翻译三级笔译实务分类模拟题12

翻译三级笔译实务分类模拟题12EnglishChineseTranslation

1

Thisisaskepticalage,butalthoughourfaithinm（江南博哥）anyofthethingsinwhichourforefathersferventlybelievedhasweakened,ourconfidenceinthecurativepropertiesofthebottleofmedicineremainsthesameastheirs.

2

ThismodernfaithinmedicinesisprovedbythefactthattheannualdrugbilloftheHealthServicesismountingtoastronomicalfiguresandshowsnosignsatpresentofceasingtorise.Themajorityofthepatientsattendingthemedicalout-patientsdepartmentsofourhospitalsfeelthattheyhavenotreceivedadequatetreatmentunlesstheyareabletocarryhomewiththemsometangibleremedyintheshapeofabottleofmedicine,aboxofpills,orasmalljarofointment,andthedoctorinchargeofthedepartmentisonlytooreadytoprovidethemwiththeserequirements.Thereisnoquickermethodofdisposingofpatientsthanbygivingthemwhattheyareaskingfor,andsincemostmedicalmenintheHealthServicesareoverworkedandhavelittletimeforofferingtime-consumingandlittle-appreciatedadviceonsuchsubjectsasdiet,fightliving,andtheneedforabandoningbadhabits,etc,thebottle,thebox,andthejararealmostalwaysgrantedthem.

3

Norisitonlytheignorantandill-educatedpersonwhohassuchfaithinthebottleofmedicine,especiallyifitbewrappedinwhitepaperandsealedwithadabofredsealing-waxbyacleverchemist.ItisrecountedofThomasCarlylethatwhenheheardoftheillnessofhisfriend.HenryTaylor,hewentoffimmediatelytovisithim,carryingwithhiminhispocketwhatremainedofabottleofmedicineformerlyprescribedforanindispositionofMrs.Carlyle's.Carlylewasentirelyignorantofwhatthebottleinhispocketcontained,ofthenatureoftheillnessfromwhichhisfriendwassuffering,andofwhathadpreviouslybeenwrongwithhiswife,

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butamedicinethathadworkedsowellinoneformofillnesswouldsurelybeofequalbenefitinanother,andcomfortedbythethoughtofthehelphewasbringingtohisfriend,hehastenedtoHenryTaylor'shouse.Historydoesnotrelatewhetherhisfriendacceptedhismedicalhelp,butinallprobabilityhedid.

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Thegreatadvantageoftakingmedicineisthatitmakesnodemandsonthetakerbeyondthatofputtingupforamomentwithadisgustingtaste,andthatiswhatallpatientsdemandoftheirdoctors—tobecuredatnoinconveniencetothemselves.1.

正确答案：这是一个怀疑一切的时代，但是尽管我们对祖先所深信的许多事物都已信心削减了，但我们对装在瓶中的药物的疗效却仍然同我们的祖先一样确信不疑。

2.

正确答案：现代人对药物的信任由这一事实得到证实，即卫生部门每年所支付的药费正在上升到天文数字，而且到目前为止还没有停止增长的迹象。

3.

正确答案：不仅仅是那些无知的和没有受过良好教育的人才相信装在瓶中的药物，人们尤其相信由聪明的药剂师包在白纸里并轻涂红色火漆封口的药物。

4.

正确答案：但是既然一种药对某一种疾病起过如此良好的作用，它对另一种疾病一定也会同样有效；当想到他将给朋友带去帮助时，他心里感到快慰，于是他急忙赶到亨利·泰勒的家里。

5.

正确答案：服药的一大优点是，除了要求服药者在片刻时间里忍受可憎的味道外，别无其他的要求，而这也正是所有的病人对他们的医生提出的要求——在不给自己带来不便的情况下把病治好。

6

Thehistoricalusedinviewingacivilization,ratherthanacountry,asthesignificantunitisofrelativelyrecentorigin.

SincetheMiddleAges,mostEuropeanhistorianshaveadoptedeitherareligiousornationalperspective.ThereligiousviewpointwaspredominantamongEuropeanhistoriansuntilthe18thcentury.RegardingtheChristianrevelationasthemostmomentouseventinhistory,theyviewedallhistoryaseitherthepreludetoortheaftermathofthatevent.TheearlyhistoriansofEuropehadlittleoccasiontostudyotherculturesexceptascuriositiesoraspotentialareasformissionaryactivity.Thenationalviewpoint,asdistinctfromthereligiousone,developedintheearly16thcentury,largelyonthebasisofthepoliticalphilosophyoftheItalianstatesmanandhistorianMachiavelli,forwhomtheproperobjectofhistoricalstudywasthestate.

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Afterthatperiod,however,themanyhistorianswhochronicledthehistoriesofthenationalstatesofEuropeandAmericararelydealtwithsocietiesbeyondtherealmofEuropeancultureexcepttodescribethesubjectionofthosesocietiesby,intheirview,themoreprogressiveEuropeanpowers.

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Earlyinthe19thcentury,philosophersandhistoriansidentifiedwiththeRomanticMovementcriticizedthe18th-centuryassumptionthatpeoplewerethesameeverywhereandatalltimes.TheGermanphilosophersJohannyonHerderandG.W.F.Hegelemphasizedtheprofounddifferencesinthemindsandworksofhumansindifferentcultures,therebylayingthefoundationforthecomparativestudyofcivilizations.

Accordingtomodemhistoriansofcivilizations,itisimpossibletowriteafullyintelligiblehistoryofanynationwithouttakingintoconsiderationthetypeofculturetowhichitbelongs.

9

Theymaintainthatmuchofthelifeofanationisaffectedbyitsparticipationinalargersocialentity,oftencomposedofanumberofnationsorstatessharingmanydistinctivecharacteristicsthatcanbetracedtoacommonorigin.Itisthislargersocialentity,culturalratherthanpolitical,thatsuchhistoriansconsiderthetrulymeaningfulobjectofhistoricalstudy.

10

Inmoderntimes,theexistingcivilizationshaveimpingedmoreandmoreupononeanothertothepointthatnoonecivilizationpursuesaseparatedestinyanymoreandallmaybeconsideredparticipantsinacommonworldcivilization.6.

正确答案：把一种文明而不是一个国家看作一个重要单位来研究的历史观是相当近的产物。中世纪以来，大多数欧洲历史学家所采用的不是宗教观就是民族观。

7.

正确答案：然而，从那以后，许多对欧洲及美洲民族国家进行编年史研究的历史学家很少关注欧洲文化以外的社会，除了根据他们自己的观点来描述那些社会是如何被更进步的欧洲强国所征服的。

8.

正确答案：早在19世纪，认同浪漫主义运动的哲学家和历史学家们对18世纪所提出的“各地和各个时代的人都一样”的设想进行了批判。

9.

正确答案：他们主张，一个民族的生命在很大程度上受它在一个更大的社会实体中所参与行为的影响，这一更大的社会实体由一些具有许多共同的鲜明特征而且有着共同渊源的民族或国家组成。

10.

正确答案：在现代，现存的文明之间冲突不断加剧，以至于任何一种文明都不能再追求其单独的命运，而所有的文明都被认为是同一个世界文明的参与者。

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Whatalanguageguidedoesneed,though,isathoroughandpracticalknowledgeofhowthelanguageworks,aconsciousknowledgethatsheorhecanarticulateinawaytheordinarynativespeakercannot.Studentsshouldbeabletosensethattheirguideshaveagenuineinterestinthelanguage,andthattheyhavefoundoutaboutitbythinkingforthemselves,notbymereuncriticalmemorizingoftextbooksorlectures.

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Itisonlythroughsuchcriticalawarenessandinterestthatguidescandeveloptheabilitytoexplainanygivenaspectofthelanguageinvariedwayssoastosuittheparticularneedsandmodeofthoughtofanyindividualstudent.

Oneofthemostmisguidedprinciplesofmodernpedagogyisthe"structuredlesson".Thisisjustwhatshouldbeavoided,eveninclassesaswellasprivatelessons.Agoodlanguageguideiscompletelyflexible,andcanrespondinstantaneouslyatanymomenttoanyneedofthestudentsthatarises.

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Thosewiththiscapacityneverneed—nevershould—spendlonghoursplanningandpreparinglessons;butthecorollaryisthatguidesneedtoreallyknowtheirstuff.Thebestplacetodevelopthesortofknowledgeandabilityis"onthejob",throughanapprenticeshipwithexperienced,sympatheticandencouragingcolleagues,ingoodconditionsofwork.

Whenstudentshavetheessentialindependence,theywillneedonlyafractionofthenumberofregularsessionsthattheyatpresentattendatteachinginstitutions.

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Thusalthoughtheywillprobablystillpayhighfeesfortheindividualattentiontheyget,theywillonlyhavetopayatinyproportionofwhattheynormallyhavetospendtodayonprivatelessons,orevenonclassesatschools.

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Butequally,languageadviserswillbeabletohelpafarlargernumberofdifferentindividualsthanprivateteacherscanatthemoment,whiletherewillbeaneedforjustasmany,ifnotmore,advisers.Inthiswaytheywillbeabletomakeadecentlivingoutofprovidingaservicewithfarmoretangibleresultsthantheycanhopeforatpresent.11.

正确答案：然而，一个语言指导者确实需要对所教语言的用法有全面而与实际相符的了解，这是一种以该语言为母语的人都不能表达出来的有意识的了解。

12.

正确答案：只有对该语言具有批判性的理解和兴趣，指导者才能以不同的方式解释该语言的方方面面，从而适应学生的特殊要求和思维方式。

13.

正确答案：具有这种能力的那些语言指导者不需要，也不应该多花时间去编排教学计划以及备课，而这就必然要求他们对本职工作十分精通。

14.

正确答案：这样一来，尽管学生们可能仍需要为他们所得到的个别指导交纳不菲的学费，但是这和聘请家教或上学相比还是便宜得多。

15.

正确答案：可是同样地，与私人教师相比，语言指导者能够同时辅导多得多的不同学生，而社会也需要即使不是更多，至少也是同样多的这样的指导者。

Firstifoneconsidersthinkingtobeauniquelyhumanendeavorandintelligencetobeauniquelyhumanattribute,then,bydefinition,thisprocessandattributecannotbeassociatedwithacomputerorothermechanicalorartificialsystem.

16

Ontheotherhand,ithasbeenarguedthatifthereissomefundamentalphysicallimitationintheabilitytocompute,process,decide,judge,andthinkwhichappliestothecreationofmachineintelligence,thenthesesamelimitationsmustalsoapplytohumanintelligence.Thisargument,ofcourse,discountsthepreceptthattheessenceofintelligenceismysterious.

17

Turingproposedaquestionandanswertechniquewherethetrappingsofboththemachineandamanarehiddenandquestionsareaskedandansweredviaateletype.

18

Ifonecould,byaskingquestions,reliablydeterminewhetherthemachineorthemanisansweringthequestions,thenonewouldquestionwhetherthemachineisintelligentorwhetheritexhibitsthesameintelligenceastheman.Ontheotherhand,ifonecouldnottellthedifference,thenitcouldbesaidthatthemachineisasintelligentasman.Thislimitationgameisaninterestingapproachwhichhasnotyetbeenfullyexplored.

19

Perhapsamorerationalapproachtothisquestionistovisualizeacontinuousintelligencespacewheremen,machine,animals,plants,orwhatyouhavearepositionedinthespacebasedontheirrelativeintelligence.Thus,Onecouldconsiderallthingsashavingsomedegreeofintelligence.Thisapproachsidestepsorcompromisesthequestion"Aremachinesintelligent?"ratherthantrulyansweringit.

20

Anothercommonargumentagainsttheconceptofmachineintelligenceisthatacomputerisnothingbutadumbmachinewhichdoesonlywhatitistoldbyitshumanprogrammer.Butifonecriticallyexaminethenatureofhumanintelligence,onemustadmitthathisbiologicalsystemalongwiththeadaptiveabilityofhisbehaviorbothendowedbynatureandthetotalityofhisexperiencegivehimtheseuniquepowersofthoughtsandintelligence.16.

正确答案：另一方面，人们又争辩说，如果认为在机器智能的计算、处理、决策、判断和思维能力等方面存在什么基本的物质限制，那么，这些限制也必然适用于人类的智能。

17.

正确答案：特瑞提出一种问答式方法来处理这种问题：把机器和人都隐藏起来，问题的提出和回答都通过打字来进行。

18.

正确答案：如果观察者能通过提问准确地确定是人还是机器在做出回答，那么他就可以质疑机器是否具有智能或者机器是否具有与人一样的智能。

19.

正确答案：或许，更合理的方法是，想象一个连续的智能空间，把人、机器、动物、植物等按照相对智能水平在这个空间中进行排列。

20.

正确答案：反对机器智能的另一种普遍观点是，计算机只不过是一种无声机器，只按照人们给出的程序工作。

Populationsincreaseanddecreaserelatirelynotonlytooneanother,butalsotonaturalresources.Inmostpartsoftheworld,therelationbetweenpopulationandresourcesisalreadyunfavorableandwillprobablybecomeevenmoreunfavorableinthefuture.

21

Thisgrowingpovertyinthemidstofdecreasingnaturalresourcesconstitutesapermanentmenacetopeace.Andnotonlytopeace,butalsotodemocraticinstitutionsandpersonalliberty.Foroverpopulationisnotcompatiblewithfreedom.Andunfavorablerelationshipbetweennumbersandresourcestendstomaketheearningofalivingalmostintolerablydifficult.Laborismoreabundantthangoods,andtheindividualiscompelledtoworklonghoursforlittlepay.

22

Nosurplusofaccumulatedpurchasingpowerstandsbetweenhimandthetyranniesofunfriendlynatureoroftheequallyunfriendlywieldersofpoliticalandeconomicpower.

23

Democracyis,amongotherthings,theabilitytosay"no"totheboss.Butamancannotsay"no"totheboss,unlessheissureofbeingabletoeatwhentheboss'sfavorhasbeenwithdrawn.And