医学英语单词大题

alveolar肺泡的amelioration改善好转anastomose吻合antiinflammatory抗炎的artifact人工产物atelectasis肺膨胀不全attenuate减弱autogenous自体的barotrauma气压伤bronchopneumonia支气管肺炎bypass分流术cardiopulmonary心肺的cerebrospinal脑脊髓的cistern脑池coagulation凝结cohort队列comorbidity合并症concomitant伴发的conduit导管管道contusion挫伤cortical皮质的corticotropin促肾上腺皮质激素cryopreserve低温贮藏distal远端的exacerbation加重extravasation外渗fibrillation纤维性颤动fibrosis纤维化ganglia基底的gastrin胃泌素gastroepiploic胃网膜的glial神经胶质的glutaraldehyde戊二醛grafting移植术helicobacter螺旋菌数hemodynamics血液动力学histamine组胺homograft同种移植hyaline透明的hydrocephalus脑积水hyperemia充血hypodense低密度的hypothermia低温的integration结合interleukin白细胞介素intravascular血管内的kinins激肽lacunar腔隙的leukocyte白细胞macrophage巨噬细胞membrane膜metabolic代谢的morphological形态学的nasal鼻的neurological神经学的neurotoxicity神经中毒obviate避免occlusion闭塞oedema水肿operant自发性的patency开放pepsinogen胃蛋白酶原perforate穿孔permeability渗透petechial瘀斑状的platelet血小板pons脑桥prophylaxis预防proteus变形杆菌psychoneuroimmunologic心理神经免疫的pulmonary肺部的pylori幽门radial桡骨的radioisotope放射性同位素regurgitation回流reticuloendothelial网状内皮的retrievable可恢复的saphenous隐静脉的septal中隔得serotonin血清素subclavian锁骨下的susceptibility易感性throe剧痛thrombolytic溶解血栓的thyrotropin促甲状腺素toxaemia毒血症tracheostomy气管造口术transmural透壁的vasodilator血管舒张药vasogenic血管源性的ventilator呼吸机ventriculography心室造影术virulent有毒的Whatapproacheshastheauthormentionedtotreatcoronaryarterydisease?surgicaltreatmentofcoronaryheartdiseasebycoronaryarteryby-passgrafting(CABG)isanimportanttherapyforpatientswithacuteandchronicsyndromesofischemicheartdisease.Balloonangioplasty(PTCA)isnowgenerallyindicatedforlessserveanatomicmanifestationsofobstructedcoronarylesionsforsingle-vesseldiseasebutisusedinsomepatientswithmorethanonecoronarylesion,especiallytwo-vesseldisease.Whatfactor,accordingtotheauthor,aretheprerequisitesforsuccessinCABG?theincreasinglywidespectrumofoperativeindicationsrequiresconsiderableingenuity,betteroperativetechniquesincludingcoronarybypassconduits,markedlyimprovedmyocardialprotection,andsophisticatedtechniquesforlife-supportduringandaftersurgery.Whatclinicalmanifestationsdoeschronicstableanginashow?WhydothepatientsinthiscategoryneedCABGmost?thesepatients,predominantlymeninthesixthdecadeoflife,haveeffortanginaorstress-relatedanginathatismoreorlesscontrolledbymedicaltherapybutattheexpenseofaconsiderablereductioninactivity.Thesepatientsrequiredrugswhichmayproduceaconsiderablenumberofuntowardeffects.WhyisitsuspectedthatAlexandermighthavediedfromaperforatedpepticulcer?Alexanderthegreatdiedattheageof32,withacuteabdominalpainthatbeganafterseveraldaysofdrinking.Soitissuspectedthat…Whydidresearchintostresseffectsonulcerfalloff?afterHelicobacterpyloriprovedtobeakeyandcurableelementintheulcerdiathesis,manyconcludethattherealcausehadbeenfoundandhadnothingtodowithpsychology.Sotheresearchinto…IsusingHpyloriandnonsteroidalanti-inflammatorydrugstheonlyetiologicfactorofulcer?morethat80%ofHpylori-infectedpeopleneverdevelopanulcer,whileatleast10%ofpatientswithnon-NSAID-relatedpepticulcershavenoHpyloriinfection.Thistestifiestotheroleoffactorsadditionaltoinfectioninpepticulceration.ThefiledisthereforeopenforotherfactorsworkinginconjunctionwithHpyloriorcausingulcersthroughalternativepathways.Whatarethebehaviorriskfactorforulcer?Howdotheyaffectthehealingofulcer?amongpotentialmediators,severalknownbehavioralriskfactorsforulcers—smoking,alcoholabuse,andlackofsleep—haveclearassociationswithreal-lifestressandareknowntoimpairwoundhealingthroughtheireffectsonimmunefunction.Whataretheothernamesofrespiratorydistresssyndromeofshockandtrauma?itgoesbymanyothernames,includingshocklung,post-traumaticpulmonaryinsufficiency,wetlung,daNanglungs,adulthyalinemembranediseaseandhemorrhagiclungsyndrome.WhydotheauthorspreferthetermRDSofshockandtrauma?wepreferthetermRDSofshockandtraumabecausewebelievethatthesyndromeoccursonlyaftersevereshockandtraumaandbecausethistermbyitselfdoesnotdenoteaspecificetiologyHowsoonwillsomepatientsdeveloprespiratoryfailure?insomepatients,therespiratoryfailureisfullydevelopedwithin48hours,wellbeforeinfectionhashadachancetoestablishitself.Inotherpatients,therespiratoryfailuremayworsen4ormoredaysaftertheinjuryormayinitiallymanifestitself4ormoredaysaftertheinjury.WhendothepathologicalchangesofRDSdevelop?pathologicalchangesdevelopaftertheinjury.WhatcomplicationsarethemostcommononesofRDSofshockandtrauma?secondarybacterialcolonizationforthelungandpersistentpulmonaryinfectionarethemostcommoncomplicationsoftheRDSofshockandtrauma.Whatfactorsshouldbeconsideredindefiningacertainlesionasaninfarction?apartfromclinicalcriteria,severalCTaspectshavetobeconsideredtodefinethatacertainlesionisandinfraction:locationsanddistributionofthelesion,densitychangesandtheirevolutioninserialscans,andmodificationsofthelesionafterintravenouscontrastadministration.Whyisthebestevidenceofthelesionintheearlyphaseonthe3rdand4thdayafterthestroke?thehypodensityisinitiallymildandpoorlydefined;within2or3daystheattenuationvaluesbecomelower,themarginsofthelesionbecomebetterdefined,andthelesionclearlyappearstoinvolvedb