跨文化商务交际unit 10 Understanding East and West Cultures and Their Behaviors

Unit10UnderstandingEastandWestCulturesandTheirBehaviors

ChinesecultureIndiacultureAmericanculture“英文充其量只是我们了解世界的一种工具，而汉语才是我们真正的根。〞

——台湾诗人余光中AnOverviewAGlimpseofChineseCulture

BriefintroductiontoChineseSymbolsNationalFlagtheunityNationalEmblemComposedofpatternsofthenationalflag,theTian’anmenRostrum,awheelgearandearsofwheat,itsymbolizestheNew-DemocraticRevolutionoftheChinesepeoplesincetheMay4thMovementin1919andthebirthofNewChina.NationalAnthemMarchoftheVolunteerswaswrittenin1935andwasofficiallyadoptedasthenationalanthemofthePRConDecember4,1982.ThelyricsofMarchoftheVolunteersgoesasfollow:Arise,yewhorefusetobeslaves;

LetusamountourfleshandbloodtowardsournewGreatWall!

TheChinesenationfacesitsgreatestperil,

Thethunderingroarofourpeoplewillbeheard!Arise!Arise!Arise!Wearemany,butourheartsbeatasone!

Selflesslybravingtheenemy’sgunfire,marchon!

Selflesslybravingtheenemy’sgunfire,marchon!

Marchon!Marchon!on!NationalCapitalOnSeptember27,1949,BeiPingwasrenamedasBeijingandbecamecapitalofthePRC.Beijingisnotonlythenation’spoliticalcentre,butalsoservesasitseconomic,scientificandculturalheart.LocationandBoundary

What’syourimpressionoftheYangtzeRiver?TheYangtzeRiveristhelongestriverinChina;(6,300km)Itflowsthrough11provinces,autonomousregionsandmunicipalities.ItisoneofthemainarteryofwatertransportationbetweeneasternandwesternChina.

What’syourimpressionoftheYellowRiver?TheYellowRiverisChina’ssecondlongestriver;(5,464km)Themostheavilysilt-ladenriverintheworld.TheYellowrivercatchmentareaisanimportantbaseforgrainsinChina.AnythingabouttheGrandCanal?TheGrandCanalisalsocalledJinghangCanal(1,801km)Thecanalwasopentonavigationover1,000yearsago.Itpassesthroughonecity,fourprovincesandlinksfivemajorrivers.YuanmouManandPekingManThefirstprimitivemanknowntohaveexistedinChinaisYuanmouMan,wholived1.7millionyearsago.PekingMan,whoexistedmorethan400,000yearsago,couldwalkupright,makeandusesimpletools,andmakeuseoffire.HistoryDistributionoftheEthnicgroups

56ethnicgroups(Han,91.59%)Accordingtothefifthnationalcensusconductedin2000,thepopulationofallthe55minorityethnicgroupstotaled106,43million,accountingfor8.41percentofthetotalpopulationofChina.Guesswhatethnicgrouparetheyfrom?AGlimpseofChineseCulture

ArtsFamousChineseCalligraphers

inHistoryWangXizhi—thesageofChinesecalligraphy

ThePrefacetoTheLantingCollectionofCalligraphy〔?兰亭集序?〕

PaintingDoyouknowanyChinesefamouspainters?XuBeihongQiBaishiFourtreasuresofthestudyFourtreasuresofthestudy:brush,ink,paperandinkstoneThebestofeachoftheseitemsisrepresentedby:

Hubrush(湖笔),Huiinkstick(徽墨),Xuanpaper(宣纸),andDuaninkstone(端砚).

BeijingOperaSheng,Dan,Jing,andChou

ThecharactersofBeijingOperaareclassifiedaccordingtosex,age,disposition,profession,andsocialstatus.TherearefourmajorrolesinBeijingOperatoday:sheng(male),dan(female),jing(paintedface,male)andchou(clown).ShengTheshengrolesaregenerallypositiveandcanbedividedintolaosheng(老生:elderlymen),wusheng(武生:militarymen),xiaosheng(小生:youngmen),andwawasheng(娃娃生:children).

DanDanreferstovariousfemaleroles,includinglaodan(老旦),qingyi(青衣),huadan(花旦)，wuadan(武旦)andcaidan(彩旦).JingTheJingisaromantic,exaggeratedBeijingOperarole.Thecharactersaremostlycheerful,honest,gallant(豪侠的),andintrepid(刚毅的)menortreacherous(奸诈的)andcruelmen.ChouThechoucharactersaresharp-witted,clever,humorous,honest,andkindmen.Therearewenchou(文丑:comiccivilianroles)whospeak,act,andsingandwuchou(武丑:arcobaticfightingcomicroles)whoseperformanceinvolvesbothspeakingandacrobaticfighting.Chinesepuppetshowcombineselementsofsong,dance,painting,andsculpture.Inpuppetshows,actorsorspecially-trainedoperatorsmanipulatethepuppetsinperformances.PuppetshowShadowPlayTheperformersmanipulatecolorfulleatherorcardboardfigureswhosesilhouettes〔侧面影像〕arereflectedonascreenbylanternlight.Alightisshoneontoascreen,behindwhichperformersoperatethesilhouetteswhilesingingtotheaccompanimentofmusic.DressandAdornmentCulture

DevelopmentofClothingAsearlyastheZhouDynasty,garmentswerealreadyclassifiedintosacrificialattire,courtattire,armyuniform,mourningattireandweddingattire.ChineseclothingdevelopedrapidlyduringtheWei,Jin,andSouthernandNortherndynasties.DuringtheSuiDynasty,allpoorpeoplehadtowearblackandblueclothes,andonlytherichpeoplecouldwearothercolors.IntheTangDynasty,clothingwasmorevariedthanbeforebecausethestatewasmoreopentotheoutsideworld.CasualwearappearedduringtheSongDynasty,andclothesweresimpleandelegant.Butduringthisdynasty,itbecamefashionableforwomentobindtheirfeetinordertokeepthemsmall.DuringtheYuanDynasty,theMongolianethnicgroup,knownasthepeopleonhorseback,wasinpower.Thesimpleandunadorned(朴素的)styleofclothingwasmainlyacombinationofMongolianandHaninfluences.DramaticchangestookplaceduringtheMingDynasty.Therewasnolimitationtoonestyleandnaturalbeautywasadvocated,thusbringingvigorandvitalitytoclothingculture.DuringtheQingDynasty,clothesbecameelegantandpoised(威严的).ArchitectureTimberframework

AncientChinesearchitecturefeaturedtimberframeworkasthesupportingstructure.Wallswerenotloadbearing;theywereonlyusedtoseparatespaces.Thetimberframesupportedmostoftheweightofthehouse,sowindows,doors,andwallswerenotrestrictedtocertainlocations.ThebuildingmaterialsWoodenancientChinesebuildingsandstructureswerethemostcommonbutsomewerebuiltwitheitherredorgreybricks.TheartisticroofdesignAncientbuildingstendtohavehugeroofswithextendedeaves.Thiswastoensureenoughlightingandavoidthedampeningofthewalls.

ThecolorfuldecorationsColoredpaintnotonlyfunctionsasdecoration,butalsoasasignorsymbolofprotection.Initially,paintwasusedonwoodforantisepsiswhilelateritbecameanarchitecturalornament.

Shanxicavedwellings(窑洞)

CavedwellingsarecommoninthenorthwestLoessPlateau(黄土高原)ofChinaandatthemiddleandupperreachesoftheYellowRiver.Thenaturalconditionofdryweather,coldwinterandlimitedtimberleftaroomforthedevelopmentandcontinuityofcavedwellings.Theyarewarminwinterandcoolinsummer.Hakkacastle-likedwellings(客家土楼)

Theoverallbuildingcomplexesareroundorsquare,andsomeinthestyleoflargemansionsorintheshapeoftheEightTrigrams.Thereareusuallythreetofourfloors,butthetallestcomplexeshaveuptosixfloors.Includingthehousesintheyard,

suchabuildingusuallyholdsmorethan50families.Suchabridgemayhavethree,fiveormorezigzags.TheNine-BendBridgeinYuyuanGardenofShanghai’soldtownisatypicalexample.Crossing30metresofthelake,thebridgewindsmorethan100metresbecauseofitsninetwistsandturns.TheRepublicofIndiaIndianCultureWeowealottotheIndians,whotaughtushowtocount,withoutwhichnoworthwhilescientificdiscoverycouldhavebeenmade. -AlbertEinstein

Indiais,thecradleofthehumanrace,thebirthplaceofhumanspeech,themotherofhistory,thegrandmotheroflegend,andthegreatgrandmotheroftradition.OurmostvaluableandmostinstructivematerialsinthehistoryofmanaretreasuredupinIndiaonly.

-MarkTwainLanguagesOfficiallanguages:HindiandEnglish

Hindiincludingitsassociatedlanguagesanddialectsaccountingfor84%ofthepopulationwhileEnglishisusedfornational,politicalandcommercialpurposes.

Currency印度货币是卢比(Rupee)。1卢比=100派士(Paise)纸币面额:1、2、5、10、20、50、100及500卢比。硬币面额:5、10、20、25及50派士;1卢比及2卢比1元＝5.7092卢比按当前汇率兑换结果印度卢比当前汇率人民币100:15.4Indian

HolidaysVedicCivilizationIndus&SaraswatiCivilizationsRiseofJainism耆那教and

BuddhismMauryanPeriod孔雀王朝GoldenAgeofIndianArts&SciencesMuslimInvasionsTheMughalEmpire莫卧儿王朝PortugueseInvasionTheBritishEast-IndiaCompanyTheBritishEmpireIndia'sFreedomStruggleIndependenceModernIndia2021VisionABriefHistoryofTimeTheRepublicofIndiaMissWorld泰姬陵TajMahal

India’sgreatesthistoricalmonumentCapitalCity：NewDelhi(新德里)莲花庙LotusTemple灵曦堂NATIONALANIMALNationalFlower-LotusIndianReligion83% Hindu11% Muslim3% Christian2% Sikh<1% Buddhist5% Jain(古蘭經標準印刷本)(古蘭經手抄本)MuslimIndianGodsShiva:ShivaisthegodofDestruction.HeisalsothegodofDance.

Itissaidthathedancedtheworldintocreation.Vishnu:Vishnuisthoughttobethesupremegod.Itissaidthatwhentheworldisindanger,hewouldcometoearthindifferentform.Brahma:Brahmaissaidtohavecreatedtheworld.

Hehasfourheadsandfourarms.

ItissaidthateverythingisbornofBrahmaandhiswife.Lakshmi:LakshmiisthewifeofVishnuandisthegodofmoneyandfuture.Shesitsonalotusflower.JammaMasjidThebiggestmosqueinIndiaJantarMantar–1716Modernisticstructurestoobservethemovementofstars古天文台CherrapunjiWettestplaceonearthIndianclothesIndianclothesareverycolourful.Eachstatehasitsownspecialcostumes.WomentraditionallywearSaris,SalwarkhameezandGhagracholi,buttheyalsowearwesternstylessuchasskirts,dressesandpants.Menhavetheirtraditionalcostumesaswell,butnowmostwearalightskirtandpantsjustasinwesterncountries.

7ClassicalDanceformsTraditionalMusicofIndiaHindustanimeansclassicalmusicofNorthIndiaCarnaticmeansclassicalmusicofSouthIndiaTraditionalElements

ofIndianMusicMelody(raga)Drone(harmony)Rhythm(tala)IndianInstrumentsStringWindPercussionIndia’sPeopleandtheMusicalInstrumentsofIndiaAreVeryDiverse!India,thelandof“Unitythroughdiversity!〞IndianFood

MostIndiancuisinesarerelatedbysimilarusageofspices.Often,Indiancookingisdistinguishedbytheuseofalargervarietyofvegetablesthanmanyotherwell-knowncuisines.

FOODCULTURE

Partofcountries’culturalidentityIndia’sPeopleEatManyFoodsRiceVegetablesSeafoodMeat-however,cowsareconsideredsacredbyHindus,manyofwhomarevegetarianMasala-spicesTea-commondrinkArrangedMarriagesAnarrangedmarriageisamarriagewherethemaritalpartnersarechosenbyothersbasedonconsiderationsotherthanthepreexistingmutualattractionofthepartners.Thishabithasbeenverycommoninnoblefamilies,especiallyinreigningones,atthescopeofcombiningandperhapsenforcingtherespectivestrengthsoftheoriginalfamiliesofthespouses.

Arelevantpartofhistoryhasbeeninfluencedbytheseunions.TheUnitedStatesimportsoilfromSaudiArabia,carsfromJapan,TVsfromKoreaandWhiskeyfromScotland.SowhatdoweimportfromIndia?Weimportpeople,reallysmartpeople."IndianpeopleMahatmaGandhiFatherofthenationEmbodimentofNon-ViolenceSwamiVivekanandaChampionofhumanitarianismGreatIndianMathematicianPostulatedandproved3,542theoremsRamanujamRabindranathTagore1913–NobelPrizeinLiterature1930-NobelLaureateinPhysicsWorkonscatteringoflightandRamaneffectC.VRaman1979–NobelPrizeinPeaceMotherTeresa1968-NobelLaureateinMedicine

WorkoninterpretationofthegeneticcodeHarGobindKhoranaBollywoodBollywood

BollywoodistheinformalnamegiventothefilmindustryinIndia.ThewordBollywoodwascreatedbyblendingBombayandHollywood.In1899thefirstIndianfilmwasscreened.Famousfilmsare:MonsoonWedding,BrideandPrejudice,Lagaan,Veer-Zaara

Yoga-

MadeinIndiaOrigin–5000BCtraditionalphysicalandmentaldisciplinesoriginatinginIndiaForyourmindandsoulINDIANVALUES,ATTITUDESANDBEHAVIORS,1.Cooperation

2.GroupHarmonyMostIndianshavealowegolevel.3.Modesty4.Patience

TohavethepatienceandabilitytowaitquietlyisconsideredagoodqualityamongIndians.5.IndifferencetoSaving,WorkEthic

ConductrulesinIndia–

customsandtraditions

"Namastegreeting"Ifyousittingtogetherwithlocalsontheground,thentakeplacencross-legged.Innocaseshowwithyourshoe-solesonotherpeople.Preferablywiththerighthandtoeat.IfIndiansshakewiththeheadwhilenodding,Thenthatmeansasmuchas"yes","o.k.","itspossible".

Progressduringthelast20yearsPoverty(incidence)1980s 1990s 2000