviewidentifiescriticalresearchgapsregardingChatGPTandsimilarAItools.Itemphasizestheurgentneedtounveilpotentialrisksatdifferentlevelsandtodevelopanethicalfra-meworkguidingAI’slifecycle.Theoriginalityofthisfocusedreviewliesinitstargetedsynthesisofcurrentliteraturetoaddressspecific,pertinentresearchquestions(Aldermanetal.,
2012
;Cowanetal.,
2005
;Tayloretal.,
2016
).Specifically,weidentifytheperilsrisingatdifferentsocietallevelsandadvocateforadoptingaResponsibleResearchandInnovationapproach(Owenetal.,
2013
;Stilgoeetal.,
2013
).ResponsibleResearchandInnovationencouragesatransparentandcollaborativeapproachinwhichinnovatorsandsocietalactorsworktogethertoensurethatinnovationsaresustainable,ethicallyacceptable,andsocie-tallydesirable.ResponsibleResearchandInnovationpromotesaparticipativeprocess,ensuringAIdevelopmentsalignwithsoci-etalvaluesandethicalstandardsfrominception,proactivelyaddressingpotentialsocialandethicalissues.
Ourapproachwill,therefore,focusnotoninvestigatinghowtosupportAIingeneral,butratheronsuggestingaframeworkofethicalconsiderationaftermappingtheperilsrisingfromirre-sponsibleAIimplementationattheindividual,organizational,andsocietallevels.Specifically,wedefinetworesearchquestions:
WhataretheperilsofirresponsibleChatGPT(andsimilarAItools)developmentandimplementation(RQ1)?
Inwhatwayscanamulti-stakeholderResponsibleResearchandInnovationframeworkguidethesustainabledevelopmentanduseofchatbots(RQ2)?
Researchmethods
Thisstudyemployedafocusedreviewoftheliterature(Alder-manetal.,
2012
;Cowanetal.,
2005
;Tayloretal.,
2016
)tosynthesizeandanalyzetheconceptsandtheoriesmostrelevanttothedevelopmentanduseofadvancedAItechnologieswithinthecontextofResponsibleResearchandInnovation.Afocusedreviewischaracterizedbyitsconciseexaminationofaparticularsetofliteraturemostrelevanttospecificresearchquestions,henceprovidingtargetedinsightsintoaspecificaspectoftheresearcharea.Itdoesnotaimforanexhaustiveanalysisoftheentireresearchdomain(Aldermanetal.,
2012
)butinsteadconcentratesonidentifyingrelevantarticlesandsynthesizingkeyfindingsonspecificresearchquestions,asinthepresentstudy.Furthermore,asourresearchfocusesonsynthesizingconceptsandtheoriesinthecontextofadvancedAItechnolo-gies,ratherthanconductingaquantitativeanalysisofcitationpatternsorpublicationtrends,wedidnotutilizemethodssuchasbibliometricanalyses(Luoetal.,
2022
).Throughthisfocusedliteraturereview,wedistillcriticalconcepts,insights,andrecommendationsfromtheselectedliterature,mappingthechallengesofAItoolsandbuildingatargetedResponsibleResearchandInnovationframeworkforthesustainableuseofemergingchatbots.
WeconductedaliteraturesearchondatabasesScopusandGoogleScholar,usingkeywordcombinationsincluding:“ChatGPTANDresponsibleresearchandinnovation”;“artificialintelligenceANDresponsibleresearchandinnovation”;“chatbotANDresponsibleresearchandinnovation”;ChatGPTANDresponsibledevelopment”;“ChatGPTANDperils”;“ChatGPTANDchallenges”;“ChatGPTANDimplications”.Suchkeywordsenableustoaugmentthescopeofoursearch.Thissearchresultedin1892records.
Wethendefinedtheretaininganddiscardingcriteriatofilterthesearchedliterature,including(1)literaturepublishedintheEnglishlanguage;(2)literaturepublishedbetween2011–2023;(3)literaturewithfull-textarticlesassessedforeligibility;(4)articlespublishedinacademicjournalsandconferencepapers.Articlesinthespecifickeywordwerereferredtowithoutanydeeperexpla-nationorfurtherdevelopmentormentionedonlyintherefer-enceswereexcluded.Furthermore,paperspublishedinnon-internationaljournalsoruploadedaspreprintsorwithouthavingbeenpeer-reviewedwereexcludedfromthesubsequentanalysis.Ofthepublicationsretained,onlythosewhich,intheauthors’opinion,hadthemostrelevancetotheresearchquestionwereconsideredforfurtherreview.Thisprocessresultedin118records.
Subsequently,58recordswereremovedfromconsiderationintheeligibilityphasebecausetheywereduplicates.Acitedsearchwasthenconducted,includingasnowballtechniqueinwhichcitationswithinthesearticlesandrelevantpapersthatcitedthesearticlesweresearchedandretainediftheyappearedrelevanttothereview.Thisprocessresultedin72articles(seeFlowchartofthestudyselectionprocess—Fig.
1
below).
WevisitedthisfinalpoolofarticlestodefineandmaptheperilsofirresponsibleChatGPT(andsimilarAItools)develop-mentimplementationatdifferentsocietallevels(RQ1)andtoproposeamulti-stakeholderResponsibleResearchandInnova-tionframework,synthesizingmeaningfulimplicationsbasedonthisframework(RQ2).
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Fig.1Flowchartofthestudyselectionprocess.
Findings
Researchquestion1.SinceadvancedAIsuchasChatGPTcan
automateprocesses,deliverindividualizedservices,andevenmimichumancontact,theycanadvancesocietiesinanxiety-provokingandexcitingways.Afewyearsback,ProfessorStephenHawkingsaidthat“TheriseofpowerfulAIwillbeeitherthebestortheworstthingevertohappentohumanity.Wedonotyetknowwhich”(Cellar-Jones,
2016
).Suchscenariosaremorerea-listicnowadays,giventherecentAIadvancements.AdvancedAItoolsmightraiseconcernsofexistentialrisk,especiallyasthesetoolsclosethegaptowardstheso-calledSuperintelligencelevel.Superintelligencereferstoanintellectthatsurpasseshumancognitiveabilitiesinnearlyallareasofinterest(Bostrom,
2020
).Superintelligenceencompassesdominanceingoal-orientedbehavior,regardlessofwhetheritisanartificialorhumanintelligencethatpossessesqualitiessuchasself-awarenessorintentionality.
Accordingly,withChatGPT-liketoolsclosertothestateofSuperintelligence,theconceptofSingularity(Vinge,
2008
)isbecomingpossible.‘Singularity’,concerningAIandhumancivilization,referstoahypotheticalpointinthefuturewhenartificialintelligencewillhavesurpassedhumanintelligencetosuchanextentthatitcanindependentlyimproveitselfandevolveatanexponentialrate.Singularityisbasedontheideaofanintelligenceexplosion,inwhichanAIsystembecomescapableofimprovingitsintelligence,leadingtoanexponentialincreaseinitscapabilities.Thisconceptmightbringthepotentialofafutureinwhichmachinescanaddressmanyhumanconcerns,includingpoverty,illness,orenvironmentaldegradation.Still,itcouldalsoleadtolossofautonomyandeconomicandsocialupheaval.
Inthiscontext,theinitialhurdleinvolvesthecollaborativeandprecisepredictionoftheimpactsofadvancedAItoolslikeChatGPT,whichareapproachingthecapabilitiesofsuper-intelligentsystems.Thesetoolshavethepotentialtogradually
supplantandenhancethemajorityofcognitivetasksthathumanshavehistoricallyundertaken.Attheindividuallevel,ChatGPTmightraiseconcernsaboutthequalityofinformationprovidedorevenbeusedtospreadmisinformationordisinformationbygeneratingtextthatmayseemcrediblebutisfactuallyinaccurate(Hsuetal.,(
2023
);Verma&Oremus,
2023
).Suchdisinformationcanbecheaperandeasiertoproduceforevenmoreconspiracytheorists(Hsuetal.,(
2023
)),aschatbotshavenocommitmenttothetruth(Bell,
2023
).OneparticularlyworryingaspectisthepotentialforChatGPTandsimilartoolstotargetvulnerableindividualswithharmfulordistressingcontent,subjectingindividualstoemotionalandpsychologicalharm.Thisnotonlyaffectstheirmentalwell-beingbutalsohasbroaderimplicationsforonlinesafetyandcyberbullyingprevention(Mijwil&Aljanabi,
2023
).
ChatGPTcanalsobeusedtogatherpersonalinformationfromusersforidentitytheftorothermaliciouspurposes,resultinginprivacyandsecurityconcerns(Ahmadetal.,
2023
).Suchconcernsmayleadtofear,followedbyemotionaluncertainty(Polyportis,
2020
;Polyportisetal.,
2020
),hinderingfutureexperiencesofhuman-AIinteractions.Uptonow,AItoolscouldprovideacertainlevelofentertainmentbutcouldnotunderstandemotions,empathize,andofferasenseofbelongingthathumanfriendscanprovide.Nonetheless,asAIchatbotsaregettingclosertoSuperintelligence,itisnotunlikelyforthemtosubstitutehumanrelationships,thusdevaluatingrelationshipsandaug-mentingalienation.
Attheorganizationallevel,expandingAItoolslikeChatGPTmightleadtopossiblenegativeeconomicimpacts,suchasachangeinthelabormarketstructure(Rakowskietal.,
2021
).Forexample,instabilityinthelabormarketcouldleadtoreplacingfull-timejobpositionswithpart-timejobs,whichwouldcausehighuncertaintytojobseekersabouttheirfuturecareerpath(Polak,
2021
).Thesechangescanpotentiallyreduceperson-to-personcontactinareaslikecustomersupport,personnelmanagement,ortechnologyroles,whichcouldjeopardizethejobsecurityofworkersinthesefields.ThepotentialdisplacementofhumanworkersisdrivenbytheefficiencyandprecisionwithwhichAIsystemscanexecutetaskstraditionallyinthehumandomain.Indeed,AItechnologiesexemplifiedbyChatGPTexcelatautomatingroutineandrule-basedtasks,conductingintricatecalculations,andevengeneratingcode—oftensurpassinghumanspeedandconsistency(Bessen,
2019
;Brynjolfsson&McAfee,
2014
).Consider,forexample,thescenarioinwhichChatGPTcanswiftlyandproficientlygeneratecodeinvariousprogramminglanguages.Insuchacontext,employersmayquestionretaininghumanprogrammers.
Furthermore,technologydependenceanddelegationexperi-encescanhelpconsumersfeelempoweredbutcanalsohurtthefirm(Pauletal.,
2023
).Indeed,recognizingAI’scapabilitytoactasasubstituteforhumanlaborcanbepsychologicallymenacinganddecreasetheperceivedself-efficacyduringhuman-AIinteractions(Puntonietal.,
2021
).Hence,replacinghuman-humaninteractionswithhuman-AIinteractions,alongwithethicalconcernsandheightenedperceptionsofcreepiness,theabsenceofpersonalizationandempathy,couldpotentiallyresultinadverseeffectsonthebrandexperienceandcustomerloyalty(Luoetal.,
2019
;Rajaobelinaetal.,
2021
;Niu&Mvondo,
2024
).ChatGPT-liketoolscanfacilitatetheftofintellectuallabor,copyrightconcernsandviolationsleadingtounfaircompetition(Strowel,
2023
).
Moreover,whileChatGPToffersseveralbenefitstobusinesses,thereareseveralperilsrelatedtosecurity,lossofprivacy,legalrisks,andspreadingfalseinformationaboutthefirm(Dwivedietal.,
2023
;Pauletal.,
2023
).Forexample,theevolutionofsuchtoolsposessignificantriskstocybersecuritywhenmanipulatedby
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maliciousactorsorusedforphishingattempts(Chilton,
2023
).Atthesametime,organizationsthatshareconfidentialinformationwithChatGPTmighthavesevereconsequencesduetounder-scoringtheimportanceofsafeguardingsensitivedata.Similarly,theevolutionofAImightalsothreatengovernmentsthroughseveralapplications,suchasusingAIforsurveillancepurposes,whichraisessignificantprivacyconcernsforindividuals(Yigit-canlaretal.,
2023
).
Atthesocietallevel,educationandresearchareamongthemostcontroversialfieldsregardingtheimplicationsofChatGPT(vonGarrel&Mayer,
2023
),asitmayexhibitcriticalthinkingandgeneratehighlyrealistictext,potentiallyresultingindecreasedlevelsofstudents’creativity.Thenotionthatstudentscanefficientlycompleteacademictaskswithoutproducingoriginalworkcontradictsessentialeducationalvaluesconcerningstudentgrowth,development,andthepracticaluseofknowledge.Atthesametime,arapidevolutionofChatGPT-liketoolsmightjeopardizetheintegrityofexaminations.ItcameasnosurprisethatChatGPT,whichisstillinitsinfancy,wasrecentlyabletoreceiveaB-gradeonthefinalexamsofanMBAcoursethatanIvyLeaguebusinessschooloffered.Inaddition,theeffectsofsuchtoolsintheresearchfieldmightraiseconcernsregardingtheethicalityandintegrityofpublishingamongtheresearchcommunity.ChatGPThasalreadybeenlistedasaco-authoronrecentacademicarticles(e.g.,ChatGPT&Zhavoronkov,
2022
;O’Connor,ChatGpt(
2023
)),leadingtoreactionsfromasignificantpartoftheresearchcommunity(Thorp,
2023
)thatsuggestsaregulationinitsuse(Stokel-Walker,
2023
).
AnotherpotentialsocietalimplicationassociatedwiththeaccessibilityofChatGPTandsimilarAItools.Althoughsuchtoolsarefreetoday,“itisonlyamatteroftimebeforetheybecomepaidservices”(Dwivedietal.,
2023
,p.10).Onecaneasilyimaginethatpotentialdigitalinequitiesineducationmightleadtotensionsiflearnersfromdifferentsocioeconomicstatusesandculturalbackgroundsdonothaveequaleducationopportunities. AdvancedAItoolslikeChatGPTarealsopoisedtosignificantlyimpactthehealthcaresector(Alietal.,
2023
;Pateletal.,
2023
;Sallam,
2023
).Inherentrisksprimarilystemfromsystemerrors(Srivastava&Rossi,
2019
;Dwivedietal.,
2021
),whilepatientprivacyconcernscanhinderdataaccessibility.
Additionally,theintegrationofAIintohealthcarealterstraditionaldecision-makingpracticesbasedonepistemicprob-abilityandprudence(Parviainen,Rantala(
2022
))andraisesethical,legal,andmedicaldilemmaswhenitcomestomakingcriticaldecisionsabouthumanlivesandmedicalconditions(Shaban-Nejadetal.,
2021
;Vilaza&McCashin,
2021
).
Thenecessityofethicalconsiderations.Basedontheabove
discussion,weidentifiedandcategorizedsignificantrisksofemergingChatGPT-liketoolsattheindividual,organizational,andsocietallevels.SuchadverseconsequencesofadvancedAItoolssuchasChatGPThavetriggeredanongoingdebateabouttheneedtoestablishasetofprinciplestoeffectivelyregulateandmonitorAIdevelopmentanduse(Arrietaetal.,
2020
;Fjeldetal.,
2020
;Mikalefetal.,
2022
).However,priorresearchhasyettoconvergeonhowamulti-stakeholderResponsibleResearchandInnovationframeworkcanbedesignedtooptimallytackletheabovementionedrisksandencouragethesustainabledevelop-mentanduseofchatbots.Furthermore,previousliteraturehasyettoanalyticallyexaminehowtherapidadvancementofAIanditseffectsonmultipleindustriesdemandacomprehensiveassessmentofitspotentialinfluenceonaligningwithethicalandsustainablegoals(Guo&Polak,
2021
).
Ingeneral,peopleareincreasinglyworriedabouttherisksofAIatasocietallevel(Araujoetal.,
2020
).TheconceptofAIandthe
discussionaboutitsethicalconcernsdatesbacktothe1950s(Stahletal.,
2022a
).However,theimportanceofdeliberativeengagementforframingresponsibleinnovationinscientificresearchandtechnologicaldevelopmentdidnotspringlikeDionysusformedfromZeus’thigh.Instead,ithasbeenrecentlyhighlightedanddiscussedinthebusinessandtechnologyethicsliterature(Owenetal.,
2013
).TheriseofvoicesofconcernregardingChatGPT(Tlilietal.,
2023
)emphasizesthatdevelopersmustensurethatchatbotsarebuiltwithmoralconsiderationsinmind,whileusersandgovernmentsshouldbeawareofthepotentialrisksandethicallyusechatbotsandAItechnologies.
Nonetheless,ethicalguidelinesdonotnecessarilyaltertheindividual(developers’)decision-making(Hagendorff,
2020
).Forinstance,inthestudyofMcNamaraetal.(
2018
),softwareengineeringstudentsanddeveloperswerepresentedwithelevensoftware-relatedscenariosonethicaldecision-making,suchasresponsibilitytoreport,intellectualproperty,orhonestytocustomertotime.Someoftheparticipantswereexposedtoestablishedcodesofethics.McNamaraetal.(
2018
)foundnostatisticallysignificantdifferenceintheparticipants’responses,regardlessofwhethertheysawthecodeofethicsornotandtheirstudentorprofessionalstatus.
Atthesametime,theinnovatorswhohirethedevelopersoftheseemergingAItechnologiesmaybecomestructuresofpower(Dwivedietal.,
2023
)withunprecedentedsocietalimplicationsifarobustframeworkofethicsandsocialresponsibilityislacking.Suchpowerfultechnologiesarebeingproducedbyspecificorganizations(apartfromOpenAI’sChatGPT,equallypowerfulsystemssuchasGoogle’sBardhaveemerged).Naturally,onewouldaskifsuchinnovatorsare,andshould,beinthepositiontoheavilyinfluencewhowill‘win’andwhowill‘lose’insocietyduetotheemergingAItechnologies.Nonetheless,accordingtothebasicprinciplesofneoclassicaleconomics,theAIinnovator(s)mayprioritizemaximizingtheirprofitandutility(e.g.,Agboola,
2015
)insteadofaligningwithinanethicalframework.Hence,thereisaneedtoaddresstheresponsibledevelopmentofAItechnologiesbyconsideringtheAIecosystemstakeholders.
Researchquestion2.Thesynthesisofthefindingsofthefocused
reviewhighlightstheparamountimportanceofanethicalfra-meworkforthedevelopmentandethicalimplementationofAItechnologies,exemplifiedbyChatGPT,alignedwithpreviousresearchontheethicsofartificialintelligence(e.g.,Bostrom&Yudkowsky,
2018
;Etzioni&Etzioni,
2017
).Notably,thefindingsunveiltheneedforamulti-stakeholderapproachinclusivenotonlyoftheinnovatorcompanybutalsooftheothersocietalactors,includingtheregulatorsandassessors(e.g.,governmentandnationalorganizations)oftheAItechnology,aswellasthedirectandindirectstakeholders,suchastheacademia,industry,Non-GovernmentalOrganizations(NGO’s),consumersandeventuallythesocietyatlarge.Thisproposalisbasedontwomainarguments.First,itisconsistentwithstakeholdertheory.Thiswell-establishedtheoreticalframeworkprovidesanunderstandingoftherelationshipsbetweenthefocalorganization(i.e.,AIinnovator)andthestakeholderstheyinteractwith(Freeman,
2010
).Thestakeholdertheoryspeculatesthatanorganizationisnotonlyaccountabletoitsshareholdersbut,inessence,toallsocietalstakeholdersthatmayhaveaninterestinorareaffectedbytheactionsofthefocalorganization.Therefore,applyingstakeholdertheorytoaResponsibleResearchandInnovationframeworkcanassistinidentifyingthediversestakeholdersinvolvedwithintheecosystemandtheirrespectiveinterests.Second,stakeholderengagementiscriticalforachievingsocialandethicalgoalsintheinnovationprocess.Importantly,multi-stakeholdercollaborationcanleadtomoreequitableoutcomes,
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enhancetransparencyandaccountability,andfostertrustandlegitimacy(Mitchelletal.,
1997
;Owenetal.,
2013
).
Theoreticalgroundsofresponsibleresearchandinnovation.
TocraftaframeworkfortheresponsibledevelopmentofAI,itisessentialtothoroughlyinvestigatetheconceptualfoundationsofResponsibleResearchandInnovation,aslaidoutbyscholarslikeBurgetetal.(
2017
),Owen,VonSchombergetal.(
2021
),Stahletal.(
2017
),Stilgoeetal.(
2013
),Stilgoe&Guston(
2016
),Sutcliffe(
2011
),andVonSchomberg(
2011
),andextractkeylearnings.
ResponsibleResearchandInnovationensuresthatinnovatorsandsocietalactorsworktogetherwithtransparencytoensurethatinnovationprocessesandtheirproductsaresustainable,ethicallyacceptable,andsocietallydesirable.Indeed,variousauthorshavebroughtoutethicalissuesandconcerns(e.g.,Forsbergetal.,
2015
;Gianni,
2016
)underthelensofresponsibleresearchandinnovation.Hence,aresponsibleresearchandinnovationapproachtothecontinuousdevelopmentofChatGPT-liketoolsandAItechnologiesshouldbeadequatetoencouragetheinvolvementofallrelevantstakeholdersandtheconsiderationofdiverseperspectivesthroughcollectivedecision-makingandmanagementofsuchscientificandtechnologicaladvancements.
Interestingly,thetermresponsibleresearchandinnovationwasnotinitiatedbyresearchersbutbypolicymakerswithintheEuropeanCommissionfromatop-downperspective.Backin2013,aEuropeanCommissionpolicydocumentnamed“Optionsforstrengthening
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