翻译二级笔译综合能力模拟28_第1页
翻译二级笔译综合能力模拟28_第2页
翻译二级笔译综合能力模拟28_第3页
翻译二级笔译综合能力模拟28_第4页
翻译二级笔译综合能力模拟28_第5页
已阅读5页,还剩30页未读 继续免费阅读

下载本文档

版权说明:本文档由用户提供并上传,收益归属内容提供方,若内容存在侵权,请进行举报或认领

文档简介

翻译二级笔译综合能力模拟28ⅠVocabularyandGrammarPart1VocabularySelection1.

Manyyoungpeoplebelievethatwa(江南博哥)risstupidandunnecessary.Tothem,toloseone'slifeonthebattlefieldis______.A.gloriousB.futileC.heroicD.courageous正确答案:B[解析]形容词辨析

A.glorious光荣的,显赫的;B.futile琐细的,无用的,无效果的;C.heroic英雄的,英勇的;D.courageous勇敢的,有胆量的;而本句意为:许多年轻人认为战争是愚蠢和毫无必要的。对他们而言,在战场上牺牲生命是______。根据上下文的语境,B为答案。

2.

Leavingforworkinplentyoftimetocatchthetrainwill______worryaboutbeinglate.A.ruleoffB.preventC.avoidD.obviate正确答案:D[解析]本句空格处意为“消除对迟到的担忧”。obviate意为“消除、排除(危险、障碍、担忧等)”;ruleoff意为“画线隔开”;prevent意为“防止,预防”;avoid意为“避免”。四个选项中只有D项符合句意。

3.

Nooneappreciatedhisworkduringhislifetime,but______itisclearthathewasagreatartist.A.intheaftermathB.bythetimeC.inretrospectD.inthiseventuality正确答案:C[解析]习语辨析。

inretrospect回顾,回顾往事:reviewone'sworkofthepastyearsinretrospect回顾个人以往几年的工作。aftermath(不幸事件造成的)后果,余波:thedangerofdiseaseintheaftermath地震后引发疫病的危险。bythetime到……的时候。eventuality可能发生的事或结果,不测事件:Wemustbepreparedforalleventualities.我们必须做好应付各种情况的准备。

4.

Moreandmorepeoplethesedaysareclamoringforfull-bodyplasticsurgerypopularityintheworld.A.toattainB.tosustainC.gainingD.obtaining正确答案:C[解析]形近识别

A.toattain达到,获得;B.tosustain支撑,维持,持续;C.gaining得到,增进,赚到,增加;D.obtaining获得,得到;此句意为:如今世上有越来越多的人叫嚷着要做全身整形来提高自己的知名度。因此C为答案。

5.

Theyareatthemomentworking______timetogeteverythingreadyfortheconference.A.againstB.inC.onD.ahead正确答案:A[解析]副词辨析

againsttime与时间竞争,赶时间,特别花时间;intime及时,适时;ontime准时,按时;ahead应是aheadoftime提前,提早;此处表:他们此刻正争分夺秒为会议作准备。因此A为答案。

6.

Sheansweredwithan______"No"totherequestthatsheattendthepublichearing.A.eloquentB.effectiveC.emotionalD.emphatic正确答案:D[解析]emphatic表示“强调的,着重的,断然的”,如:Heansweredthequestionwithanemphatic“No”.他用一个加强语气的“不”字回答了这个问题。

7.

Therehasbeena______lackofcommunicationbetweentheunionandthemanagement.A.regretfulB.regrettableC.regrettingD.regretted正确答案:B[解析]C和D是分词形式,不符合句子结构要求;regretful的主语多为人;regrettable指“(某事物)令人遗感的,可惜的”,如:Yourchoiceoffriendsisregrettable.你对朋友的选择实在不怎么样。故本题选B。

8.

Thecompany'strainingplanwasdesignedtohelptheemployeestoimprovetheirworkhabitsand______.A.proficiencyB.sufficiencyC.insufficiencyD.efficiency正确答案:D[解析]efficiency效率;proficiency精通,熟练;sufficiency足够;insufficiency不足。

9.

Successas______byeconomicoutputbearsnocloserelationshiptohumanachievement.A.decidedB.achievedC.assuredD.measured正确答案:B[解析]词义辨析

A.decide决定,判决;B.achieve完成,达到;C.assure使……确信,保证,担保,断然地说;D.measure测量,估量,权衡,调节;而本句意为:靠经济输出来______的成功与人类成就没有紧密的关系。即:靠经济输出来达到/获得的成功与人类成就没有紧密的关系。achievesuccess是固定搭配,表:获得成功;因此B为答案。

10.

Thediscoveryofnewoil-fieldsinvariouspartsofthecountryfilledthegovernmentwith______hope.A.eternalB.infiniteC.ceaselessD.everlasting正确答案:B[解析]从句意上分析,B(无限的、无穷的)最适合。如:InfinitespacesurroundstheEarth.无限的空间围绕着地球。其余各项依次为“永恒的、永远的”,“不停的、不断的”,“永恒的、持久的”。

11.

Thecampers______theirtentinashelteredvalley.A.establishedB.installedC.pitchedD.fixed正确答案:C[解析]近义辨析。

pitch搭起,定位于,扎营:pitchatent搭帐蓬。establish安置,使定居:establishoneselfinthecountryside在农村安家落户。install安装,安顿:installthenewfurnace安装新炉子。fix使固定,使牢固:fixthetentpolesintheground把帐篷的柱子固定在地上。

12.

Overaverylargenumberoftrials,theprobabilityofanevent______isequaltotheprobabilitythatitwillnotoccur.A.occurringB.occurredC.occursD.occur正确答案:A[解析]固定搭配。

分词作定语修饰event,由于表主动,所以用现在分词。

13.

Thedoctor's______wasthatsheshouldgoandseethespecialistinthisfield.A.constraintB.counselC.coherenceD.consciousness正确答案:D[解析]constraint约束,压抑;counsel讨论,忠告;coherence一致,统一;consciousness知觉,感觉,意识。答案是D。

14.

His______behaviormadeeveryonenervous.Hewasalwaysrushingtoopendoorsandperformothersmalltasks,apologizingunnecessarilyforanyinconveniencethathemighthavecaused.A.obliviousB.observantC.obsequiousD.obsolescent正确答案:C[解析]形近识别。

obsequious卑躬的;巴结的:Heisanobsequiousowner.他是个善于讨好的店主。oblivious未察觉;不注意:Thegovernmentseemsobliviousofthelikelyeffectsofthenewlegislation.政府似乎并没有注意到新法可能带来的后果。observant善于观察的'寂静的:Anobservantshopassistanthadrememberedexactlywhatthemanwaswearing.有个机警的店员准确记得那个男子的穿着。obsolescent即将过时的,逐步淘汰的:Electronicequipmentquicklybecomesobsolescent.电子设备淘汰得快。

15.

Ascountries______toincreaseyieldsonexistingcroplandsthroughintensifieduseofwater,energy,andfertilizers,thecostofcommoditieswillrise.A.encounterB.enchantC.enlargeD.endeavor正确答案:D[解析]形近识别

A.encounter遭遇,遇到,相遇;B.enchant施魔法,使迷惑;C.enlarge扩大,放大;D.endeavor尽力,努力;此句意为:由于各个国家都努力在现有农田上通过强化用水、能源及化肥来增加产量,因此商品的价格将会上升。因此答案为D。

16.

Onlyone-fifthofAmericanssawoilasthechiefmasonthattheU.S.madeawaronIraq,but75percentoftheFrenchandoftheRussiansbelieved______.A.toB.soC.goD.do正确答案:B[解析]习语辨析。

believe想,认为:“Hashearrivedyet?”“Ibelieveso.”“他到了吗?”“我想是到了。”

17.

Inordertoobtaintheneededinformation,youshouldwritesimply,clearly,andconcisely______thereaderwantstoknow.A.whatB.thatC.sothatD.which正确答案:A[解析]固定搭配。

空格处的词既做主句的宾语,又做从句的主语,因而应选先行词和关系代词的结合体的“what”,表示“……的东西”。

18.

I'lljust______aneyeoverthesefiguresbeforeyoutypethem.A.tossB.castC.flingD.throw正确答案:B[解析]近义辨析。

这四个词都指“投,抛,掷”。cast指转向或引向:Alleyeswerecastuponthespeaker.所有目光皆投注在说话者身上。toss:指以迅猛的速度突然移动或抬起(头):tossingtheirheadsinsprightlydance在轻盈活泼的舞步中抬起他们的头。fling指摆动(身体一部分):Sheflungbackherheadproudly.她傲气地把头一扬。throw指发出,投射:Shethrewmealookofencouragement.她向我投来鼓励的目光。

19.

Hewasalwaysfinding______withhisdaughter'sfriends.A.blameB.errorC.mistakeD.fault正确答案:D[解析]固定搭配。

fault过错,缺点,毛病。Findfaultwith挑剔,找茬:She'salwaysfindingfaultwiththewayIdothings.她对我做事的方式总是百般挑剔。blame过失,责备,谴责,归咎:Thecardrivertooktheblamefortheaccident.小汽车的司机承担了事故的责任。error错误,过失:Theaccidentwascausedbyhumanerror.这次事故是由人为过错造成的。mistake错误,过失:Itookyourpenbymistake.错拿了你的钢笔。

Part2VocabularyReplacement1.

Attemptshavebeenmadefornearlythreedecadestoincreasetheamountofprecipitationfromcloudsbyseedingthemwithsaltorsilveriodide.A.DevicesB.HypothesesC.EffortsD.Suggestions正确答案:C[解析]名词辨析。

attempt努力,尝试:abandontheattempts放弃尝试。device装置:adeviceforopeningbottles一个打开瓶子的装置。hypothesis假设:Thisisonlyasortofscientifichypothesiswhichhasnotbeenprovedbyexperiments.这仅仅是一个尚未被实验证明的科学假说。efforts努力,尽力:Pleaseputmoreeffortsintoyourschoolwork.请你在功课上再努点力。

2.

Theroomwassoclutteredwithbooksandpapersthatitwasdifficulttofindthemissingkey.A.disorganizedB.flatteredC.denouncedD.fixated正确答案:A[解析]词义辨析

A.disorganized紊乱的,无组织的;B.flattered奉承,使满意;C.denounced公开指责,公然抨击,谴责;D.fixated使固定,注视,集中(眼力);而clutter表示:把……弄得杂乱;乱糟糟地堆满;因此答案为A。

3.

Europeanconservatives,untiltheendofthe19thcentury,rejecteddemocraticprinciplesandinstitutions.Insteadtheyoptedformonarchiesorforauthoritariangovernment.A.choseB.constructedC.conceivedD.conserved正确答案:A[解析]本题中,optedfor的意思是“选择”。A项的“chose选择”符合题意。其他三项“constructed建造;conceived构思;conserved保存”都不正确。

4.

Weregretbeingunabletoentertainyourrequestforprovidingfreeboardingto15sportsmenfortwoweeks.A.receiveB.complyC.coincideD.consider正确答案:D[解析]动词辨析。

entertain容纳,接受(请求等),愿意考虑:entertainaproposal准备考虑一个建议。consider考虑,照顾,认为:Iamconsideringgoingabroad.我正在考虑出国。receive收到,接到,接待:Didyoureceiveanyletterstoday?你今天收到信了吗?comply(不及物动词)顺从,答应,遵守:Hereadilycompliedwithmyrequest,他欣然同意我的要求。coincide(不及物动词)一致,符合:Myideascoincidewithhis.我的想法与他的一致。

5.

Thegraduatecommitteemustbeinfullaccordintheirapprovalofadissertation.A.indecisiveB.sullenC.vocalD.unanimous正确答案:D[解析]

结构识别。

accord一致,调和,符合,infullaccord完全一致;unanimous意见一致的,无异议的:Hewaselectedwithunanimousapproval.他以全体一致同意而中选。indecisive非决定性的:anindecisivecontest非决定性的竞赛。sullen愠怒的,沉闷不乐的:asullenface愠怒的面容。vocal发嗓音的,声音的,有声的,歌唱的:Hebecamevocalwithindignation.他因愤慨而发言。

6.

Oneoftheeffectivewaystolessenenvironmentalpollutionisthereservationandprotectionofmoreswamps.A.vastthickcoralsB.pocketsofwetlandC.warmvolcanoesD.millionsofbeesandwasps正确答案:B[解析]名词辨析

swamp沼泽,湿地:Theswampcountryisinclinedtopoachinwinter.这片沼泽地带在冬季一踏就陷下去了。B.pocketsofwetland小快湿地。coral珊瑚;volcano火山;beesandwasps蜜蜂和黄蜂。

7.

Theincidenceofthisdiseasehasbeengreatlyreducedthankstoourhealthcareprogram.A.seriousnessB.frequencyofoccurrenceC.mortalityD.curerate正确答案:B[解析]本题中,incidence的意思是“发生(率);影响;影响的方式[范围,程度]”。四个选项中,frequencyofoccurrence的意思是“发生频率”;seriousness的意思是“严肃,认真”;mortality的意思是“死亡率”;curerate的意思是“治愈率”。只有B项符合题意。

8.

"Holmes!"Iwhispered."Whatonearthareyoudoinginthisdisgustingplace?"A.humbleB.unpleasantC.underprivilegedD.noisy正确答案:B[解析]

形容词辨析。

disgusting令人厌恶的;unpleasant使人不愉快的,讨厌的:Nobodyknowswhytherehasbeenanunpleasantatmosphereintheofficethesedays.没有人知道为什么这些日子办公室的气氛一直令人不快。humble卑下的,微贱的,谦逊的,粗陋的;underprivileged被剥夺基本权力的,穷困的,下层社会的;noisy嘈杂的,聒噪的。

9.

WeanticipatebeingabletohaveoursummervacationinItaly.A.agitateB.expectC.suspectD.surmise正确答案:B[解析]动词辨析

anticipate期望,预期,占先;而A.agitate搅动,摇动,煽动,激动;B.expect期待,预期,盼望,指望;C.suspect怀疑,猜想,对……有所觉察;D.surmise猜测;因此B为答案。

10.

Initiallyhisbookdidnotreceivemuchattention,buttwoweeksafterthecritic'sreviewappearedinthenewspapers,itclimbedtothebestsellers'list.A.AtfirstB.FirstofallC.AtfirstsightD.Fromthefirst正确答案:A[解析]本题中,Initially的意思是“最初,开头”。四个选项中,Atfirst的意思是“最初”,如:Theministeratfirstdeclinedtomakeanycommentsonthedisputebetweenthetwonations.butlatersheagreed.(部长起初拒绝对两国间的争端发表任何评论,但后来她同意了)。Firstofall的意思是“首先”;Atfirstsight的意思是“首先”;fromthefirst的意思是“从头,自始”。只有A项符合题意。

11.

JohnSmithhasablogatTheLonelyPlanetTimes,andyoucanlistentoaliveaudiostreambyclickingthislinkbelow.A.steamB.waterflowC.recordingD.programming正确答案:C[解析]词义辨析

stream流,流动,水流,一连串,光束,趋势;而A.steam蒸汽,水汽;B.waterflow水流;C.recording录音带,唱片,记录,录制;D.programming规划,设计;因为在此audiostream指音频流,而aliveaudiostream即:实况转播的音频节目是一种录制品;因此C为答案。

12.

Manyoftheelectricandelectronicproductswepurchaseandconsumetodayarewhatsomeindustrialexpertscall"homogeneoustoys".A.identicalB.homosexualC.unrelatedD.distinguishable正确答案:A[解析]形容词辨析。

homogeneous类似的,同类的:atight-knit,homogeneoussociety一个紧密相连的同种社会;identical完全相同的,同一的:Theirclothesareidentical.他们的衣服完全一样。homosexual同性恋的;unrelated无关的;distinguishable可区别的,可分辨的:Thosefiguresarenoteasilydistinguishable.那些花纹不易区别。

13.

Constructionofthegiganticofficebuildinginthiscitywasforyearsintermittent.A.stoppingandstartingatintervalsB.somethingthatwillhappensoonC.beingwatchedwithkeeninterestD.anythingthatcomesandgoes正确答案:A[解析]

形容词辨析。

intermittent间歇的,断断续续的:Todaywillbemostlyfineandsunny,withintermittentshowers.今天大部分时间天气晴朗,有间断阵雨。stoppingandstartingatintervals不时停下和开始;somethingthatwillhappensoon马上将发生某事;anythingthatcomesandgoes来来往往的任何事情。

14.

Anytroopofwildanimalsshouldbeapproachedwarily.A.fearlesslyB.confidentlyC.silentlyD.prudently正确答案:D[解析]本题中,warily的意思是“小心警惕地”。D项“prudently谨慎地,慎重地”符合题意,如:bemodestandprudent(谦虚谨慎)。其他三项“fearlessly勇敢地;confidently信赖地,安心地;silently默默地,静静地”都不正确。

15.

SeveraltheoriesofevolutionhadhistoricallyprecededthatofCharlesDarwin,althoughheexpoundeduponthestagesofdevelopment.A.foundfaultwithB.explainedindetailC.outlinedbrieflyD.offeredinpublishedform正确答案:B[解析]结构识别。

expoundon详细说明,解释:SheexpoundedforsomehoursonhertheoriesaboutCentralAmerica.她用了几个小时阐述中美洲。explainindetail详细解释:Thematterwillbeexplainedindetailinaseparateletter.此事当另函详陈。findfaultwith挑剔:Shefoundfaultwiththearrangementofthefurniture.她吹毛求疵地说家具摆得不对。outlinedbriefly略述;offeredinpublishedform以出版物的形式提供。

Part3CorrectingGrammaticalErrors1.

Eachyear,inanever-endingcycleofdeathandrebirth,therainssweepacrosssouthemAsia.A.regrowthB.regenerationC.reconstructionD.recycle正确答案:B[解析]名词应用

本句意为:每年在一个永不停歇的死亡与再生的循环中,大雨席卷亚洲的南部;而rebirth复活,新生,复兴,轮回;A.regrowth再次生长,继续生长;B.regeneration再生,重建;C.reconstruction重建,改造;D.recycle再循环,再生,重复利用;根据题意,B应为答案。

2.

ConstructionisexpandingalloverChina,nodoubtmanymaterialswillbeneededataverybigamountinfuture.A.China,nodoubtmanymaterialswillbeneededforaverybigamountB.China,nodoubtmanymaterialswillbeneededinaverybigamountC.China;nodoubtmanymaterialswillbeneededinlargeamountsD.China;nodoubtmanymaterialswillbeneededforlargeamounts正确答案:C[解析]习惯搭配。

amount前应用large修饰,而不能用big,介词应用in,而不能用其它。

3.

AmericanIndianlanguages,whichdifferwidely,tendedtogroupmanyunitsofmeaningintomultisyllabicwords.A.alltendB.andtendC.totendD.tending正确答案:A[解析]时态应用。

本句描述一般现象,谓语动词用一般现在时。主语和谓语间不能插入“and”,all在这里作主语的同位语。

4.

Byusingnewforeigntextbooks,wecouldnotonlylearntherightexpressionofbusinessideas,butalsowewillknowthelatestdevelopmentsinthebusinessworld.A.butalsowillknowthelastestB.butalsoknowthelastestC.butalsoknowthelatestD.butalsocometoknowthelatest正确答案:D[解析]本题考查时态应用。“notonly...butalso...”连接的前后句子时态应一致,由此排除A。latest“最近的”。last“最后的”,没有“lastest”这种形式。know是表示静态的动词,cometoknow“开始了解到”,强调动作的过程。所以,答案选D。

5.

AprofessorofeconomicandhistoryatAtlantaUniversity,W.E.B.DuBois,promotedfullracialequality.A.economyB.economicsC.economicalD.economic正确答案:B[解析]本题考查名词。分析句子结构可知,此处应填入一个名词和history一起作介词of的并列宾语,表示“经济学和历史教授”。Economical意为“节约的,经济的”,economic意为“经济(上)的,经济学的”,均为形容词,故排除C、D两项;economy意为“经济,节约”,economics意为“经济学”,为名词。但根据句意可知,答案为B。

6.

Thephotoperiodicresponseofalgaeactuallydependsonthedurationofdarkness,butnotontheresponseoflight.A.isnotonlightB.butis'notonthelightC.andnotonlightD.thelightisnoton正确答案:C[解析]结构应用

本句意为:海藻的光周期反应事实上依黑暗的持续时间而定,而不是靠光的反应。英语中表示并列用and,抽象名词和物质名词前不加冠词;因此C为答案。

7.

Theearliestformofartificiallightingwasfire,whichalsoprovidedwarmandprotection.A.hotB.sunshineC.warmthD.safe正确答案:C[解析]本题考查名词。句意为:人工照明的最早方式就是火,火可以提供温暖和保护。所以,此处应该填入一个名词和protection并列,作provided的宾语。故可排除A、D两项。由常识可知,火不可以提供“sunshine”,故排除B。所以,答案是C。

8.

Hehadstudiedhard,hewouldhavebeenabletopasstheexam.A.HehadstudiedharderB.IfonlyhestudiedmoreC.HadhestudiedharderD.Whenhestudiedmore正确答案:C[解析]语态应用。

本句是虚拟语气,从句省略“if”,应用倒装语序。

9.

Manystudentsagreedtocome,butsomestudentsagainstbecausetheysaidtheydon'thavetime.A.didnotbecausetheysaytheydidnotB.wereagainstbecausetheysaytheydon'tC.didnotbecausetheysaidtheydidnotD.wereagainstcomingbecausetheysaidtheydon't正确答案:C[解析]本题考查动词的时态。在所给出的四个选项中,A、B、D三项中,动词前后的时态都不一致,只有C项中所有的动词都使用的一般过去时态,和前半句的时态一致。所以,答案应是C。

10.

Fifty-threethousandshoutingenthusiastsfilledthestadium;theyhadcometowatchthefirstgameoftheseasonandtocheerthehometeam.A.enthusiastsfilledthestadiumtocomeB.enthusiasts,fillingthestadium,hadcomeC.enthusiastsfilledthestadium;andhadcomeD.enthusiastsfillingthestadium,whohadcome正确答案:B[解析]结构应用

本句的基本结构是:…enthusiastshadcometowatchthefirstgameoftheseasonandtocheerthehometeam;而fillthestadium是表伴随的状语,fill的逻辑主语是句子的主语,且是fill这一动作的发出者,因此应用现在分词短语作状语并与主句用逗号分开,答案为B。

11.

Whenherealizedhehadbeensuggestedtosignthecontractbyintrigue,hethreatenedtostartlegalproceedingstocanceltheagreement.A.elicitedB.excitedC.deducedD.induced正确答案:D[解析]词语运用

A.elicited得出,引出;B.excited使激动;C.deduced推论;D.induced引诱,劝导,因此D为答案。

12.

Wearenotconsciousoftheextentofwhichworkprovidesthepsychologicalsatisfactionthatcanmakethedifferencebetweenafullandemptylife.A.towhichB.inwhichC.atwhichD.bywhich正确答案:A[解析]结构应用。

totheextentof到……的地步(或程度)。

13.

Becauseitisnotaseriousproblem,wearenotnecessarytotakestrictmeasuresagainstthestudent.A.wenotneedB.notnecessaryforusC.itbeingunnecessaryD.itisnotnecessaryforus正确答案:D[解析]本题考查结构应用。当动词不定式作主语时,常用it作为形式主语放在句首代替真正的主语,结构为itis+形容词(forsb.)todosth.。所以,答案是D。

14.

Allmammalshavehair,butnotalwaysevident.A.butitisnotB.butitisC.buttheyarenotD.buttheyare正确答案:A[解析]本题考查结构应用。句意为:所有的哺乳动物都有毛发,但并不明显。but引导的句子主语应指代前面所提的整件事,而不是前句主语allmammals,因此主语应用代词it,故排除C、D两项;如选B项,前后的意思就没有转折之意,故不能用but连接。所以,答案是A。

15.

I'mratherconcernedhowhewilltakeinhisschool.A.takeonB.takeupC.takeoffD.taketo正确答案:D[解析]习惯搭配。

taketo喜爱,亲近:Twokeenmindsthattheyare,theytooktoeachother.越敏锐的两颗心,越容易互相吸引。takeon从事,开始对付:tookonextraresponsibilities担负了额外的责任。takeoff放开,离开:takethebrakeoff开闸。

ⅡReadingComprehension

Socialcontrolreferstosocialprocesses,plannedorunplanned,bywhichpeoplearetaught,persuaded,orforcedtoconformtonorms.Ineverysociety,somepunishmentsornegativesanctionsareestablishedfordeviantbehavior.Withoutdeviantbehaviortherewouldnotbeneedforsocialcontrolandwithoutsocialcontroltherewouldnotbeawayofrecognizingtheboundarybetweentheacceptableandtheunacceptable.

Socialcontrolmaybeeitherformalorinformal.Informalmechanismsincludeexpressionsofdisapprovalbysignificantothersandwithholdingofpositiverewardsfordisapprovedbehavior.Mostpeopleinternalizenormsinthecourseofsocialization.Thisisanygroup'smostpowerfulprotectionagainstdeviance,inthattheindividual'sownconscienceoperatesasanagentofsocialcontrol.Wheninformalsanctionsfail,formalagentsofsocialcontrolmaybecalledupon.Incontemporarysociety,suchformalagentsandagenciesincludepsychiatryandothermentalhealthprofessions;mentalhospitals;policeandcourtsoflaw;prisons;andsocialwelfareagencies.Alltheseformalagentsfunctiontolimit,correct,andcontrolviolationofnorms.Conflicttheoristswouldalsopointoutthatsocialcontrolagentsandsystemstend,inanysociety,toservetheinterestsofpowerfulgroupsandtoenforcethenormsmostbeneficialtothosewhomaketherulesandwho,therefore,defineunacceptablebehavior.

Socialcontrol,whetherformalorinformal,hasadualfunction.First,itpunishesthewrongdoerandreaff'irmstheboundariesofacceptablebehavior.Second,andlessrecognized,itregulatesthemannerinwhichdeviantsaretreated.1.

Socialcontrolreferstoprocessesbywhich______.A.normsaredevelopedB.normsareenforcedC.peopleareeducatedandtrainedD.peoplearerewardedandpunished正确答案:B[解析]

细节题型。

根据开篇第一句Socialcontrolreferstosocialprocesses...bywhichpeoplearetaught,

persuaded,orforcedtoconformtonorms.(社会约束就是教育、劝导、强迫人们服从社会准则的过程)可得知答案。选项B中enforce是强迫人服从(法律),因此,forcedtoconformtonorms等于normsareenforced。

2.

Everysocietyhasitsown______.A.plannedsystemsB.controllednormsC.recognizedboundaryD.establishedsanctions正确答案:D[解析]细节题型。

答案出自第一段第二句Ineverysociety,somepunishmentsornegativesanctionsareestablishedfordeviantbehavior.

3.

InformalmechanismsofsocialcontrolincludethefollowingEXCEPT______.A.ahighlevelofinterestinensuringconformityB.expressionofdisapprovalbysignificantothersC.withholdingofpositiverewardsforthedeviantsD.people'sinternalizationofnormsinsocialization正确答案:A[解析]细节题型。

从第二段第二句Informalmechanismsincludeexpressionsofdisapprovalbysignificantothersandwithholdingofpositiverewardsfordisapprovedbehavior.我们可以排除B、C两项。根据第三句Mostpeopleinternalizenormsinthecourseofsocialization.的信息可判断D项不是正确答案。第五句Wheninformalsanctionsfail,formalagentsofsocialcontrolmaybecalledupon.我们可知本句前面的内容指的都是informal的内容可以排除D项。

4.

Themostpowerfulprotectionagainstdevianceis______.A.negativesanctionsB.severepunishmentsC.theindividual'sconscienceD.unrestrainedsuppression正确答案:C[解析]推断题型。

第二段的第四句Thisisanygroup'smostpowerfulprotectionagainstdeviance,inthattheindividual’sownconscienceoperatesasanagentofsocialcontrol.This指代的就是前面一句话,“大多数人在社会化的过程中把社会准则内在化”,inthat就是解释为什么,“因为个人的是非观是社会控制的施动者之一”,所以,C项个人的是非观才是正确答案。

5.

FormalagentsofsocialcontrolincludethefollowingEXCEPT______A.policestationsB.mentalhospitalsC.welfareagenciesD.vocationalschools正确答案:D[解析]细节题型。

根据第二段的第6句Incontemporarysociety,suchformalagentsandagenciesincludepsychiatryandothermentalhealthprofessions;mentalhospitals;policeandcourtsoflaw;prisons;andsocialwelfareagencies.文中没有提到D项。

6.

Thepurposeofformalagentsisto______.A.makebeneficialrulesB.preservesocialordersC.controlviolationofnormsD.defineacceptablebehavior正确答案:C[解析]细节题型。

答案出自第二段第七句Alltheseformalagentsfunctiontolimit,correct,andcontrolviolationofnorms.

7.

WhichstatementaboutsocialcontrolagentsisNOTtrue?A.Theytendtoservetheinterestofthosewhoenforcethenorms.B.Theytendtoservetheinterestofthosewhoreceiveabenefit.C.Theytendtoservetheinterestofthosewhomaketherules.D.Theytendtoservetheinterestofthosewhoarepowerful.正确答案:B[解析]是非题型。

从第二段第八句Conflicttheoristswouldalsopointoutthatsocialcontrolagentsandsystemstend,inanysociety,toservetheinterestsofpowerfulgroupsandtoenforcethenormsmostbeneficialtothosewhomaketherulesandwho,therefore,defineunacceptablebehavior.(矛盾论者指出,在任何社会中,社会约束的执行者或执行机构往往为有权势的社会群体服务,执行对这些人有利的社会准则,是这些人制定了准则,规定了什么是不能认可的行为。)得知,只有B项没有提到,因此,为正确答案。

8.

Accordingtoconflicttheorists,socialcontrolagentsandsystemsare______.A.liberalB.partialC.neutralD.overall正确答案:B[解析]

推断题型。

根据第二段第八句中提到的,这样的机构是有偏向的。partial有偏向的,部分的、不完整的;liberal慷慨的、宽容的;neutral中立的、公平的;overall包括一切的、全部的。

9.

Inthethirdparagraph,"adualfunction"refersto______.A.formalandinformalB.rewardsandpenaltiesC.approvalanddisapprovalD.clarificationandregulation正确答案:D[解析]推断题型。

文章的最后一段First,itpunishesthewrongdoerandreaffirmstheboundariesofacceptablebehavior.Second,andlessrecognized,itregulatesthemannerinwhichdeviantsaretreated.中的First...分句中的reaffirm“重申”,Second...分句中的regulate“控制和管理”与D项clarificationandregulation是对应词。

10.

Theperspectivefromwhichtheauthordiscussessocialcontrolis______.A.biologicalB.sociologicalC.psychologicalD.anthropological正确答案:B[解析]推断题型。

本文通篇都在谈论人的行为和社会约束的本质,这些是与社会学有关的。社会学是对社会发展和本质的研究,所以,应选B项。

Lichensmaygrowonthebarkofatreeinasteamingtropicalrainforest,onthebricksofbigcitybuildings,onrocksinhotsprings,onwind-sweptmountaintops,andinthedriestdesserts.Inthearctic,theyprovidetheprincipalfoodforcaribou,andtheyareoneofthefewplantsthatgrowinAntarctica.Theyarepioneers,appearinginbarrenrockyareasandstartingtheformationofsoilinwhichmosses,thenferns,andthenotherplantscantakeroot.

Lichensareapartnershipoftwoplants—fungiandalgae.Thelichenbodyismadeupofanetworkoffungalstrands.Intheupperlayersofthesegrowgroupsofalgae.Thetwoorganismslivetogethertothebenefitofboth,arelationshipknownassymbiosis.Thefungiprovidesupport,absorbwater,andshelterthetenderalgaefromdirectsunlight.Thealgaecarryonphotosynthesisandprovidethefungiwithfood.Thealgaecanliveindependentlyandarerecognizableasaspeciesthatgrowsalone.Thefungi,ontheotherhand,cannotliveapartfromtheirpartners.Theycanbeplacedinknownclassesoffungibutareunlikeanyspeciesthatlivesindependently.

Sodefinitearetheform,color,andcharacteristicsofthesedoubleorganismsthatforhundredsofyears,theywereclassifiedasone.Morethan15,000"species"werenamed.Iftheseorganismsareclassifiedasseparatespecies,itisdifficulttofitthemintotheexistingsystemofclassification.Butiftheyareclassifiedseparately,thesespeciesoffungiseemratherstrange.Lichensareasplendidexampleofthedifficultiesfacedbytaxonomistsinclassifyingspecies.11.

LichensmayNOTgrow______.A.inthetropicalwoodsB.ontheceilingsofcitybuildingsC.onrocksinhotspringsD.indrydesserts正确答案:B[解析]细节题型

见第一段第一句,可知选项A、C、D都被提及,所以B为答案。

12.

WhatdoestheauthorimplyaboutlichensinParagraph1?A.Theyrequirealotofmoisturetolive.B.Theyprimarilyliveincoldplaces.C.Theycanliveanywhereexceptaroundpeople.D.Theyhaveadaptedtoawidevarietyofenvironments.正确答案:D[解析]推断题型

从第一段第一句可推出在多种气候、自然条件、环境下,Lichens均可生长,因此可知D(Lichens可适应多种环境)为答案。

13.

Whydoestheauthorcalllichenspioneers?A.Becausetheydevelopedsoearlyinthehistoryoftheplanet.B.Becauseoftheirprimitivestructure.C.Becausetheypreparesoilforotherplants.D.BecausetheywerethefirstplantstoliveinAntarctica.正确答案:C[解析]细节题型

见第一段最后一句的伴随状语:appearinginbarrenrockyareasandstartingtheformationofsoilinwhichmosses,thenferns,andthenotherplantscantakeroot(它们出现在荒芜的多岩石地区,使得土壤开始生成,然后各种植物才得以据此生根)可知C为答案。

14.

Theword"barren"underlinedinParagraph1mostprobablymeans_______.A.lifelessB.frigidC.hardD.uncovered正确答案:A[解析]词义题型

15.

WhichofthefollowingisanexampleofsymbiosisasitisdescribedinParagraph2?A.Certaintypesoftallgrassconcealtigersbecauseofthetigers'stripedmarkings.B.Fishcalledremorasattachthemselvestosharksandeatthescrapsofthesharks'meals.C.Mistletoe,atypeofshrub,growsontreesandharmsthembyextractingwaterandnutrients.D.Protozoaintheintestinesoftermitesdigestthecellulosethatthetermiteseat,andtheirwasteproductsnourishthetermites.正确答案:D[解析]细节题型

见第二段第四句Thetwoorganismslivetogethertothebenefitofboth,arelationshipknownassymbiosis.(这两种有机体为了双方的利益共同生存,它们间的关系被称之为“共生现象”)及随后的举例;而本题的四个选项中只有选项D(白蚁肠中的原生动物将白蚁吃下的纤维素消化,而它们的排泄物又为白蚁提供滋养)体现了这种共生现象,因此D为答案。此外还可根据四个选项中的动词来判断是否有互利互存的关系来寻找答案。

16.

Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredabouttheeffectofdirectsunlightonlichens?A.Itdamagesthealgae.B.Ithelpsthefungiabsorbwater.C.Itisrequiredforthealgaetocarryonphotosynthesis.D.Itdestroysthefungi.正确答案:A[解析]推断题型

见第二段第五句:Thefungi为algae提供支持,为它吸收水分,并为稚嫩的algae免受阳光直射提供遮护;由此推断出直射的阳光会损害algae;因此A为答案。

17.

Accordingtothepassage,thealgae______.A.maynotcarryonphotosynthesisaloneB.supplyfoodtothefungiC.can'tliveseparatelyD.aren'trecognizableasaspecies正确答案:B[解析]细节题型

见第二段第六句:Thealgae进行光合作用并为thefungi提供食物。因此B为答案。

18.

Whydoestheauthorsaythat"thesespeciesoffungiseemratherstrange"?A.Theyarelargerthantypicalfungi.B.Unlikeotherfungi,theycanproducetheirownfood.C.Theyexistonlyaspartnersofalgae.D.Theydonotfitintoanyknownclassoffungi.正确答案:C[解析]细节题型

见第二段倒数第二句、第三句:(Thealgae能独立生存且是公认的能独自生长的物种;而另一方面,Thefungi没有同伴却无法生存)及第三段第三句:但是如果将它们分别地分类,这些fungi物种就显得格外奇怪了(因为它们是依赖同伴生存的);因此C为答案。

19.

WhichofthefollowingbestexpressesthemainideaofParagraph2?A.Becauseoftheircharacteristicsasdoubleorganisms,itisdifficulttoclassifylichens.B.Over15,000varietiesoflichenshavebeenidentified.C.Doubleorganismsshouldalwaysbeclassifiedasseparatespecies.D.Taxonomistsalw

温馨提示

  • 1. 本站所有资源如无特殊说明,都需要本地电脑安装OFFICE2007和PDF阅读器。图纸软件为CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.压缩文件请下载最新的WinRAR软件解压。
  • 2. 本站的文档不包含任何第三方提供的附件图纸等,如果需要附件,请联系上传者。文件的所有权益归上传用户所有。
  • 3. 本站RAR压缩包中若带图纸,网页内容里面会有图纸预览,若没有图纸预览就没有图纸。
  • 4. 未经权益所有人同意不得将文件中的内容挪作商业或盈利用途。
  • 5. 人人文库网仅提供信息存储空间,仅对用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理,对用户上传分享的文档内容本身不做任何修改或编辑,并不能对任何下载内容负责。
  • 6. 下载文件中如有侵权或不适当内容,请与我们联系,我们立即纠正。
  • 7. 本站不保证下载资源的准确性、安全性和完整性, 同时也不承担用户因使用这些下载资源对自己和他人造成任何形式的伤害或损失。

评论

0/150

提交评论