新高考英语备考科普类英语阅读的解题钥匙(说结构模式、说解题策略模式、说干扰项七大规律)

#备考科普类英语阅读的解题钥匙（说结构模式、说解题策略模式、说干扰项七大规律）高考即将来临，我觉得一定要认真透析真题的规律，反复琢磨命题机理，这样才有长足的进步。今天我来说说阅读理解。科普实验文是高考必考题型，而且难度颇大。概念理解首先，我们要明白一个概念，叫图式。通俗说，就是你听到学校，就会马上想到：教师、学生、寝室、食堂等等，这些不同的元素有序构成了一个整体。在阅读中，你看到AI,就会立即想到：大数据、个人隐私、就业、人力被代替等。你对AI越熟悉，那么这篇文章你就越容易懂。这叫内容图式。还有一类叫结构图式，譬如一看到励志类的韩剧，你立马就能大概想到：先是一个很平凡的姑娘，然后被豪门王子给看中，但是王子父母看不上她，千方百计刁难。眼看就要成功了，突然豪门姑娘生绝症等等。这就是灰姑娘故事的结构。如果你对每个题材的文章总结多了，大体就能知道同类话题文章的走势。最后就是语言图式，每个话题的语言风格大体也差不多。说了这么多，就高考而言，我们要认真研究一下高考所有科普实验文的图式，重点是：行文风格、命题风格。那么科普实验文的特点到底是什么？简单说起来就是：IEEC模式Introduction(ofthethemeorconceptorproblemorphenomenon)ExplanationExperiment(s)(Includingtheaim,procedure,result,reason,comment)Conclusion我用图翻译一下：科普实骐文的结构图式IIEEC模式）；, ,主题，概念、问题或迎更蛇上面的主题捶一步解释，一般可忒喀读J这UHUULL*；h".…•耳的、过程、母果、原因.评检:、，■反用埼漆、热点等V知道命题图式有利于我们阅读时把握重点信息，但是我们还要知道干扰项的特点，姑且称之为：干扰图式。以下七点也是真题中得出来的。我认真阅读近六年的考试分析，毕竟这是官方命题人写的，可以大概看出来一二。譬如：从中可以看出信息不全，无中生有，诱导式的相似联想等都是干扰项的特征。.过程混淆解释：一般问的是过程的总结步骤，但干扰下把前面的某个步骤拿出来。.限制脱落解释：文章中对某一个名词或句子会加上各种限制范围的形容词或副词短语等，但干扰下直接说名词。.观点混淆解释：作者的观点很多，但突出的往往是最后一个观点，干扰项就此进行混淆。.相似干扰解释：这种往往是动词上作文章，文章说的是接受，干扰项说是发出。更隐蔽的是这些动词都在文章中出现，需要仔细辨认。这种实际上最难，有时还有利用读者的定性思维模式诱导读者进行错误联想。.相反事实解释：这个最简单，就是完全和文章说的相反。.信息不全解释：干扰下只是截取了信息的部分。.因果倒置解释：把原因说出结果，或结果说成原因。例子1（江苏B）Beforebirth,babiescantellthedifferencebetweenloudsoundsandvoices.Theycanevendistinguishtheirmother’svoicefromthatofafemalestranger.Butwhenitcomestoembryoniclearning（胎教）,birdscouldruletheroost.AsrecentlyreportedinTheAuk:OrnithologicalAdvances,somemotherbirdsmayteachtheiryoungtosingevenbeforetheyhatch（孵化）.New-bornchickscanthenimitatetheirmom’scallwithinafewdaysofenteringtheworld.Thiseducationalmethodwasfirstobservedin2012bySoniaKleindorfer,abiologistatFlindersUniversityinSouthAustralia,andhercolleagues.FemaleAustraliansuperbfairywrenswerefoundtorepeatonesoundoverandoveragainwhilehatchingtheireggs.Whentheeggswerehatched,thebabybirdsmadethesimilarchirptotheirmothers—asoundthatservedastheirregular“feedme!”call.Tofindoutifthespecialqualitywasmorewidespreadinbirds,theresearcherssoughtthered-backedfairywren,anotherspeciesofAustraliansongbird.Firsttheycollectedsounddatafrom67nestsinfoursitesinQueenslandbeforeandafterhatching.Thentheyidentifiedbeggingcallsbyanalyzingtheorderandnumberofnotes.Acomputeranalysisblindlycomparedcallsproducedbymothersandchicks,rankingthembysimilarity.Itturnsoutthatbabyred-backedfairywrensalsoemergechirpingliketheirmoms.Andthemorefrequentlymothershadcalledtotheireggs,themoresimilarwerethebabies’beggingcalls.Inaddition,theteamsetupaseparateexperimentthatsuggestedthatthebabybirdsthatmostcloselyimitatedtheirmom’svoicewererewardedwiththemostfood.Thisobservationhintsthateffectiveembryoniclearningcouldsignalneurological（神经系统的）strengthsofchildrentoparents.Anevolutionaryinferencecanthenbedrawn.“Asaparent,doyouinvestinqualitychildren,ordoyouinvestinchildrenthatareinneed?”Kleindorferasks.“Ourresultssuggestthattheymightbegoingforquality.”TheunderlinedphraseinParagraph1means“ ”.betheworstbethebestbejustasbadbejustasgoodWhatareKleindorfer’sfindingsbasedon?Similaritiesbetweenthecallsmomsandchicks.TheobservationoffairywrensacrossAustralia.ThedatacollectedfromQueensland’slocals.Controlledexperimentsonwrensandotherbirds.Embryoniclearninghelpsmotherbirdstoidentifythebabybirdswhich.canreceivequalitysignalsareinneedoftrainingfittheenvironmentbetter

maketheloudestcall分析：题干干扰项特点规律TheunderlinedphraseinParagraph1means1f 围罐主题的词汇题WhatareKleindorfer*sfindingsbasedon?1.过程混淆工限制脱落(red^baekedfairyw「en)工总结性步骤干扰实验的过程总结(最后一拧)Embryoniclearninghelpsmotherbirdstoidenilfythebabybirdswhich_.相似干扰：thebab/birdsthatmostclosefyimitatedtheirmom'svoic-J干扰：canr&ceIvequalitysignals真骐的启发性结果2（江苏B）Chimps（黑猩猩）willcooperateincertainways,likegatheringinwarpartiestoprotecttheirterritory.Butbeyondtheminimumrequirementsassocialbeings,theyhavelittleinstinct（本能）tohelponeanother.Chimpsinthewildseekfoodforthemselves.Evenchimpmothersregularlydeclinetosharefoodwiththeirchildren.Whoareablefromayoungagetogathertheirownfood.Inthelaboratory,chimpsdon’tnaturallysharefoodeither.Ifachimpisputinacagewherehecanpullinoneplateoffoodforhimselfor,withnogreateffort,aplatethatalsoprovidesfoodforaneighbortothenextcage,hewillpullatrandomhejustdoesn’tcarewhetherhisneighborgetsfedornot.Chimpsaretrulyselfish.Humanchildren,ontheotherhandareextremelycooperative.Fromtheearliestages,theydecidetohelpothers,toshareinformationandtoparticipateinachievingcommongoals.ThepsychologistMichaelTomasellohasstudiedthiscooperativenessinaseriesofexperimentswithveryyoungchildren.Hefindsthatifbabiesaged18monthsseeanunrelatedadultwithhandsfulltryingtoopenadoor,almostallwillimmediatelytrytohelp.Thereareseveralreasonstobelievethattheurgestohelp,informandsharearenottaught,butnaturallypossessedinyoungchildren.Oneisthattheseinstinctsappearataveryyoungagebeforemostparentshavestartedtotrainchildrentobehavesocially.Anotheristhatthehelpingbehaviorsarenotimprovedifthechildrenarerewarded.Athirdreasonisthatsocialintelligencedevelopsinchildrenbeforetheirgeneralcognitive（认知的）skills,atleastwhencomparedwithchimps.IntestsconductedbyTomtasell,thechildrendidnobetterthanthechimpsonthephysicalworldtests,butwereconsiderablybetteratunderstandingthesocialworld.Thecoreofwhatchildren’smindshaveandchimps’don’tiswhatTomasellocallssharedintentionality.Partofthisabilityisthattheycaninferwhatothersknoworarethinking.Butbeyondthat,evenveryyoungchildrenwanttobepartofasharedpurpose.Theyactivelyseektobepartofa“we”,agroupthatintendstoworktowardasharedgoal.Whatcanwelearnfromtheexperimentwithchimps?Chimpsseldomcareaboutothers’interests.Chimpstendtoprovidefoodfortheirchildren.Chimpsliketotakeintheirneighbors’food.Chimpsnaturallysharefoodwitheachother.MichaelTomasello’stestsonyoungchildrenindicatethatthey .havetheinstincttohelpothersknowhowtoofferhelptoadultsknowtheworldbetterthanchimpstrustadultswiththeirhandsfullThepassageismainlyabout .thehelpingbehaviorsofyoungchildrenwaystotrainchildren’ssharedintentionalitycooperationasadistinctivehumannaturethedevelopmentofintelligenceinchildren

分析：题干干扰项特点规律1.Whatcanwe白rn"Qmiheexperimentwithchimps?事实相反限制干优（punatrmridDrn说成liketo1ake\nsb'sfood）实骐的结果【主题句定位）2.MlchaeIToma5elId'stestsonyoungchildrenind心业thatthey 过度鞋想（hetriedtohelp说成knewhowtoofferhelptoadulls）信息不全［thechlldrendidnobetterth日nthechimpsonthephysicalworldtest,butbetter…说成knowtheworldbetlerthanchimps）实验的结果住趣向定位）3.Thepassageismainlyab□□1 .动词语导的相似干扰（文章之说人类的分享।干扰项是如何训炼分享）文章的大意（对比类实验对803（江苏C）1Ifadiversurfacestooquickly,hemaysufferthebends.Nitrogen（氮）dissolved（溶解）inhisbloodissuddenlyliberatedbythereductionofpressure.Theconsequence,ifthebubbles（气泡）accumulateinajoint,issharppainandabentbody—thusthename.Ifthebubblesforminhislungsorhisbrain,theconsequencecanbedeath.2Otherair-breathinganimalsalsosufferthisdecompression（减压）sicknessiftheysurfacetoofast:whales,forexample.Andso,longago,didichthyosaurs.Thattheseancientseaanimalsgotthebendscanbeseenfromtheirbones.Ifbubblesofnitrogenforminsidethebonetheycancutoffitsbloodsupply.Thiskillsthecellsinthebone,andconsequentlyweakensit,sometimestothepointofcollapse.Fossil（化石）bonesthathavecavedinonthemselvesarethusasignthattheanimaloncehadthebends.3BruceRothschildoftheUniversityofKansasknewallthiswhenhebeganastudyofichthyosaurbonestofindouthowwidespreadtheproblemwasinthepast.Whatheparticularlywantedtoinvestigatewashowichthyosaursadaptedtotheproblemofdecompressionoverthe150millionyears.Tothisend,heandhiscolleaguestraveledtheworld’snatural-historymuseums,lookingathundredsofichthyosaursfromtheTriassicperiodandfromthelaterJurassicandCretaceousperiods.4Whenhestarted,heassumedthatsignsofthebendswouldberarerinyoungerfossils,reflectingtheirgradualevolutionofmeasurestodealwithdecompression.Instead,hewasastonishedtodiscovertheopposite.Morethan15%ofJurassicandCretaceousichthyosaurshadsufferedthebendsbeforetheydied,butnotasingleTriassicspecimen（标本）showedevidenceofthatsortofinjury.Ifichthyosaursdidevolveananti-decompressionmeans,theyclearlydidsoquickly—and,moststrangely,theylostitafterwards.ButthatisnotwhatDrRothschildthinkshappened.Hesuspectsitwasevolutioninotheranimalsthatcausedthechange.Whalesthatsufferthebendsoftendosobecausetheyhavesurfacedtoescapeapredator（捕食动物）suchasalargeshark.OneofthefeaturesofJurassicoceanswasanabundanceoflargesharksandcrocodiles,bothofwhichwerefondofichthyosaurlunches.Triassicoceans,bycontrast,weremercifullyshark-andcrocodile-free.IntheTriassic,then,ichthyosaursweretopofthefoodchain.IntheJurassicandCretaceous,theywereprey（猎物）aswellaspredator—andoftenhadtomakeaspeedyexitasaresult.Whichofthefollowingisatypicalsymp