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全国英语等级考试四级(PETS4)历年真题(五)
材料题
根据以下材料,回答1・20题
In1942,theHMSEdinburghwassunkintheBarentsSea.ltwason
its21backtoBritainwithninety-oneboxesofRussiangold.22thirty-nine
yearsitlaythere,toodeepfordiversto23.Noonewasallowedto
explodeit,either,sincethebodiesofsixtyofthecrewalsolay
inthe24.Then,in1981,anex-divercalledJessopdecidedtotryusing
newdiyingtechniques.25hecouldnotaffordtofinancethe26which
wasgoingtocostfourmillionpounds,hehadtolookforpeoplewho
were27totake
therisk.28,theywerenotevensurethegoldwasgoingtobethere!First
aScottishdivingcompany,thenaGermanshippingcompanyagreedto
joinintheretrieval29.Notlongafterthat,Jessop
30afourthcompanytotakea31.Sincethegoldwasthe32oftheBritish
andthesovietgovernments,theybothhopedtomakea33,too!The
biggestproblemwashowtoget34the
gold.Fortunately,theywereabletoexaminetheEdinburgh'ssistership,
theHMSBelfast,to35outtheexactlocationofthebombroom,36the
goldwasstored.
Theyknewitwastobeanextremelydifficultanddangerous
undertaking.toreachthegold,theywouldhavetocutalarge
square37thebodyoftheship,gothroughtheemptyfueltankanddown
to
thebombroom.Aftertwenty-eightdives,they38tofindthefirst
bar.Evervoneworked39theclock,helpingtocleanandstackthe
gold,40astofinishthejobasquick-lyaspossible.
1[单选题]
A.road
B.path
C.way
□.passage
正确答案:C
参考解析:
Croad道路;path小路,小径;way路;passage通道,过道。这
四个词都有道路的含义,但只有way可用于固定搭配Oilone'
swayto,表示〃在…去…的路上〃。在此句中,
OnitswaybacktoBritain意为〃在巡洋舰返回英国的路上〃,故
选C。
2[单选题]
A.During
B.For
C.At
D.Since
正确答案:B
参考解析:
B这四个介词都可以用来表示时间,但用法却不尽相同。during在…
期间,当…之时,用来表示一段时间;for持续达,计,后面常跟具
体的时间段,如:forfivemonths;at在…时亥!J,通常指时间的某
一点,如ateighto'clock;since自从…之后,要与现在完成时连
用。根据旬意〃这艘巡洋舰三十九年以来就一直沉于海底〃可知,此
处需要一个表示时间段的介词,且能够与〃三十九年〃搭配,只有'
fbr符合要求,故选B。
3[单选题]
A.find
B.discover
C.dive
D.reach
正确答案:D
参考解析:
Dfind找到;discover发现;dive潜水;reach到达。根据前文句
意可知,此处想要表达的意思是〃到达〃,
toodeepfordiverstoreach意为〃(沉船的位置)太深以至于潜水
员无法到达〃,故选D。
4[单选题]
A.wreck
B.ruin
C.relic
D.waste
正确答案:A
参考解析:
Awreck沉船,遇难船;ruin废墟,遗迹;relic遗体,遗物;waste
荒原,荒芜之地。根据前文可知,〃英国皇家海军爱丁堡号〃巡洋舰
于1942年在巴伦支海沉没,由此可推断出该句中六十具船员的尸骸
所在的位置应在沉船内,故选A。
5[单选题]
A.Although
B.Unless
C.As
D.lf
正确答案:C
参考解析:
Calthough尽管,虽然;unless除mE,如果不;as由于,因为;if
如果。根据上下文〃他无法独自承担搜索所需的四百万英镑,不得不
寻找愿意承担风险的人。〃可知,这里需要表示原因的连接词,故选
Co
6[单选题]
A.research
B.operation
C.movement
D.search
正确答案:D
参考解析:
Dresearch研究,探讨Operation操作;movement移动;search
搜索,探查。由全文可知,这次潜水寻找黄金是一次搜索任务,只有
search可表示〃搜索,探蛰’,符合文意,故选D。
7[单选题]
A.willing
B.luckly
C.committed
□.engaged
正确答案:A
参考解析:
Awilling愿意的;lucky幸运的;committed忠诚的,坚定的;
engaged忙的从事…的。bewillingtodostll表示〃愿意做某事〃,
bewillingtotaketherisk表示〃愿意承担风险",符合文意,故
选A。
8[单选题]
A.AIIinall
B.lnaddition
C.lncase
D.Afterall
正确答案:D
参考解析:
Dallinall总之;inaddition除此之外,另夕卜;incase以防;afterall
毕竟。根据前文所述杰索普需要帮他承担风险的人,可推断此处应紧
接着解释这个风险是什么,也就是〃毕竟,他们还不确定黄金是否还
在那里。,故选D。
9[单选题]
A.assignment
B.temptation
C.attempt
0.commission
正确答案:D
参考解析:
Dassignment工作,任务;temptation引诱;attempt尝试,试
图;com-mission委任,委托。assignment与commission都可
以表示一项任•务,但assignment侧重于表示分酿指派的任务,
而commission可以表示委托完成的任务。根据上下文,杰索普需
要说服一些公司加入这次搜索任务,因此用〃委托〃这些公司完成任
务更为贴切,故选D。
10[单选题]
A.introduced
B.persuaded
C.associated
0.stimulated
正确答案:B
参考解析:
Bintroduce介绍;persuade说月艮;associate联合;stimulate激
励。由于前文中提到这项任务资金不够且有风险,可以推断出此处想
要表达的是〃劝说,说服〃一些公司来投资和加入搜索任务;stimu
—latesbtodosth表示〃激励某人去做某事〃,与文意不符;其余
两项的用法分别是:introducesbtosth介绍某人尝试某物;
associatesb/sthwith把某人/某物与…联系起来;A、C、D均不
符合文意,故选B。
11[单选题]
A.chance
B.look
C.measure
D.choice
正确答案:A
参考解析:
Achance机会;look看;measure测量,措施;choice选择。根
据前文提示,杰森普需要寻找愿意承担风险的人,可以推断出此处表
示杰森普说服了第四家公司来承担风险。takeachance为固定搭配,
表示〃冒险〃,等同于前文中提到的taketherisk。takealook表
示〃看一看〃;measure和choice均不与take搭配,且与文意不
符,故选A。
12[单选题]
A.business
B.estate
C.obligation
□.property
正确答案:D
参考解析:
Dbusiness生意,事务;estate地产,贝才产;Obligation义务,责
任;property财产,资产。根据旬意可知,此处要表达的是这些黄
金是英国和苏联的财产。从四个选项的词义可排除A,C两项。estate
和property都有财产的意思。但property侧重于指金钱上的财产,
如:SomeofthestolenpropertywasfoundinMason/
shouse.(在梅森的房子勤戈到了一些被盗的财物。)而estate侧重于
指地产,如:HeownsalargeestateinScotland.(他在苏格兰有大
量地产。)根据上下文可知property较为合适,故选Do
13[单选题]
A.profit
B.benefit
C.success
0.welfare
正确答案:A
参考解析:
Aprofit益处,收益;benefit益处,;Success成功;welfare
福利。inakeaprofit表示获利,为固定搭配。四个选项只有profit
可与make搭配。benefit表示获利时,用其固定搭配benefitfrom
/by,success可用于固定搭酉己makeasuccessofsth,表示〃获
取成功,取得成就〃,welfare常用于welfareservices表示〃福利
事业〃。本句话意思为〃这两个国家都希望能够从中获利。〃故选A。
14[单选题]
A.about
B.around
C.to
D.from
正确答案:C
参考解析:
Cgetabout四处走动,旅行;getaround劝服(某人),应付(某问
题);getto到达;没有getfrom这个搭配。这句话要表达的意思是
〃最大的难题是如何到达黄金所在的位置。〃故选Q
15[单选题]
A.get
B.take
C.work
D.try
正确答案:C
参考解析:
Cgetout逃离^akeout取出除掉yvorkout设法弄明白Wyout
试用。根据全文可知搜索团的任务是寻找黄金,由此可推断出他们检
查〃爱丁堡号〃的姐妹船〃贝尔法斯特号〃的目的是为了弄清楚黄金
储藏地一弹药房的确切位置,故选C。
16[单选题]
A.which
B.where
C.here
D.there
正确答案:B
参考解析:
B此空要堤邯艮定性定语从句的引导词。非限定性定语从句的作用是
对所修饰的成分做进一步说明,通常有引导词,且和主句问用逗号隔
开。例如:
Thesouthernstateswantedtosetupacountryoftheirown,
wheretheywouldbefreetokeepblackslaves.(南方各州要建立
一个属于他们自己的国家,在那里他们将自由地保留黑人奴隶。)由
于前面的先行词thebombroom表示地点,所以此处需要一个表示
地点的关系副词where,整个非限定性定语从句修饰bombroom,
表示弹药房就是黄金所在地,故选B。
17[单选题]
A.on
B.ill
C.among
D.along
正确答案:A
参考解析:
Aon在...上,in在...里面,among处在…中,along沿着・・.。该旬
意思是:为了找到黄金,他们需要在船身上切割一个大的正方形,故
选A。
18[单选题]
A.managed
B.achieved
C.succeeded
0.fulfilled
正确答案:A
参考解析:
Amanage处理事务,设法做到;achieve获得succeed成功fulfill
实现。根据句意可知,经过二十八次潜水,搜索队终于设法找到了第
一个金锭。managetodosth表示〃设法做成某事〃。其余三项虽
然都含有成功做成某事之意,但均不能用于此搭配,故选A。
19[单选题]
A.before
B.by
C.with
D.round
正确答案:D
参考解析:
D根据后面的finishthejobasquicklyaspossible”可知人们
想尽快完成这项工作,由此可推知此处想要表达的是〃抓紧时间工
作〃,workroundtheclock为固定搭配,表示〃全天候工作、没
日没夜地工作〃,故选D。
20[单选题]
A.that
B.much
C.far
D.so
正确答案:D
参考解析:
Dsoasto意思为〃以便,为了〃。在这里做目的状语,解释全天候
工作的原因。soastofinishthejobasquicklyaspossible,意思
是〃以便尽快完成这项工作。〃故选D。
材料题
根据以下材料,回答21-25题
Competitionforadmissiontothecountry'stopprivateschoolshas
alwaysbeentough,butthisyearElisabethrealizedithadreachedanew
level.Herwake-upcallcamewhenamancalledtheDaltonSchoolin
Manhattan,whereElisabethisadmissionsdirector,andinquiredabout
theagecutofffortheirkindergartenprogram.Afterprovidingthe
information,sheaskedabouttheageofhischild.Themanpausedforan
uncomfortablylongtimebeforeanswering."Well,wedon'thaveachild
yet.We'retryingtofigureoutwhento
conceiveachildsothebirthdayisnotaproblem."
WorriesarespreadingfromManhattantotherestofthecountry.Precise
currentdataonprivateschoolsareunavailable,butinterviewswith
representativesofindependentschoolsalltoldthe
samestory:anoversupplyofapplicants,higherrejectionrates."Wehave
peoplecallingusforspotstwoyearsdowntheroad,"saidMarilynofthe
SevenHillsSchoolinCincinnati."Wehave
grandparentscallingforpregnantdaughters."Publicopinionpolls
indicatethatAmericans'No.lconcerniseducation.Nowthatthelong
economicboomhasgivenparentsmoredisposable
income,manyareturningtoprivateschools,evenatpricetagsofwell
over$10,000ayear."We'regettingapplicantsfromabroaderarea
geographicallythanweeverhaveinthepast,"said
BetsyoftheLatinSchoolofChicago,whichexperienceda20percent
increaseinapplicationsthisyear.
Theproblemfortheapplicantsisthatwhiledemandhasincreased,
supplyhasnot,"Everyyear,thereareafewchildrenwhodonotfind
places,butthisyear,forthefirsttimethatIknowof,there
areasignificantnumberwithoutplaces/'saidElisabeth.
Sowhatcanparentsdotogivetheir4-year-oldanedge?Schoolsknow
thereisnoeasywaytopickaclasswhenchildrenaresoyoung.Many
schoolsgivepreferencetochildrenoftheirgraduates.Somemakethe
choicebydrawinglots.
Butmostrelyonamixofsubjectiveandobjectivemeasures:teststhatat
bestidentifydevelopmentalmaturityandcognitivepotential,interviews
withparentsandobservationofapplicants
inclassroomsettings.Theyalsowantadiverse'mix.Childrenmayendup
onawaitinglistsimplybecausetheirbirthdaysfallatthewrongtimeof
year;orbecausetoomanyapplicantswereboys.
Theworstthingapatentcandoistopressurepreschoolersto
perform-forexample,bypushingthemtoreadordomathexercises
beforethey'reready.Instead,theexpertssay,parentsshouldtakea
breathandlookforalternatives.Anotheryearinpreschool
maybeallthat'sneeded.
21[单选题]Fromthistextwelearnthatitis.
A.hardertomakeachoicebetweenpublicandprivateschools.
B.hardertogotoprivateschoolsthisyearthanbefore.
C.moredifficulttogotopublicschoolsthantoprivateschools.
D.asdifficulttogotoprivateschoolsthisyearasbefore.
正确答案:B
参考解析:
B该题为细节题。根据第一段第一句
"Competitionforadmissiontothecountry1
stopprivateschoolshasalwaysbeentough,
butthisyearElisabethrealizedithadreachedanewlevel."可
知,进入国家的顶级私立学校的竞争一直以来都很激烈,但是今年伊
丽莎白发现这种竞争达到了一个新的水平。由此可知,今年想进入私
立学校比往年更加困难,而不是跟往年一样困难,故选B。
22[单选题]Thesentence“Wehavepeople...downtheroad"
(Line4,Paragraph2)probablymeans
A.wehavepeoplecallingUSforparkingspacetwoyearsaheadoftime.
B.peoplecalledUSforpermissiontousetheplacestwoyearsa90.
C.wereceivedcallsfrompeopledowntheroadtwoyearsa90.
0.peoplecalledUSforschoolvacanciestwoyearsinadvance.
正确答案:D
参考解析:
D该题为释义题。根据后一句
“Wehavegrandparentscallingforpregnantdaughters//可知,
有些家长会提前向私立学校咨询孩子入学的事情。因此可以推知
“WehavepeoplecallingUSforspotstwoyearsdowntheroa
d"意为〃有人提前两年就打电话咨询学校是否会有名额。,故选
D。
23[单选题]Thetextindicatesthatprivateschoolsarevery
selectivebecausethey
A.havenoreliablemethodstopickstudentsforaclass.
B.wantagoodmixtureofboysandgirlsforclasses.
C.encountermoredemandthantheycancopewith.
0.prefertoenrollchildrenoftheirrelatives.
正确答案:C
参考解析:
C该题为推理题。根据第三段
“Theproblemfortheapplicantsisthatwhiledemandhasinc
reased,supplyhasnot."可知申请私立学校的人数在增加,但私
立学校的招生名额却没有增加。接着第四段详细讲了一些私立学校如
何选择学生。由此可推断,私立学校对学生如此精挑细选的原因在于
有太多的学生申请,他们不得不通过各种方法来选择学生。选项A
与文章的意思有所出入,第四段第二句
“Schoolsknowthereisnoeasywaytopickaclasswhenchild
renares。young."可知学校认为选择学生没有简单的方法,并不
是如A项所表示的选择的方法不可靠。选项8是某些学校选择生源
的方法,即男女比例协调,由此可知A、B两项不能作为学校精心选
择学生的原因。选项D在文中没有提及,故选C。
24[单选题]Fromthetext,wecaninferthattheauthor
A.favorstheideaofputtingchildrenonawaitinglist.
B.agreestotestpreschooler'scognitivepotentials.
C.thinkschildrenshouldbebetterpreparedacademically
0.disapprovesoftheunduepressureonpreschoolers.
正确答案:D
参考解析:
D该题为态度题。由最后一段的第一句
“Theworstthingaparentcalldoistopressurepreschoolers
toperform—forexample.bypushingthemtoreadordomath
exercisesbeforethey'reready/7可知作者认为强迫学龄前儿童
学习是父母做的最糟糕的事。由此可推断出作者反对给学龄前儿童过
度的压力,故选D。
25[单选题]WhichofthefollowingCanserveasatitleofthis
text?
A.HardTimeforthePreschoolers
B.ProsperityofPrivateSchools
C.TheProblemforPublicSchools
D.Americans'sNO1Concern
正确答案:A
参考解析:
A该题为主旨题。全文主要讲述儿童进入顶级私立学校困难,名额少,
学校筛选过程谨慎,许多父母都在提早为学龄前孩子做准备。选项A
〃学龄前儿童的艰难时代〃符合文意选项B〃私立学校的繁荣兴旺〃,
只是涉及文章的部分内容,文章主旨围绕的是学生申请私立学校困难
这一现象,而不是私立翔本身;选项C〃公立学校的难题",而文
中并没有提到;选项D〃美国人最关注的问题〃即教育,涉及教育方
面的内容有很多,本文谈论的仅仅是其中一方面,该说法过于宽泛,
B.C.D均不符合文意,故选A。
材料题
根据以下材料,回答26-30题
WilliamShakespearedescribedoldageas"secondchildishness"-no
teeth,noeyes,notaste.Inthecaseoftastehemay,musicallyspeaking,
havebeenmoreperceptivethanherealised.ApaperinNeurologyby
GiovanniFrisoniandhiscolleaguesattheNationalCentreforResearch
andCareofAlzheimers'sDiseaseinItaly,showsthatfrontotemporal
dementiacanaffectmusicaldesiresinwaysthatsuggestaregression,if
nottoinfancy,thenatleasttoapatient'steens.
Frontotemporaldementia,adiseaseusuallyfoundwitholdpeople,is
caused,asitsnamesuggests,bydamagetothefrontandsidesofthe
brain.Theseregionsareconcernedwithspeech,andwithsuch"higher"
functionsasabstractthinkingandjudgment.
TwoofsuchpatientsintriguedDrFrisoni.Onewasa68-year-oldlawyer;
theothera73-year-oldhousewife.Bothhadundamagedmemories,but
displayedthesortsofdefectassociatedwithfrontotemporaldementiaa
diagnosisthatwasconfmnedbybrainscanning.
Abouttwoyearsafterhewasfirstdiagnosed,thelawyer,onceaclassical
musicloverwhoreferredtopopmusicas"merenoise",startedlistening
totheItalianpopband"883".Ashiscom-mandoflanguageandhis
emotionalattachmentstofriendsandfamilydeteriorated,hecontinued
tolistentothebandatfullvolumeformanyhoursaday.Thehousewife
hadnotevenhadthelawyer'sloveofclassicalmusic,havingnever
enjoyedmusicofanysortinthepast.Butaboutayearafterherdiagnosis
shebecameveryinterestedinthesongsthather11-year-oldgrand
daughterwaslisteningto.
Thiskindofchangeinmusicaltastewasnotseeninanyofthe
Alzheimer'spatients,andthusappearstobespecifictothosewith
frontotemporaldementia.Andotherstudieshaveremarkedonhow
frontotemporal-dementiapatientssometimesgainnewtalents.Five
suffererswhodevelopedartisticabilitiesareknown.Andinanothercase,
onewomanwiththediseasesuddenlystartedcom-posingandsinging
countryandwesternsongs.
DrFrisonispeculatesthattheillnessiscausingpeopletodevelopanew
attitudetowardsnovelexperiences,Previousstudiesofnovelty-seeking
behavioursuggestthatitismanagedbythebrain'sfightfrontallobe.A
predominanceoftherightovertheleftfrontallobe,causedbydamage
tothelatter,mightthusleadtoaquestfornewexperience.Alternatively,
thedamagemayhaveaffectedsomespecificnervoussystemthatis
neededtoappreciatecertainkindsofmusic.Whetherthatisagainora
lossisadifferentmatter.AsDrFrisoniputsitinhisarticle,thereisno
accountingfortaste.
26[单选题]ThewriterquotesShakespearemainlyto
A.praisethekeenperceptionofthegreatEnglishwriter.
B.supportDr.Frisoni/stheoryaboutadisease.
C.startthediscussiononabraindisease.
D.showthelonghistoryofthedisease.
正确答案:C
参考解析:
C该题为细节加推理题。第一段第一句话莎士比亚把老年阶段比做
〃第二次孩子气〃——没有牙,视力差,失去味觉。接着整篇文章谈
论了一种跟音乐品味有关的大脑疾病——额颍痴呆症。由此可知,作
者引用莎士比亚的一句话只是为了引出后文,即
,故选
startdiscussiononabraindiseaseCo
27[单选题]Theword“regression"intheIstparagraphisbest
replacedby
A.backwardmovement.
B.unconlledincfination.
C.rapidadvancement.
□.unexpectedrestoration.
正确答案:A
参考解析:
A该题为释义题。根据第一段最后一句〃…ifnottoinfancy,
thenatleasttoapatientsteens."可知额题痴呆症可以在某种程
度上引起音乐品味的退化,即便不是退到婴儿期,也至少会退到病人
十几岁时,故选A。
28[单选题]Aftercontractingfrontotemporaldementia.the
68-year-oldlawyer
A.becamemoredependentonhisfamily.
B.grewfondofclassicalmusic.
C.recoveredfromlanguageincompetence.
D.enjoyedloudItalianpopularmusic.
正确答案:D
参考解析:
D该题为细节题。根据第四段第一句
“AbouttwoyearsafterheWasfirstdiagnosed,thelawyerz
onceaclassicalmusicloverwhore—ferredtopopmusicas
"merenoise'startedlisteningtotheItalianpoPband'883'
以及第二句〃…
hecontinuedtolistentothebandatfullvolumeformanyho
ursaday."可知,在这位68岁的律师患有额题痴呆症后,本来只
热爱古典音乐而把流行音乐比作〃纯粹噪音〃的他开始听意大利流行
乐队”883〃的歌,而且把音量放到最大,每天持续听数小时,可知
他享受意大利流行音乐,故选D。
29[单选题]Frontotemporaldementiaisadisease
A.identifiedwithlossofmemory.
B.causingdamagetocertainpartsofthebrain.
C.whosepatientsmaydevelopnewtalents.
D.whosesymptomsaresimilartothoseofAlzheimer'spatients.
正确答案:C
参考解析:
C该题为细节题。根据第三段第三句
“Bothhadundamagedmemories,
butdisplayedthesortsofdefect..71可知额题痴呆症患者的记忆
都没有受损,选项A不符合文意;根据第二段第一句
"Tronto-temporaldementia,adiseaseusuallyfound.
witholdpeople,iscaused,asitsnamesuggests,
bydamagetothefrontandsidesofthebrain.”可知,额题痴呆
症是由大脑前部和侧面的损坏引起的,而选项B.表达的意思是额题痴
呆症会引起大脑某些部分的损毁,与文章原意因果颠倒;根据第五段
第一句
“ThiskindofchangeinmusicaltasteWasnotseeninanyoft
heAlzheimer*spatients,
andthusappearstobespecifictothosewithfrontotemporai
dementia."可知,阿尔茨海默氏病患并没有出现这种音乐品味的变
化,仅仅是那些患有额颗痴呆的病患有这样的症状,选项D所述额
颗痴呆的症状与阿尔茨海默氏病症状相似的说法是错误的;根据第五
段第二句
“Andotherstudieshaveremarkedonhowfrontotemporal-d
e-mentiapatientssometimesgainnewmlents/可知,有研究
表明额颍痴呆症有可能使患者获得新的才能,故选
co
30[单选题]DrFrisoniattributedthepatients'changingmusic
tasteto
A.man'sdesiretoseeknovelexpefience.
B.thedamagetotheleftpartofthebrain.
C.theshiftofpredominancefromthefightlobetotheleft.
D.theweakeningofsomepartofthenervoussystem.
正确答案:D
参考解析:
D该题为细节题。该题可使用排除法。根据最后一段第三句和第四句
〃Apredominanceoftherightovertheleftfrontallobe,
causedbydamagetothelatter,
mightthusleadtoaquestfornewexperience.Alternatively,
thedamagemayhaveaffectedsomespecificnervoussystemt
hatisneededtoappreciatecertainkindsofmusic.〃可知由于左
侧额叶的损伤,右侧额叶会占据主导地位,这样导致了病患对新体验
的追求。或者,左侧额叶的损伤可能会影响到一些控制音乐品味的特
定的神经系统。所以,作者将病患音乐品味的变化归结为左侧额叶受
损所导致一些控制音乐品味的特定神经系统的损坏。选项A〃人们
追求新体验的渴望〃并不是患者音乐品味变化的原因;选项B将原因
归结为大脑左半边的损坏,与文章中所述左侧额叶受损不符;选项C
将原因归结为占主导地位的由右侧额叶转为左侧额叶,与文中提到的
因左侧额叶受损,而右侧额叶占主导地位不符,A、B、C三项均不
符合文意,故选D。
材料题
根据以下材料,回答31-35题
Who'stoblame?Thetrailofresponsibilitygoesbeyondpoor
maintenanceofBritishrailways,sayindustrycritics.Stingygovernments
bothLaborandtoryhavecutdownoninvestmentsintrainsandrails.In
themid-1990saConservativegovernmentpushedthroughthesaleof
theentiresubsidy-guzzlingrailnetwork.Operatingfranchiseswere
parceledoutamongprivatecompaniesandaseparatefirm,Railtrack,
wasawardedownershipofthetracksandstations.Inthefuture,
thetheoryranbackthen,theprivatesectorcouldpayforany
improvementswithalittlehelpfromthestateandtaketheblameforany
failings.
todaysurveysshowthattravelersbelieveprivatizationisoneofthe
reasonsfortherailways'sfailures.Theyaskwhetherthepursuitofprofits
iscompatiblewithguaranteeingsafety.Worse,splittingthenetwork
betweencompanieshasmadecoordinationnearlyimpossible."The
railwaywastornapartatprivatizationandthestructurethatwasputin
placewas..,designed,ifwearehonest,tomaximizetheproceedstothe
Treasury,"saidRailtrackbossGeraldCorbettbeforeresigninglastmonth
inthewakeoftheHatfieldcrash.
Generally,thecontrastswithmainlandEuropearestark.Overthepast
fewdecadestheGermans,FrenchandItalianshaveinvested50percent
morethantheBritishintransportationinfrastructure.Asaresult,aweb
ofhigh-speedtrainsnowcrisscrosstheContinent,fundedby
governmentswiltingtocommitstatefundstomajorcapital
p.rojects.Spainiscurrentlyplanning1,000milesofnewhigh-speed
track.InFrancesuperfasttrainsalreadyshuttlebetweenallmajorcities,
oftenondedicatedlines.AndinBritain?WhentheEurostartrainsthat
linkParis,LondonandBrusselsemergefromtheChannelTunnelonto
Britishsoilandjointhecrowdedlocalnetwork,theymustslowdown
froml86mphtoamaximumof100mph-andtheyusuallyhavetogo
evenslower.
Foronce,thegovernmentististening.Afterall,commutersarevoters,
too.Inapre-votespendingspree,thegovernmenthascommitteditseffto
hugeinvestmentintransportation,aswellaseducationandthepublic
healthservice.Overthenext10years,therailwaysshouldgetan
extra~60billion,partlythroughhighersubsidiestotheprivate
companies.AsBlairackoowledgedlastmonth,''Britainhasbeen
underinvestedinandinvestmentiscentraltoBritain'sfuture."You
don'thavetotellthe3millionpassengerswhousetherailwaysevery
day.LastweektrainstoDarlingtonwereanhourlate-andcrawlingat
LocomotionNo.lspeeds.
31[单选题]Inthefirstparagraph,theauthortriesto
A.tracethetragedytoitsdefectiveorigin.
B.remindpeopleofBritain'sgloriouspast.
C.explainthefailureofBritain'srailnetwork.
D.callforimpartialityinassessingthesituation.
正确答案:C
参考解析:
C该题为细节题。在第一段中,作者回顾了英国铁路的现状产生的根
源,即铁路的私有化。根据第一段第一、二句"Whoistoblame?
ThetrailofresponsibilitygoesbeyondpoormaintenanceofB
ritishrailways,sayindustrycritics."可知,英国铁路系统不健全,
铁路速度慢的原因不只在于英国铁路的养护不善。下文对其原因作出
了具体的解释,故选C。
32[单选题]Travelersnowbetievethattherootcausefor
failuresofBritishrailwayis
A.itsstructuraldesign.
B.thepursuitofprofit.
C.itsinefficientnetwork.
D.thelackofsafetyguarantees.
正确答案:B
参考解析:
B该题为细节题。文章第二段分析了英国铁路失败的原因。根据第二
段第二句:"Theyaskwhetherthepursuitofprofitsiscompati
一blewithguaranteeingsafety."以及第二段最后一句
“TherailwayWastorn印
artatprivatizationandthestructurethatwasputinplacewas.
..designed,ifwearehonest,
tomaximizetheproceedstotheTreasury..//可知,英国国家为
了追求财政的扩大,而缩减了铁路上的补贴,为了金钱利益而忽略了
铁路安全保障。所以乘客认为铁路失败的根本原因在于利益的追求。
故选B。
33[单选题]AccordingtoGeraldCorbett,Britishrailwayis
structured
A.forthebenefitofcommuters.
B.totheadvantageofthegovernment.
C.fortheeffectofbettercoordination.
D.asareplacementoftheprivatesystem.
正确答案:B
参考解析:
B该题为细节题。文章第二段最后一句提到杰拉尔彳惠科贝特说的话
“Therailwaywastornapartatprivatizationandthestructure
thatWasputinplacewas...designedjfwearehonest,tomaxi
—mizetheproceedstotheTreasury../",意思是〃铁路系统因
为私有化而四分五裂,老实说,铁路结构的设计是基于最大化地增加
财政收入〃,由此可知杰拉尔彳惠科贝特认为英国的铁路结构是建立
在政府受益的基础之上的。故选B。
34[单选题]ComparingBritishrailwaywiththoseofEurope,
theauthorthinks
A.trainsinBritaincanranat100mphatleast.
B.Britainshouldbuildmoreexpresslines.
C.railsinBritainneedfurtherprivafization.
□.BritishrailwayisIe代alongwaybehind.
正确答案:D
参考解析:
D该题为细节题。第三段第一句"Generally,
thecontrastswillmainlandEuropearestark."通常,英国铁路
与欧洲大陆铁路的对比很明显。说明作者认为英国铁路和欧洲相比还
差很多。选项A和B并不是作者的态度,选项C与作者态度相反,
作者一直讲铁路私有化导致了现在英国铁路的失败,所以不可能需要
进一步的私有化。故选D。
35[单选题]WhatdoestheauthorthinkofBlair's
acknowledgement?
A.lt'stoolatetoimprovethesituationquicklyenough.
B.ltsawelcomeddeclarationofcommitment.
C.BIairshouldpreachittoothertravelers.
D.EmptywordsCan'tsolvetheproblem.
正确答案:D
参考解析:
D该题为细节题。最后一段倒数第三句,布莱尔说:〃英国投资不足,
而投资是英国未来的关键。〃最后一段的最后两句表明了作者对布莱
尔所说话的态度,〃Youdorf
thavetotellthe3milhonpassen-gerswhousetherailwayse
veryday.LastweektrainstoDarlingtonwereanhourlate-and
crawlingatLocomotionN0.1speeds//意思是:〃你不必把这些
话告诉三百万每天坐火车的乘客。上周,去达灵顿的火车晚点了一个
小时以火车第一速度’缓慢爬行。〃因此,作者认为布莱尔只是说空
话、喊口号解决不了问题,故选D。
材料题
根据以下材料,回答36-40题
NomanhasbeenmoreharshlyjudgedthanMachiavelli,especiallyinthe
twocenturiesfollow-inghisdeath.Buthehassincefoundmanyable
championsandthetidehasturned.Theprincehasbeentermedamanual
fortyrants,theeffectofwhichhasbeenmostharmful.But
wereMachiavelli'sdoctrinesreallynew?Didhediscoverthem?He
merelyhadthefranknessandcour-agetowritedownwhateverybody
wasthinkingandwhateverybodyknew.Hemerelygivesus
theimpressionshehadreceivedfromalongandintimateintercourse
withprincesandtheaffairsofstate.ltwasLordBaconwhosaidthat
Machiavellitellsuswhatprincesdo,notwhattheyoughttodo.When
MachiavellitakesCaesarBorgiaasamodel,hedoesnotpraisehimasa
heroatallzbutmerelyasaprincewhowascapableofattainingtheend
inview.Thelifeofthestatewastheprima-ryobject.ltmustbe
maintained.AndMachiavellihaslaiddowntheprinciples,baseduponhis
stud-yandwideexperience,bywhichthismaybeaccomplished.He
wrotefromtheview-pointofthepolitician-notofthemoralist.Whatis
goodpoliticsmaybebadmorals,andinfact,byastrangefatality,where
moralsandpoliticsclash,thelattergenerallygetstheupperhand.And
willanyonecontendthattheprinciplessetforthbyMachiavelliinhis
PrinceorhisDiscourseshaveentirelyper-ishedfromtheearth?Has
diplomacybeenentirelystrippedoffraudandduplicity?Letanyone
readthefamouseighteenthchapterofThePrince:"lnwhatManner
PrincesshouldKeeptheirFaith,"andhewillbeconvincedthatwhatwas
truenearlyfourhundredyearsago,isquiteastruetoday.Ofthe
remainingworksofMachiavellithemostimportantistheHistoryof
Florencewrittenbetween1521and1525,anddedicatedto.Clement
团.ThisbookismerelyarapidreviewoftheMiddle
Ages,andaspartofitthehistoryofFlorence.Machiavelli'smethodhas
beencriticizedforadheringattimestoocloselytothechroniclersofhis
time,andatothersrejectingtheirtestimonywithoutapparentreason,
whileinitsdetailstheauthorityofhisHistoryisoftenquestionable.ltis
thestraightfor-ward,logicalnarrative,whichalwaysholdstheinterestof
thereader,thatisthegreatestcharmoftheHistory.
36[单选题]Itcallbeinferredfromthebeginningofthetext
that
A.manypeopleusedtothinkhighlyofMachiavelli.
B.Machiavellihadbeenveryinfluentialamongtherulers.
C.Machiavelliwaswidelyreadamonghiscontemporaries.
D.lMachiavellihasbeenatargetof.Criticismthroughouthistory.
正确答案:D
参考解析:
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