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福建省福清福清华侨中学2025届高考英语必刷试卷注意事项:1.答卷前,考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号、考场号和座位号填写在试题卷和答题卡上。用2B铅笔将试卷类型(B)填涂在答题卡相应位置上。将条形码粘贴在答题卡右上角"条形码粘贴处"。2.作答选择题时,选出每小题答案后,用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目选项的答案信息点涂黑;如需改动,用橡皮擦干净后,再选涂其他答案。答案不能答在试题卷上。3.非选择题必须用黑色字迹的钢笔或签字笔作答,答案必须写在答题卡各题目指定区域内相应位置上;如需改动,先划掉原来的答案,然后再写上新答案;不准使用铅笔和涂改液。不按以上要求作答无效。4.考生必须保证答题卡的整洁。考试结束后,请将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。第一部分(共20小题,每小题1.5分,满分30分)1.Theaimofthegovernmentistomakeeverycitizenbetteroff,____,tohelpthemliveahappylife.A.asaresult B.forastartC.foronething D.inotherwords2.Bytheendoflastweek,600peoplefrom50countriestoattendthemeeting,withnearlyhalfcomingfromtheUnitedStates,GermanyandBritain.A.hadregisteredB.haveregisteredC.registeredD.wereregistered3.Thereasonwhyheadaptedtothenewsituationsquicklyisthathehada________attitude.A.changeableB.stableC.movableD.flexible4.Thehealthofgardenplantsdependsonthesoil_____--theproperbalanceofmineralpieces,organicmatter,airandwater.A.constructionB.conservationC.corporationD.composition.5.--ItisreallyfuntohikeandIoftengohikingintheforest.--Buthikingaloneintheforest______beverydangerous.A.can B.must C.shall D.will6.—Shegotherfirstsciencefictionpublished.Itturnedouttobe________.—Whenwasthat?—Itwasin2009________shewasstillincollege.A.success;that B.asuccess;whenC.success;when D.asuccess;that7.Greatpity!Hisillnessis________thetreatmentavailablesofar.A.within B.above C.about D.beyond8.______hislove,Chrissenthismomathank-younoteonMother’sDay.A.ExpressingB.ExpressedC.ToexpressD.Havingexpressed9.I'veheardthatpreparations______forthecomingfestival.Let'sgivethemahand.A.arebeingmade B.havebeenmadeC.aremaking D.havemade10.Hewrotealetter________heexplainedwhathadhappenedintheaccident.A.that B.whichC.where D.what11.Bythetimeherealizesthemistakehe________,itwillbetoolateforhimtodoanythingaboutit.A.hasmade B.made C.makes D.willmake12.Theyfelt________itwashightaxandlowincome________contributedtotheextrememiseryoftheworkingpeopleatthebottomoftheladder.A./;that B.that;whichC.that;what D./;which13.HowcouldIlietohershelivedforthetruth,whetheritwasfoundinmusicorpeople?A.unless B.whenC.while D.though14._______,Ihaveneverseenanyonewho'sascapableasJohn.A.AslongasIhavetraveledB.MuchasIhavetraveledC.NowthatIhavetraveledsomuchD.AsIhavetraveledsomuch15.Rosa_____thiswashingmachineformorethantenyears.Sheisthinkingaboutbuyinganewone.A.isusingB.usedC.hadusedD.hasbeenusing16.Juliahasgotapretty_deal—shewaslaidoffjustforbeinglateonce!A.roughB.toughC.illegalD.mean17.-Couldyoupassmethesugar,please?-OK,____A.nevermindB.soundsgreatC.hereyougoD.thereitis18.—Iwasinformedthatyouwonthelottery?—Areyoukidding?MaybeIwillwinalotterywhen______.A.youcryforthemoon B.pigsflyC.allgoodthingscometoanend D.yougetanewleaseonlife19.WatchingbasketballgamesonTVathomeisonething,goingtowatchthem________liveisquiteanother.A.perform B.performing C.toperform D.beingperformed20.Thenationalparkhasalargecollectionofwildlife,________frombutterfliestoelephants.A.torange B.rangeC.ranging D.ranged第二部分阅读理解(满分40分)阅读下列短文,从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出最佳选项。21.(6分)Smokersmayignorethehealthwarningsbytellingthemselvestheirhabitmakesthemlookcool.Afterall,sexsymbolsJamesDeanandHumphreyBogartwererarelyseenwithoutacigarette.However,thelatestevidenceshowsthatsmokingactuallymakesyoulessattractivetotheoppositesex.Wrinklesfromsmokingacigarettemaybetoblameforpeoplejudgingnon-smokerstobebetter-looking.Thiswastheresultofastudyaskingmorethan500peopletopickthemostattractiveoftwinswhereonesmokedandtheotherdidnot.Menfoundfemalenon-smokersthemostattractiveintwo-thirdsofcases,whilewomenchosenon-smokingmenasthemostattractive68percentofthetime.ProfessorIanPenton-Voak,aco-authorofthestudyfromBristolUniversity,said,“Peopleassumethatsmokingcausesdamagetotheskinandappearance,butthisisareallyneatwayoflookingatitbecausethesetwinsaregeneticallyidentical,sowecancontrolforgeneticfactorsinvolvedinageing.Appearanceseemstobeimportanttopeople,especiallyyoungpeople,sowecouldusethesesortsoffindingsasabasisforfutureinterventionstostoppeoplesmoking.”Smokingcanspeedupthenormalageing,evenafteronlyadecade.Nicotinecausesnarrowingofthebloodvesselsintheoutermostlayersoftheskin,whilethechemicalsintobaccosmokedamagecollagenandelastin,fibreswhichgivetheskinitselasticity(弹性).Thewrinklesthiscausesareaddedtobyfacialexpressionsmadewhensmokingsuchaspursingthelipswheninhaling(吸气)orsquintingtokeepsmokeoutofyoureyes.1、WhydoestheauthormentionJamesDeanandHumphreyBogart?A.Topersuadesmokerstogiveupsmoking.B.Tocomparethemwithnon-smokers.C.Totellusmanypeopleareinfluencedbythem.D.Toshowunderstandingandcomfortsmokers.2、WhatcanwelearnfromPara.2andPara.3?A.500twinsweresurveyedforthestudy.B.Probablyyoungpeoplepaymoreattentiontotheirappearance.C.Femalenon-smokersaremoreattractivethanmaleones.D.ProfessorIanPenton-Voakistheleadingauthorofthestudy.3、WhatisProfessorIanPenton-Voak’saltitudetosmoking?A.Disapproving.B.Favorable.C.Unconcerned.D.Cautious.4、Whatcanbeinferredfromthetext?A.Smokerslookcoolerthannon-smokers.B.Smokingmayspeedupskin’sageing.C.Smokerslookyoungerthannon-smokers.D.Smokingshouldbebannedrightaway.22.(8分)Mostadultsfirmlybelievethataskidsreachtheirteens,theystarttotakecrazyrisksthatgetthemintrouble.Doteenagerssimplylovetakingallrisksmuchmorethanadults?Arecentstudysuggestsotherwise.Scientistsdesignedasimpleexperimentinvolving33teenagersandthreeotheragegroups.Intheexperiment,theresearcherstriedtodistinguishbetweentwoverydifferentkindsofrisk-taking.Thefirsttheycalledawillingnesstotakeknownrisks(whentheprobabilityofwinningisclear)andthesecondtheycalledawillingnesstotakeunknownrisks(whenthepossibilityofsuccessisuncertain).Thestudyofferedparticipantstheopportunitytoplaytwokindsofgames.Theyhadthechancetowinmoney,withonegameofferingaknownriskandtheotherofferinganunknownrisk.Oneachroundofthegame,eachparticipanthadtochoosebetweentakingasure$5andknownorunknownrisksofwinningalotmore.Ifononeparticularroundtheyhadpickedthe$5forsurechoice,thentheygot$5.Butifonthatroundtheyhadchosentotakearisk,therulesofthegamewilldeterminewhetherornottheyhadwon.Iftheydidwin,theywenthomewithbetween$8and$125.And,ofcourse,iftheylost,theywenthomewithnothing.Whatthescientistsfoundwasreallyquitesurprising.Itturnedoutthattheaverageteenagerwasveryhesitantwhenriskswereknown—morecarefulthancollegestudentsorparents-agedadults,andaboutascarefulasgrandparent-agedadults.Thismeansthatwhentheriskswereknown,teenagerswerenotriskyintheirbehavioratall.Onlywhentheriskswereuncleardidteenagerschoosethemmoreoftenthanothergroups.Underthosekindsofconditions,theyweremuchmorewillingtotakeariskthananyothergroup.So,whatdoesallofthismean?Theresearchsuggeststhatadultsshouldprobablyfocusmoreenergyontryingtoeducateteenagersaboutrisksthanlimitingthem.Teenagerswhounderstandtherisksassociatedwithadecisionaremorelikelytobecarefulintheirbehavior.1、ThisexperimentwascarriedoutbyA.dividingtheteensintothreegroupsB.comparingthereactionstodifferentrisksC.givingequalamountofawardstotheparticipantsD.observingtheemotionalchangesoftheteenager2、Whenfacingknownrisks,teenagerstendedtobe________.A.ambits B.cautiousC.anxious D.curious3、Whichgroupinthestudyweremorelikelytotakeunknownrisks?A.Teenagers. B.Collegestudents.C.Parent-agedadults. D.Grandparent-agedadults.4、Accordingtothestudy,parentsshouldfocuson________.A.guaranteeingchildrentobecarefulB.settingagelimitsondangerousactivitiesC.respectingteenstomaketheirownchoicesD.guidingteenstolearnmoreabouttheeffectofrisks23.(8分)InspiringArchaeologicalStudyToursacrosstheWorldin2017…AnArchaeologicalToursgetawayisanarchaeologylover’svacationlikenoother.Wehaveanexcitingselectionoftoursdepartingin2017withunsurpassedservice.Here’sasmallselectionofwhatwehavetooffer.Alsoacodeforyou:Neverallow(Jogstorunfreelytheretokeeptheplantsandanimalsliveinpeaceandgetridofrubbishproperly.Becarefultoburyyourtoiletwasteandkeeptothedesignedtracks.Guatemala&BelizeCoonthetrailofMesoamericancivilizationsinthelushforests,ruggedfoothills(丘陵地带),andmoderncitiesofthesefascinatingsitesincentralAmerica.January6-20,2017l$6,495Ghana,Togo&BeninWitnessthemeetingofthrivingtraditions,ancientpast,andforward-lookingpresentinincomparableWestAfrica.February7-22,20171$7,495AncientEgyptFromthepyramidsofGizatotheValleysoftheKingsandQueens,discovertheglorioussplendorsofancientEgypt.February&November2017l$5,995CentralMexicoFollowtheancientcivilizationsoftheToltec,Aztec,Zapotec,OlmecandMixtecacrossthecentreofmagnificentMexicoinNorthAmerica.March11-24,2017l$5,795IranDiscoverthebeautyandmajestyofIran’slong-passedempires,earlymodemdynasties,andtimelessscenery.April,September&October2017l$7,995Malta,Sardinia&CorsicaExplorethecharacteristicgeologicalenvironmentsanduniqueculturalandpoliticalhistoriesofthesethreeislandsinSouthEurope.April19-May4,20171$7,49569、Accordingtothetravelleaflet,visitorsshouldtour________.A.withcalmnessandcuriosityB.withself-defenceandhonourC.withconventionandreligionD.withself-disciplineandprotection1、TomiskeenonearlymoderndynastywhilehiswifeenjoysAfricatraditions.Whichplacesaretheirbestchoices?A.AncientEgyptandCentralMexico.B.Guatemala,BelizeandIran.C.Ghana,Benin,TogaandIran.D.Malta,SardiniaandCorsica.24.(8分)Driverlesstechnologywillsoonenteranothermajorglobalindustry:shipping.Severalcompaniesrecentlyannouncedplanstolaunchself-sailingshipstoimprovesafetyandefficiency.OneofthemistheNorwegianchemicalcompanyYaraInternational.YarahasteamedupwithanotherNorwegiancompany,Kongsberg,tobuildanautonomousgoodsshipexpectedtobelaunchednextyear.Kongsbergdevelopedtheship’selectricaltechnologyandautonomouscontrolsystems.Theshipisfullyelectrictoreduceairpollution.Itisdesignedtocarrygoodscontainersnormallytransportedbytruck.Thismeanstheshipwillalsoimproveroadsafetybyreplacingabout40,000trucktripsayear.Thecompanyplanstooperatetheshipsbyfar-awaycontrolbeginningsometimenextyear.By2020,theshipsshouldbeloadingandsailingthemselves.WhileYara’sshipswillbelimitedtoNorwayatfirst,thecompanyplanstogreatlyexpanditsautonomousshippingoperationsinthecomingyears.Anothercompanyputtingahighpriority(优先)toself-sailingshipsistheworld’slargestminingcompany,Australia’sBHPBilliton.Thecompany’sVicePresidentofFreight,RashpalBhatti,recentlyspokeaboutthetechnologyinawebsitepost.Bhattibelievesautomationwillbeoneofthebiggestchangesforshippinginthefuture.Hesaid,“Autonomousshipsofferimportantopportunitiestoimprovesafetyandprovidemoreeffectiveresultstothesupplychainofthesea.”Headdedthatself-sailingshipscouldbecomearealitywithinthenextdecade.Rolls-Royce,theBritishautomobileandenginemanufacturer(制造商),isalsodevelopingunmanned(无人驾驶的)shippingtechnologies.OskarLevanderisthecompany’sheadofoperationsatsea.Hesaidinaconferencelastyear,“Thisishappening.It’snotif,it’swhen.”Levandersaidtheseautonomousshipscouldbecontrolledbyfar-awayoperatorsfromanywhere.Headded,“Becausetheseshipswillbedesignedtobeunmanned,theycanbebuiltsmaller,moreefficientandenvironmentallyfriendly.”1、Whyhaveseveralcountriesannouncedplanstoproduceself-sailingships?A.Tosavemoney.B.Todevelopelectricaltechnologyinships.C.Tocompeteinautonomouscontrolsystems.D.Tomakeshippingmoreeffectiveandlessrisky.2、HowwilltheNorwegianautonomousshipbedeveloped?A.OnthebasisofRolls-Royce.B.Byasinglecompanyindependently.C.Bytwonativecompaniesworkingtogether.D.BytakingelectricaltechnologyfromAustralia.3、WhatdoOskarLevander’swordssuggestinParagraph4?A.Itistooearlytomakeautonomousships.B.Thesupplychainoftheseawillbebusier.C.Peoplearemoreconcernedaboutautonomousships.D.Unmannedshippingtechnologiesarebecomingmoremature.4、Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A.AutomationunderSail B.Self-sailingShipsinUseC.AutomationinSomeFields D.AutomationinImagination25.(10分)Canadaisabilingualcountrywith"co-official"languages.EnglishandFrenchenjoyequalstatusastheofficiallanguagesofallgovernmentagenciesinCanada.ThismeansthatthepublichastherighttocommunicatewithandreceiveservicesfromgovernmentineitherEnglishorFrench.Governmentemployeeshavetherighttoworkintheofficiallanguageoftheirchoiceincertainbilingualregions.LiketheUnitedStates,Canadastartedasacolony.Beginninginthe1500sitwaspartofNewFrancebutlaterbecameaBritishcolonyaftertheSevenYears’War.Asaresult,theCanadiangovernmentrecognizedthelanguagesofbothcolonizers:FranceandEngland.TheConstitution(宪法)Actof1867admittedtheuseofbothlanguagesinfederalcourts.Yearslater,CanadastrengtheneditscommitmenttobilingualismwhenitpassedtheOfficialLanguagesActof1969,whichreconfirmedtheconstitutionaloriginsofitscoofficiallanguages.RecognitionofbothEnglishandFrenchprotectstherightsofallCanadians.Amongotherbenefits,the1969ActrecognizedtheCanadiancitizensshouldbeabletoaccessfederallawsandgovernmentdocuments,whethertheirnativelanguagewasFrenchorEnglish.Thegenerallawalsorequiresthatconsumerproductsfeaturebilingualpackagingthroughoutthecountry.TheCanadiangovernmentiscommittedtoadvancingtheequalityandtheuseofEnglishandFrenchandprovidessupporttothedevelopmentofEnglishandFrenchminoritycommunities.However,therealityisthatmostCanadiansspeakEnglish,andofcourse,manyCanadiansspeakanotherlanguageentirely.Althoughthefederalgovernmenttheoreticallyguaranteesbilingualservicesinallareas,therearemanyregionswhereEnglishistheclearmajoritylanguagesothegovernmentdoesnotofferservicesinFrenchinthoseregions.Canadiansusethephrase"wherenumbersjustify"toindicatewhetheralocalpopulationslanguagerequiresbilingualservicesfromthegovernment.WhilemanyCanadiansarebilingualinEnglishandFrench,Statistics.Canadafindsthatover10otherlanguageswerereportedasalanguagespokenbyitspeople.Abouttwo-thirdsoftherespondentswhospokeoneoftheselanguagesalsospokeeitherEnglishorFrench1、WhyaretwoofficiallanguagesacceptedinCanada?A.Thelanguage-usingtraditioncausedbyCanada'scolonialhistoryB.ThetheoreticalcommitmentmadebyCanadiancourtsinthepastC.ThewelcomeattitudetowardspeoplecomingfromallovertheworldD.ThemasteryoftwolanguagesofCanadiansbecauseofschooleducation2、WhatisthecurrentsituationofofficiallanguagesinCanada?A.PeoplespeakingEnglisharesuperiorbecauseoftheiraccesstofederallawsB.FederalgovernmentshavetoprovidebilingualservicestoallcitizensinCanadaC.Frenchminoritycommunitiesaregivenmoresupportduetotheirlanguage-usinghistoryD.TherearemorepeoplespeakingEnglishthanFrenchinsomepartsofCanada3、Whatcanweinferfromthepassage?A.ThelegalcourtusageofFrenchandEnglishwasestablishedinCanadain1969.B.SomeCanadiansincertaindistrictsmightspeakneitherEnglishnorFrenchC.EitherFrenchorEnglishshouldbeusedonproductsinCanadaaccordingtothelawD.EnglishhasgainedsuperiorlegalpositiontoFrenchbecauseofbiggerusersinCanada4、Whichisthebesttitleofthepassage?A.TheOfficialLanguagesinCanadaB.Canada,aMultiple-languageLandC.BalancingEnglishandFrenchinCanadaD.AdvancingEnglishandFrenchinCanada第三部分语言知识运用(共两节)第一节(每小题1.5分,满分30分)阅读下面短文,从短文后各题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项.26.(30分)About10yearsagoIwashavingmyannualpartyandmyniececametoseeme.Asshe1aroundtheroom,shenotedthatmyemployeesseemedhappy.Then,IaskedherhowshethoughtIdidthat.“I’msureyoutreatthem2,”shereplied.“That’shalfofit,”Isaid.“Doyouknow3theotherhalfis?”Shedidn’thavetheanswer.Sowhat’stheanswer?I4theunhappypeople.Peoplelaughedatthispoint.IwishIwere5.I’mnot.Ihavelearnedthatasamanageryoucannotmakeeveryonehappy.Good6requirestraining,communicatingandpatience.Don’t7mewrong.Thisdoesn’thappenalot.There’snojoyinthe8offiringsomeone.Andit’snotalwaystheemployee’s9—therearemanybadbossesoutthere.Andnotallemployees10yourcompany.Idon’thaveaPh.D.,anM.B.A,orevenaneconomicsdegree.WhatIdohaveisa11company.NowIknowsomepeoplearguethatbusinessis12makingmoney,andnoteveryonehastobehappy.Whenyou13acompany,youhavetherightto14yourselfwiththepeopleyouchoose.Ihaveagooddaytoday.Not15I’vegotabigorderorgreat16reports.Ihavewonderfulpeopleworkingforme.Theycare.Theyarecommitted(承担).17,theyunderstandthewholecustomer-staff-companytriangle,whereallofthelegs18eachother.Whenyouhavetherightpeople,businessismuch19.IknowbecauseIhave20it.1、A.showedB.lookedC.turnedD.came2、A.nicelyB.firmlyC.strictlyD.seriously3、A.whichB.thatC.whatD.who4、A.trickB.hireC.dislikeD.fire5、A.cryingB.jokingC.cheatingD.regretting6、A.assessmentB.agreementC.managementD.employment7、A.bringB.thinkC.treatD.get8、A.wayB.chanceC.actD.form9、A.decisionB.failureC.fortuneD.fault10、A.suitB.believeC.chooseD.understand11、A.funnyB.largeC.happyD.busy12、A.withB.beyondC.intoD.about13、A.leaveB.joinC.ownD.share14、A.relaxB.helpC.amazeD.surround15、A.untilB.becauseC.afterD.that16、A.physicalB.writtenC.technicalD.financial17、A.BesidesB.HoweverC.OtherwiseD.Therefore18、A.supportB.fightC.holdD.hurt19、A.busierB.easierC.saferD.higher20、A.madeB.forgottenC.gotD.put第二节(每小题1.5分,满分15分)阅读下面材料,在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。27.(15分)AlthoughEnglishisnotasoldasChinese,1.isspokenbymanypeoplearoundtheworldeveryday.Englishspeakersarealwaysmakingnewwordsandweshouldbeabletoknowwheremostwordscomefrom.Sometimes,2.,noonemayreallyknowwhereawordcomesfrom.Didyoueverthinkaboutwhyhamburgersarecalledhamburgers,3.(especial)whentheyarenotmadeofham?Aboutahundredyearsago,somemenwenttoAmerica4.Europe.TheycamefromabigcityinGermanycalledHamburg.TheydidnotspeakgoodEnglish,buttheyategoodfood.SomeAmericanssawthemeatingroundpiecesofbeef.Neverhadtheyseensuch5.strangeway.Theycouldn’thelp6.(ask)theGermanswhatitwas.TheGermansdidnotunderstandthequestionandanswered,“WecamefromHamburg.”OneoftheseAmericansownedarestaurant,andhadanidea.Hemadeup7.mindtodosomethingnew.Hecookedsomeroundpiecesofthebeeflike8.themenfromHamburgateand9.(sell)itquiteafewcountriesaroundtheworld.Whetherthisstoryistrueornot,itcertainlyis10.(interest).第四部分写作(共两节)第一节短文改错(满分10分)28.(10分)短文改错文中共有10处语言错误,每句中最多有两处。错误涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。增加:在缺词处加一个漏字符号(∧),并在其下面写出该加的词。删除:把多余的词作斜线(\)划掉。修改:在错的词下划一横线,并在该词下面写出修改后的词。注意:1、每处错误及其修改均仅限一词;2、只允许修改10处,多者(从第11处起)不计分。Helenwasatwenty-years-oldgirl、Shehasneverhadajobbefore、Nowshewantedtogetawork、SoshewenttomeetMrBlack,themanagerofhotel、MrBlacktoldheritwasgettingverybusyinthehotelattheevening、Heaskherifshewasinterestinginapart-timejob、Thegirlsaidthatshedid、ThenMrBlacksaidshehadtoworkveryfastandthatshemustbethereatsixeveryafternoonandworkfromsixtoten,fromMondaytoFriday、Heofferedherwith4、5dollarsanhour、Hellenpleasedwiththeofferanddecidedtostartworkthenextday、第二节书面表达(满分25分)29.(25分)假定你是李华,农历新年即将到来,你给外籍朋友Lily送去一盆兰花作为新年礼物,但她恰好外出。请用英语给她写一张留言条,内容包括:1.说明来意;2.告知养兰花的注意事项:土质要疏松,不宜过多浇水,及时剪掉枯叶;3.祝她新年快乐。参考词汇:兰花orchid注意:1.词数100字左右;2.可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
参考答案第一部分(共20小题,每小题1.5分,满分30分)1、D2、A3、D4、D5、A6、B7、D8、C9、A10、C11、A12、A13、B14、B15、D16、A17、C18、B19、D20、C第二部分阅读理解(满分40分)阅读下列短文,从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出最佳选项。21、1、C2、B3、A4、B22、1、B2、B3、A4、D23、America’sbusinessesaregettingolderandfatter,whilemanynewbusinessesaredyingininfancy.AstudylastmonthbytheBrookingsInstitutionfoundthattheproportionofolderfirmshasgrownsteadilyoverseveraldecades,whilethesurvivalrateofnewcompanieshasfallen.Inaddition,youngpeoplearestartingcompaniesatasharplylowerratethaninthepast.AnewreportfromtheNationalAssociationofManufacturersshowsamajorcause:Thecostofobeyinggovernmentregulationshasrisentomorethan$2trillion(12.26trillionyuan)annually,or12percentoftheGDP,andthiscostfallsdisproportionatelyonsmaller,newerbusinesses.It’srisky,difficultandexpensivetostartabusiness,andgettingmoreso.Governmentsareimposingvariousnewrulesonaseeminglydailybasis:healthinsurance,minimumwageincreasesand,mostrecentlyinCalifornia,compulsorypaidsickdaysforevenhourlyemployees.Theseregulationsshifthugesocialwelfarecostsdirectlyontooften-strugglingsmallbusinesses,whilebeingproportionallymuchlesscostlyforlargercompanies.Thisispartlyanunintendedissueofresources—establishedcompaniescancopewithnewcostsmoreeasily—butit’salsodeliberate.Forinstance,biginsurancecompaniesgotaseatatthetabletohelpwriteObamacare,butlesspoliticallypowerfulfirms—likemedicaldevicemanufacturers—gotsqueezed.Mature,successfulcorporationscanemployex-lawmakerswithconnections,distributecampaigncontributionsandevenwriteregulationsforthemselves.Theyarealsomorelikelytowanttoprotectsteadyrevenuestreamsthanrevolutionizetheirindustry.Majorcompaniesthathavebeensoill-managedtheywouldotherwisecollapse—airlines,carcompaniesandbanks—stagger(蹒跚)onbecausepoliticiansridetotherescuewithbagsoftaxpayermoney.Thegeniusofouruniquesystemofgovernmentisthedeterminationtoprotectanddefendtherightsoftheindividualovertherightsofthenation.Assuch,theriseofawell-connectedoligarchy(寡头政治)thatprotectsbigbusinessattheexpenseofsmallbusiness,andtheestablishedoverthenew,isoppositetoAmericanideals.Incomeinequality—whichisdirectlycausedbyfaultygovernmentpolicy—isbeingpromotedasthereasontoimposemoreofthatbadpolicy.Butlet’sbeperfectlyclear,wedonothaveafreemarket
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