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全国英语等级考试四级(PETS4)历年真题(五)

材料题

根据以下材料,回答1・20题

In1942,theHMSEdinburghwassunkintheBarentsSea.ltwason

its21backtoBritainwithninety-oneboxesofRussiangold.22thirty-nine

yearsitlaythere,toodeepfordiversto23.Noonewasallowedto

explodeit,either,sincethebodiesofsixtyofthecrewalsolay

inthe24.Then,in1981,anex-divercalledJessopdecidedtotryusing

newdiyingtechniques.25hecouldnotaffordtofinancethe26which

wasgoingtocostfourmillionpounds,hehadtolookforpeoplewho

were27totake

therisk.28,theywerenotevensurethegoldwasgoingtobethere!First

aScottishdivingcompany,thenaGermanshippingcompanyagreedto

joinintheretrieval29.Notlongafterthat,Jessop

30afourthcompanytotakea31.Sincethegoldwasthe32oftheBritish

andthesovietgovernments,theybothhopedtomakea33,too!The

biggestproblemwashowtoget34the

gold.Fortunately,theywereabletoexaminetheEdinburgh'ssistership,

theHMSBelfast,to35outtheexactlocationofthebombroom,36the

goldwasstored.

Theyknewitwastobeanextremelydifficultanddangerous

undertaking.toreachthegold,theywouldhavetocutalarge

square37thebodyoftheship,gothroughtheemptyfueltankanddown

to

thebombroom.Aftertwenty-eightdives,they38tofindthefirst

bar.Evervoneworked39theclock,helpingtocleanandstackthe

gold,40astofinishthejobasquick-lyaspossible.

1[单选题]

A.road

B.path

C.way

□.passage

正确答案:C

参考解析:

Croad道路;path小路,小径;way路;passage通道,过道。这

四个词都有道路的含义,但只有way可用于固定搭配Oilone'

swayto,表示〃在…去…的路上〃。在此句中,

OnitswaybacktoBritain意为〃在巡洋舰返回英国的路上〃,故

选C。

2[单选题]

A.During

B.For

C.At

D.Since

正确答案:B

参考解析:

B这四个介词都可以用来表示时间,但用法却不尽相同。during在…

期间,当…之时,用来表示一段时间;for持续达,计,后面常跟具

体的时间段,如:forfivemonths;at在…时亥!J,通常指时间的某

一点,如ateighto'clock;since自从…之后,要与现在完成时连

用。根据旬意〃这艘巡洋舰三十九年以来就一直沉于海底〃可知,此

处需要一个表示时间段的介词,且能够与〃三十九年〃搭配,只有'

fbr符合要求,故选B。

3[单选题]

A.find

B.discover

C.dive

D.reach

正确答案:D

参考解析:

Dfind找到;discover发现;dive潜水;reach到达。根据前文句

意可知,此处想要表达的意思是〃到达〃,

toodeepfordiverstoreach意为〃(沉船的位置)太深以至于潜水

员无法到达〃,故选D。

4[单选题]

A.wreck

B.ruin

C.relic

D.waste

正确答案:A

参考解析:

Awreck沉船,遇难船;ruin废墟,遗迹;relic遗体,遗物;waste

荒原,荒芜之地。根据前文可知,〃英国皇家海军爱丁堡号〃巡洋舰

于1942年在巴伦支海沉没,由此可推断出该句中六十具船员的尸骸

所在的位置应在沉船内,故选A。

5[单选题]

A.Although

B.Unless

C.As

D.lf

正确答案:C

参考解析:

Calthough尽管,虽然;unless除mE,如果不;as由于,因为;if

如果。根据上下文〃他无法独自承担搜索所需的四百万英镑,不得不

寻找愿意承担风险的人。〃可知,这里需要表示原因的连接词,故选

Co

6[单选题]

A.research

B.operation

C.movement

D.search

正确答案:D

参考解析:

Dresearch研究,探讨Operation操作;movement移动;search

搜索,探查。由全文可知,这次潜水寻找黄金是一次搜索任务,只有

search可表示〃搜索,探蛰’,符合文意,故选D。

7[单选题]

A.willing

B.luckly

C.committed

□.engaged

正确答案:A

参考解析:

Awilling愿意的;lucky幸运的;committed忠诚的,坚定的;

engaged忙的从事…的。bewillingtodostll表示〃愿意做某事〃,

bewillingtotaketherisk表示〃愿意承担风险",符合文意,故

选A。

8[单选题]

A.AIIinall

B.lnaddition

C.lncase

D.Afterall

正确答案:D

参考解析:

Dallinall总之;inaddition除此之外,另夕卜;incase以防;afterall

毕竟。根据前文所述杰索普需要帮他承担风险的人,可推断此处应紧

接着解释这个风险是什么,也就是〃毕竟,他们还不确定黄金是否还

在那里。,故选D。

9[单选题]

A.assignment

B.temptation

C.attempt

0.commission

正确答案:D

参考解析:

Dassignment工作,任务;temptation引诱;attempt尝试,试

图;com-mission委任,委托。assignment与commission都可

以表示一项任•务,但assignment侧重于表示分酿指派的任务,

而commission可以表示委托完成的任务。根据上下文,杰索普需

要说服一些公司加入这次搜索任务,因此用〃委托〃这些公司完成任

务更为贴切,故选D。

10[单选题]

A.introduced

B.persuaded

C.associated

0.stimulated

正确答案:B

参考解析:

Bintroduce介绍;persuade说月艮;associate联合;stimulate激

励。由于前文中提到这项任务资金不够且有风险,可以推断出此处想

要表达的是〃劝说,说服〃一些公司来投资和加入搜索任务;stimu

—latesbtodosth表示〃激励某人去做某事〃,与文意不符;其余

两项的用法分别是:introducesbtosth介绍某人尝试某物;

associatesb/sthwith把某人/某物与…联系起来;A、C、D均不

符合文意,故选B。

11[单选题]

A.chance

B.look

C.measure

D.choice

正确答案:A

参考解析:

Achance机会;look看;measure测量,措施;choice选择。根

据前文提示,杰森普需要寻找愿意承担风险的人,可以推断出此处表

示杰森普说服了第四家公司来承担风险。takeachance为固定搭配,

表示〃冒险〃,等同于前文中提到的taketherisk。takealook表

示〃看一看〃;measure和choice均不与take搭配,且与文意不

符,故选A。

12[单选题]

A.business

B.estate

C.obligation

□.property

正确答案:D

参考解析:

Dbusiness生意,事务;estate地产,贝才产;Obligation义务,责

任;property财产,资产。根据旬意可知,此处要表达的是这些黄

金是英国和苏联的财产。从四个选项的词义可排除A,C两项。estate

和property都有财产的意思。但property侧重于指金钱上的财产,

如:SomeofthestolenpropertywasfoundinMason/

shouse.(在梅森的房子勤戈到了一些被盗的财物。)而estate侧重于

指地产,如:HeownsalargeestateinScotland.(他在苏格兰有大

量地产。)根据上下文可知property较为合适,故选Do

13[单选题]

A.profit

B.benefit

C.success

0.welfare

正确答案:A

参考解析:

Aprofit益处,收益;benefit益处,;Success成功;welfare

福利。inakeaprofit表示获利,为固定搭配。四个选项只有profit

可与make搭配。benefit表示获利时,用其固定搭配benefitfrom

/by,success可用于固定搭酉己makeasuccessofsth,表示〃获

取成功,取得成就〃,welfare常用于welfareservices表示〃福利

事业〃。本句话意思为〃这两个国家都希望能够从中获利。〃故选A。

14[单选题]

A.about

B.around

C.to

D.from

正确答案:C

参考解析:

Cgetabout四处走动,旅行;getaround劝服(某人),应付(某问

题);getto到达;没有getfrom这个搭配。这句话要表达的意思是

〃最大的难题是如何到达黄金所在的位置。〃故选Q

15[单选题]

A.get

B.take

C.work

D.try

正确答案:C

参考解析:

Cgetout逃离^akeout取出除掉yvorkout设法弄明白Wyout

试用。根据全文可知搜索团的任务是寻找黄金,由此可推断出他们检

查〃爱丁堡号〃的姐妹船〃贝尔法斯特号〃的目的是为了弄清楚黄金

储藏地一弹药房的确切位置,故选C。

16[单选题]

A.which

B.where

C.here

D.there

正确答案:B

参考解析:

B此空要堤邯艮定性定语从句的引导词。非限定性定语从句的作用是

对所修饰的成分做进一步说明,通常有引导词,且和主句问用逗号隔

开。例如:

Thesouthernstateswantedtosetupacountryoftheirown,

wheretheywouldbefreetokeepblackslaves.(南方各州要建立

一个属于他们自己的国家,在那里他们将自由地保留黑人奴隶。)由

于前面的先行词thebombroom表示地点,所以此处需要一个表示

地点的关系副词where,整个非限定性定语从句修饰bombroom,

表示弹药房就是黄金所在地,故选B。

17[单选题]

A.on

B.ill

C.among

D.along

正确答案:A

参考解析:

Aon在...上,in在...里面,among处在…中,along沿着・・.。该旬

意思是:为了找到黄金,他们需要在船身上切割一个大的正方形,故

选A。

18[单选题]

A.managed

B.achieved

C.succeeded

0.fulfilled

正确答案:A

参考解析:

Amanage处理事务,设法做到;achieve获得succeed成功fulfill

实现。根据句意可知,经过二十八次潜水,搜索队终于设法找到了第

一个金锭。managetodosth表示〃设法做成某事〃。其余三项虽

然都含有成功做成某事之意,但均不能用于此搭配,故选A。

19[单选题]

A.before

B.by

C.with

D.round

正确答案:D

参考解析:

D根据后面的finishthejobasquicklyaspossible”可知人们

想尽快完成这项工作,由此可推知此处想要表达的是〃抓紧时间工

作〃,workroundtheclock为固定搭配,表示〃全天候工作、没

日没夜地工作〃,故选D。

20[单选题]

A.that

B.much

C.far

D.so

正确答案:D

参考解析:

Dsoasto意思为〃以便,为了〃。在这里做目的状语,解释全天候

工作的原因。soastofinishthejobasquicklyaspossible,意思

是〃以便尽快完成这项工作。〃故选D。

材料题

根据以下材料,回答21-25题

Competitionforadmissiontothecountry'stopprivateschoolshas

alwaysbeentough,butthisyearElisabethrealizedithadreachedanew

level.Herwake-upcallcamewhenamancalledtheDaltonSchoolin

Manhattan,whereElisabethisadmissionsdirector,andinquiredabout

theagecutofffortheirkindergartenprogram.Afterprovidingthe

information,sheaskedabouttheageofhischild.Themanpausedforan

uncomfortablylongtimebeforeanswering."Well,wedon'thaveachild

yet.We'retryingtofigureoutwhento

conceiveachildsothebirthdayisnotaproblem."

WorriesarespreadingfromManhattantotherestofthecountry.Precise

currentdataonprivateschoolsareunavailable,butinterviewswith

representativesofindependentschoolsalltoldthe

samestory:anoversupplyofapplicants,higherrejectionrates."Wehave

peoplecallingusforspotstwoyearsdowntheroad,"saidMarilynofthe

SevenHillsSchoolinCincinnati."Wehave

grandparentscallingforpregnantdaughters."Publicopinionpolls

indicatethatAmericans'No.lconcerniseducation.Nowthatthelong

economicboomhasgivenparentsmoredisposable

income,manyareturningtoprivateschools,evenatpricetagsofwell

over$10,000ayear."We'regettingapplicantsfromabroaderarea

geographicallythanweeverhaveinthepast,"said

BetsyoftheLatinSchoolofChicago,whichexperienceda20percent

increaseinapplicationsthisyear.

Theproblemfortheapplicantsisthatwhiledemandhasincreased,

supplyhasnot,"Everyyear,thereareafewchildrenwhodonotfind

places,butthisyear,forthefirsttimethatIknowof,there

areasignificantnumberwithoutplaces/'saidElisabeth.

Sowhatcanparentsdotogivetheir4-year-oldanedge?Schoolsknow

thereisnoeasywaytopickaclasswhenchildrenaresoyoung.Many

schoolsgivepreferencetochildrenoftheirgraduates.Somemakethe

choicebydrawinglots.

Butmostrelyonamixofsubjectiveandobjectivemeasures:teststhatat

bestidentifydevelopmentalmaturityandcognitivepotential,interviews

withparentsandobservationofapplicants

inclassroomsettings.Theyalsowantadiverse'mix.Childrenmayendup

onawaitinglistsimplybecausetheirbirthdaysfallatthewrongtimeof

year;orbecausetoomanyapplicantswereboys.

Theworstthingapatentcandoistopressurepreschoolersto

perform-forexample,bypushingthemtoreadordomathexercises

beforethey'reready.Instead,theexpertssay,parentsshouldtakea

breathandlookforalternatives.Anotheryearinpreschool

maybeallthat'sneeded.

21[单选题]Fromthistextwelearnthatitis.

A.hardertomakeachoicebetweenpublicandprivateschools.

B.hardertogotoprivateschoolsthisyearthanbefore.

C.moredifficulttogotopublicschoolsthantoprivateschools.

D.asdifficulttogotoprivateschoolsthisyearasbefore.

正确答案:B

参考解析:

B该题为细节题。根据第一段第一句

"Competitionforadmissiontothecountry1

stopprivateschoolshasalwaysbeentough,

butthisyearElisabethrealizedithadreachedanewlevel."可

知,进入国家的顶级私立学校的竞争一直以来都很激烈,但是今年伊

丽莎白发现这种竞争达到了一个新的水平。由此可知,今年想进入私

立学校比往年更加困难,而不是跟往年一样困难,故选B。

22[单选题]Thesentence“Wehavepeople...downtheroad"

(Line4,Paragraph2)probablymeans

A.wehavepeoplecallingUSforparkingspacetwoyearsaheadoftime.

B.peoplecalledUSforpermissiontousetheplacestwoyearsa90.

C.wereceivedcallsfrompeopledowntheroadtwoyearsa90.

0.peoplecalledUSforschoolvacanciestwoyearsinadvance.

正确答案:D

参考解析:

D该题为释义题。根据后一句

“Wehavegrandparentscallingforpregnantdaughters//可知,

有些家长会提前向私立学校咨询孩子入学的事情。因此可以推知

“WehavepeoplecallingUSforspotstwoyearsdowntheroa

d"意为〃有人提前两年就打电话咨询学校是否会有名额。,故选

D。

23[单选题]Thetextindicatesthatprivateschoolsarevery

selectivebecausethey

A.havenoreliablemethodstopickstudentsforaclass.

B.wantagoodmixtureofboysandgirlsforclasses.

C.encountermoredemandthantheycancopewith.

0.prefertoenrollchildrenoftheirrelatives.

正确答案:C

参考解析:

C该题为推理题。根据第三段

“Theproblemfortheapplicantsisthatwhiledemandhasinc

reased,supplyhasnot."可知申请私立学校的人数在增加,但私

立学校的招生名额却没有增加。接着第四段详细讲了一些私立学校如

何选择学生。由此可推断,私立学校对学生如此精挑细选的原因在于

有太多的学生申请,他们不得不通过各种方法来选择学生。选项A

与文章的意思有所出入,第四段第二句

“Schoolsknowthereisnoeasywaytopickaclasswhenchild

renares。young."可知学校认为选择学生没有简单的方法,并不

是如A项所表示的选择的方法不可靠。选项8是某些学校选择生源

的方法,即男女比例协调,由此可知A、B两项不能作为学校精心选

择学生的原因。选项D在文中没有提及,故选C。

24[单选题]Fromthetext,wecaninferthattheauthor

A.favorstheideaofputtingchildrenonawaitinglist.

B.agreestotestpreschooler'scognitivepotentials.

C.thinkschildrenshouldbebetterpreparedacademically

0.disapprovesoftheunduepressureonpreschoolers.

正确答案:D

参考解析:

D该题为态度题。由最后一段的第一句

“Theworstthingaparentcalldoistopressurepreschoolers

toperform—forexample.bypushingthemtoreadordomath

exercisesbeforethey'reready/7可知作者认为强迫学龄前儿童

学习是父母做的最糟糕的事。由此可推断出作者反对给学龄前儿童过

度的压力,故选D。

25[单选题]WhichofthefollowingCanserveasatitleofthis

text?

A.HardTimeforthePreschoolers

B.ProsperityofPrivateSchools

C.TheProblemforPublicSchools

D.Americans'sNO1Concern

正确答案:A

参考解析:

A该题为主旨题。全文主要讲述儿童进入顶级私立学校困难,名额少,

学校筛选过程谨慎,许多父母都在提早为学龄前孩子做准备。选项A

〃学龄前儿童的艰难时代〃符合文意选项B〃私立学校的繁荣兴旺〃,

只是涉及文章的部分内容,文章主旨围绕的是学生申请私立学校困难

这一现象,而不是私立翔本身;选项C〃公立学校的难题",而文

中并没有提到;选项D〃美国人最关注的问题〃即教育,涉及教育方

面的内容有很多,本文谈论的仅仅是其中一方面,该说法过于宽泛,

B.C.D均不符合文意,故选A。

材料题

根据以下材料,回答26-30题

WilliamShakespearedescribedoldageas"secondchildishness"-no

teeth,noeyes,notaste.Inthecaseoftastehemay,musicallyspeaking,

havebeenmoreperceptivethanherealised.ApaperinNeurologyby

GiovanniFrisoniandhiscolleaguesattheNationalCentreforResearch

andCareofAlzheimers'sDiseaseinItaly,showsthatfrontotemporal

dementiacanaffectmusicaldesiresinwaysthatsuggestaregression,if

nottoinfancy,thenatleasttoapatient'steens.

Frontotemporaldementia,adiseaseusuallyfoundwitholdpeople,is

caused,asitsnamesuggests,bydamagetothefrontandsidesofthe

brain.Theseregionsareconcernedwithspeech,andwithsuch"higher"

functionsasabstractthinkingandjudgment.

TwoofsuchpatientsintriguedDrFrisoni.Onewasa68-year-oldlawyer;

theothera73-year-oldhousewife.Bothhadundamagedmemories,but

displayedthesortsofdefectassociatedwithfrontotemporaldementiaa

diagnosisthatwasconfmnedbybrainscanning.

Abouttwoyearsafterhewasfirstdiagnosed,thelawyer,onceaclassical

musicloverwhoreferredtopopmusicas"merenoise",startedlistening

totheItalianpopband"883".Ashiscom-mandoflanguageandhis

emotionalattachmentstofriendsandfamilydeteriorated,hecontinued

tolistentothebandatfullvolumeformanyhoursaday.Thehousewife

hadnotevenhadthelawyer'sloveofclassicalmusic,havingnever

enjoyedmusicofanysortinthepast.Butaboutayearafterherdiagnosis

shebecameveryinterestedinthesongsthather11-year-oldgrand

daughterwaslisteningto.

Thiskindofchangeinmusicaltastewasnotseeninanyofthe

Alzheimer'spatients,andthusappearstobespecifictothosewith

frontotemporaldementia.Andotherstudieshaveremarkedonhow

frontotemporal-dementiapatientssometimesgainnewtalents.Five

suffererswhodevelopedartisticabilitiesareknown.Andinanothercase,

onewomanwiththediseasesuddenlystartedcom-posingandsinging

countryandwesternsongs.

DrFrisonispeculatesthattheillnessiscausingpeopletodevelopanew

attitudetowardsnovelexperiences,Previousstudiesofnovelty-seeking

behavioursuggestthatitismanagedbythebrain'sfightfrontallobe.A

predominanceoftherightovertheleftfrontallobe,causedbydamage

tothelatter,mightthusleadtoaquestfornewexperience.Alternatively,

thedamagemayhaveaffectedsomespecificnervoussystemthatis

neededtoappreciatecertainkindsofmusic.Whetherthatisagainora

lossisadifferentmatter.AsDrFrisoniputsitinhisarticle,thereisno

accountingfortaste.

26[单选题]ThewriterquotesShakespearemainlyto

A.praisethekeenperceptionofthegreatEnglishwriter.

B.supportDr.Frisoni/stheoryaboutadisease.

C.startthediscussiononabraindisease.

D.showthelonghistoryofthedisease.

正确答案:C

参考解析:

C该题为细节加推理题。第一段第一句话莎士比亚把老年阶段比做

〃第二次孩子气〃——没有牙,视力差,失去味觉。接着整篇文章谈

论了一种跟音乐品味有关的大脑疾病——额颍痴呆症。由此可知,作

者引用莎士比亚的一句话只是为了引出后文,即

,故选

startdiscussiononabraindiseaseCo

27[单选题]Theword“regression"intheIstparagraphisbest

replacedby

A.backwardmovement.

B.unconlledincfination.

C.rapidadvancement.

□.unexpectedrestoration.

正确答案:A

参考解析:

A该题为释义题。根据第一段最后一句〃…ifnottoinfancy,

thenatleasttoapatientsteens."可知额题痴呆症可以在某种程

度上引起音乐品味的退化,即便不是退到婴儿期,也至少会退到病人

十几岁时,故选A。

28[单选题]Aftercontractingfrontotemporaldementia.the

68-year-oldlawyer

A.becamemoredependentonhisfamily.

B.grewfondofclassicalmusic.

C.recoveredfromlanguageincompetence.

D.enjoyedloudItalianpopularmusic.

正确答案:D

参考解析:

D该题为细节题。根据第四段第一句

“AbouttwoyearsafterheWasfirstdiagnosed,thelawyerz

onceaclassicalmusicloverwhore—ferredtopopmusicas

"merenoise'startedlisteningtotheItalianpoPband'883'

以及第二句〃…

hecontinuedtolistentothebandatfullvolumeformanyho

ursaday."可知,在这位68岁的律师患有额题痴呆症后,本来只

热爱古典音乐而把流行音乐比作〃纯粹噪音〃的他开始听意大利流行

乐队”883〃的歌,而且把音量放到最大,每天持续听数小时,可知

他享受意大利流行音乐,故选D。

29[单选题]Frontotemporaldementiaisadisease

A.identifiedwithlossofmemory.

B.causingdamagetocertainpartsofthebrain.

C.whosepatientsmaydevelopnewtalents.

D.whosesymptomsaresimilartothoseofAlzheimer'spatients.

正确答案:C

参考解析:

C该题为细节题。根据第三段第三句

“Bothhadundamagedmemories,

butdisplayedthesortsofdefect..71可知额题痴呆症患者的记忆

都没有受损,选项A不符合文意;根据第二段第一句

"Tronto-temporaldementia,adiseaseusuallyfound.

witholdpeople,iscaused,asitsnamesuggests,

bydamagetothefrontandsidesofthebrain.”可知,额题痴呆

症是由大脑前部和侧面的损坏引起的,而选项B.表达的意思是额题痴

呆症会引起大脑某些部分的损毁,与文章原意因果颠倒;根据第五段

第一句

“ThiskindofchangeinmusicaltasteWasnotseeninanyoft

heAlzheimer*spatients,

andthusappearstobespecifictothosewithfrontotemporai

dementia."可知,阿尔茨海默氏病患并没有出现这种音乐品味的变

化,仅仅是那些患有额颗痴呆的病患有这样的症状,选项D所述额

颗痴呆的症状与阿尔茨海默氏病症状相似的说法是错误的;根据第五

段第二句

“Andotherstudieshaveremarkedonhowfrontotemporal-d

e-mentiapatientssometimesgainnewmlents/可知,有研究

表明额颍痴呆症有可能使患者获得新的才能,故选

co

30[单选题]DrFrisoniattributedthepatients'changingmusic

tasteto

A.man'sdesiretoseeknovelexpefience.

B.thedamagetotheleftpartofthebrain.

C.theshiftofpredominancefromthefightlobetotheleft.

D.theweakeningofsomepartofthenervoussystem.

正确答案:D

参考解析:

D该题为细节题。该题可使用排除法。根据最后一段第三句和第四句

〃Apredominanceoftherightovertheleftfrontallobe,

causedbydamagetothelatter,

mightthusleadtoaquestfornewexperience.Alternatively,

thedamagemayhaveaffectedsomespecificnervoussystemt

hatisneededtoappreciatecertainkindsofmusic.〃可知由于左

侧额叶的损伤,右侧额叶会占据主导地位,这样导致了病患对新体验

的追求。或者,左侧额叶的损伤可能会影响到一些控制音乐品味的特

定的神经系统。所以,作者将病患音乐品味的变化归结为左侧额叶受

损所导致一些控制音乐品味的特定神经系统的损坏。选项A〃人们

追求新体验的渴望〃并不是患者音乐品味变化的原因;选项B将原因

归结为大脑左半边的损坏,与文章中所述左侧额叶受损不符;选项C

将原因归结为占主导地位的由右侧额叶转为左侧额叶,与文中提到的

因左侧额叶受损,而右侧额叶占主导地位不符,A、B、C三项均不

符合文意,故选D。

材料题

根据以下材料,回答31-35题

Who'stoblame?Thetrailofresponsibilitygoesbeyondpoor

maintenanceofBritishrailways,sayindustrycritics.Stingygovernments

bothLaborandtoryhavecutdownoninvestmentsintrainsandrails.In

themid-1990saConservativegovernmentpushedthroughthesaleof

theentiresubsidy-guzzlingrailnetwork.Operatingfranchiseswere

parceledoutamongprivatecompaniesandaseparatefirm,Railtrack,

wasawardedownershipofthetracksandstations.Inthefuture,

thetheoryranbackthen,theprivatesectorcouldpayforany

improvementswithalittlehelpfromthestateandtaketheblameforany

failings.

todaysurveysshowthattravelersbelieveprivatizationisoneofthe

reasonsfortherailways'sfailures.Theyaskwhetherthepursuitofprofits

iscompatiblewithguaranteeingsafety.Worse,splittingthenetwork

betweencompanieshasmadecoordinationnearlyimpossible."The

railwaywastornapartatprivatizationandthestructurethatwasputin

placewas..,designed,ifwearehonest,tomaximizetheproceedstothe

Treasury,"saidRailtrackbossGeraldCorbettbeforeresigninglastmonth

inthewakeoftheHatfieldcrash.

Generally,thecontrastswithmainlandEuropearestark.Overthepast

fewdecadestheGermans,FrenchandItalianshaveinvested50percent

morethantheBritishintransportationinfrastructure.Asaresult,aweb

ofhigh-speedtrainsnowcrisscrosstheContinent,fundedby

governmentswiltingtocommitstatefundstomajorcapital

p.rojects.Spainiscurrentlyplanning1,000milesofnewhigh-speed

track.InFrancesuperfasttrainsalreadyshuttlebetweenallmajorcities,

oftenondedicatedlines.AndinBritain?WhentheEurostartrainsthat

linkParis,LondonandBrusselsemergefromtheChannelTunnelonto

Britishsoilandjointhecrowdedlocalnetwork,theymustslowdown

froml86mphtoamaximumof100mph-andtheyusuallyhavetogo

evenslower.

Foronce,thegovernmentististening.Afterall,commutersarevoters,

too.Inapre-votespendingspree,thegovernmenthascommitteditseffto

hugeinvestmentintransportation,aswellaseducationandthepublic

healthservice.Overthenext10years,therailwaysshouldgetan

extra~60billion,partlythroughhighersubsidiestotheprivate

companies.AsBlairackoowledgedlastmonth,''Britainhasbeen

underinvestedinandinvestmentiscentraltoBritain'sfuture."You

don'thavetotellthe3millionpassengerswhousetherailwaysevery

day.LastweektrainstoDarlingtonwereanhourlate-andcrawlingat

LocomotionNo.lspeeds.

31[单选题]Inthefirstparagraph,theauthortriesto

A.tracethetragedytoitsdefectiveorigin.

B.remindpeopleofBritain'sgloriouspast.

C.explainthefailureofBritain'srailnetwork.

D.callforimpartialityinassessingthesituation.

正确答案:C

参考解析:

C该题为细节题。在第一段中,作者回顾了英国铁路的现状产生的根

源,即铁路的私有化。根据第一段第一、二句"Whoistoblame?

ThetrailofresponsibilitygoesbeyondpoormaintenanceofB

ritishrailways,sayindustrycritics."可知,英国铁路系统不健全,

铁路速度慢的原因不只在于英国铁路的养护不善。下文对其原因作出

了具体的解释,故选C。

32[单选题]Travelersnowbetievethattherootcausefor

failuresofBritishrailwayis

A.itsstructuraldesign.

B.thepursuitofprofit.

C.itsinefficientnetwork.

D.thelackofsafetyguarantees.

正确答案:B

参考解析:

B该题为细节题。文章第二段分析了英国铁路失败的原因。根据第二

段第二句:"Theyaskwhetherthepursuitofprofitsiscompati

一blewithguaranteeingsafety."以及第二段最后一句

“TherailwayWastorn印

artatprivatizationandthestructurethatwasputinplacewas.

..designed,ifwearehonest,

tomaximizetheproceedstotheTreasury..//可知,英国国家为

了追求财政的扩大,而缩减了铁路上的补贴,为了金钱利益而忽略了

铁路安全保障。所以乘客认为铁路失败的根本原因在于利益的追求。

故选B。

33[单选题]AccordingtoGeraldCorbett,Britishrailwayis

structured

A.forthebenefitofcommuters.

B.totheadvantageofthegovernment.

C.fortheeffectofbettercoordination.

D.asareplacementoftheprivatesystem.

正确答案:B

参考解析:

B该题为细节题。文章第二段最后一句提到杰拉尔彳惠科贝特说的话

“Therailwaywastornapartatprivatizationandthestructure

thatWasputinplacewas...designedjfwearehonest,tomaxi

—mizetheproceedstotheTreasury../",意思是〃铁路系统因

为私有化而四分五裂,老实说,铁路结构的设计是基于最大化地增加

财政收入〃,由此可知杰拉尔彳惠科贝特认为英国的铁路结构是建立

在政府受益的基础之上的。故选B。

34[单选题]ComparingBritishrailwaywiththoseofEurope,

theauthorthinks

A.trainsinBritaincanranat100mphatleast.

B.Britainshouldbuildmoreexpresslines.

C.railsinBritainneedfurtherprivafization.

□.BritishrailwayisIe代alongwaybehind.

正确答案:D

参考解析:

D该题为细节题。第三段第一句"Generally,

thecontrastswillmainlandEuropearestark."通常,英国铁路

与欧洲大陆铁路的对比很明显。说明作者认为英国铁路和欧洲相比还

差很多。选项A和B并不是作者的态度,选项C与作者态度相反,

作者一直讲铁路私有化导致了现在英国铁路的失败,所以不可能需要

进一步的私有化。故选D。

35[单选题]WhatdoestheauthorthinkofBlair's

acknowledgement?

A.lt'stoolatetoimprovethesituationquicklyenough.

B.ltsawelcomeddeclarationofcommitment.

C.BIairshouldpreachittoothertravelers.

D.EmptywordsCan'tsolvetheproblem.

正确答案:D

参考解析:

D该题为细节题。最后一段倒数第三句,布莱尔说:〃英国投资不足,

而投资是英国未来的关键。〃最后一段的最后两句表明了作者对布莱

尔所说话的态度,〃Youdorf

thavetotellthe3milhonpassen-gerswhousetherailwayse

veryday.LastweektrainstoDarlingtonwereanhourlate-and

crawlingatLocomotionN0.1speeds//意思是:〃你不必把这些

话告诉三百万每天坐火车的乘客。上周,去达灵顿的火车晚点了一个

小时以火车第一速度’缓慢爬行。〃因此,作者认为布莱尔只是说空

话、喊口号解决不了问题,故选D。

材料题

根据以下材料,回答36-40题

NomanhasbeenmoreharshlyjudgedthanMachiavelli,especiallyinthe

twocenturiesfollow-inghisdeath.Buthehassincefoundmanyable

championsandthetidehasturned.Theprincehasbeentermedamanual

fortyrants,theeffectofwhichhasbeenmostharmful.But

wereMachiavelli'sdoctrinesreallynew?Didhediscoverthem?He

merelyhadthefranknessandcour-agetowritedownwhateverybody

wasthinkingandwhateverybodyknew.Hemerelygivesus

theimpressionshehadreceivedfromalongandintimateintercourse

withprincesandtheaffairsofstate.ltwasLordBaconwhosaidthat

Machiavellitellsuswhatprincesdo,notwhattheyoughttodo.When

MachiavellitakesCaesarBorgiaasamodel,hedoesnotpraisehimasa

heroatallzbutmerelyasaprincewhowascapableofattainingtheend

inview.Thelifeofthestatewastheprima-ryobject.ltmustbe

maintained.AndMachiavellihaslaiddowntheprinciples,baseduponhis

stud-yandwideexperience,bywhichthismaybeaccomplished.He

wrotefromtheview-pointofthepolitician-notofthemoralist.Whatis

goodpoliticsmaybebadmorals,andinfact,byastrangefatality,where

moralsandpoliticsclash,thelattergenerallygetstheupperhand.And

willanyonecontendthattheprinciplessetforthbyMachiavelliinhis

PrinceorhisDiscourseshaveentirelyper-ishedfromtheearth?Has

diplomacybeenentirelystrippedoffraudandduplicity?Letanyone

readthefamouseighteenthchapterofThePrince:"lnwhatManner

PrincesshouldKeeptheirFaith,"andhewillbeconvincedthatwhatwas

truenearlyfourhundredyearsago,isquiteastruetoday.Ofthe

remainingworksofMachiavellithemostimportantistheHistoryof

Florencewrittenbetween1521and1525,anddedicatedto.Clement

团.ThisbookismerelyarapidreviewoftheMiddle

Ages,andaspartofitthehistoryofFlorence.Machiavelli'smethodhas

beencriticizedforadheringattimestoocloselytothechroniclersofhis

time,andatothersrejectingtheirtestimonywithoutapparentreason,

whileinitsdetailstheauthorityofhisHistoryisoftenquestionable.ltis

thestraightfor-ward,logicalnarrative,whichalwaysholdstheinterestof

thereader,thatisthegreatestcharmoftheHistory.

36[单选题]Itcallbeinferredfromthebeginningofthetext

that

A.manypeopleusedtothinkhighlyofMachiavelli.

B.Machiavellihadbeenveryinfluentialamongtherulers.

C.Machiavelliwaswidelyreadamonghiscontemporaries.

D.lMachiavellihasbeenatargetof.Criticismthroughouthistory.

正确答案:D

参考解析:

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