2024年高考真题和模拟题分类汇编 英语 专题07 阅读理解说明文、议论文 含解析VIP

专题07阅读理解说明文、议论文2024年高考真题Passage1【新课标Ⅰ卷】Iscomprehensionthesamewhetherapersonreadsatextonscreenoronpaper?Andarelisteningtoandviewingcontentaseffectiveasreadingthewrittenwordwhencoveringthesamematerial?Theanswerstobothquestionsareoften“no”.Thereasonsrelatetoavarietyoffactors,includingreducedconcentration,anentertainmentmindset(心态)andatendencytomultitaskwhileconsumingdigitalcontent.Whenreadingtextsofseveralhundredwordsormore,learningisgenerallymoresuccessfulwhenit’sonpaperthanonscreen.Alargeamountofresearchconfirmsthisfinding.Thebenefitsofprintreadingparticularlyshinethroughwhenexperimentersmovefromposingsimpletasks—likeidentifyingthemainideainareadingpassage—toonesthatrequirementalabstraction—suchasdrawinginferencesfromatext.Thedifferencesbetweenprintanddigitalreadingresultsarepartlyrelatedtopaper’sphysicalproperties.Withpaper,thereisaliterallayingonofhands,alongwiththevisualgeographyofdistinctpages.Peopleoftenlinktheirmemoryofwhatthey’vereadtohowfarintothebookitwasorwhereitwasonthepage.Butequallyimportantisthementalaspect.Readingresearchershaveproposedatheorycalled“shallowinghypothesis(假说)”.Accordingtothistheory,peopleapproachdigitaltextswithamindsetsuitedtosocialmedia,whichareoftennotsoserious,anddevotelessmentaleffortthanwhentheyarereadingprint.Audio(音频)andvideocanfeelmoreengagingthantext,andsouniversityteachersincreasinglyturntothesetechnologies—say,assigninganonlinetalkinsteadofanarticlebythesameperson.However,psychologistshavedemonstratedthatwhenadultsreadnewsstories,theyremembermoreofthecontentthaniftheylistentoorviewidenticalpieces.Digitaltexts,audioandvideoallhaveeducationalroles,especiallywhenprovidingresourcesnotavailableinprint.However,formaximizinglearningwherementalfocusandreflectionarecalledfor,educatorsshouldn’tassumeallmediaarethesame,evenwhentheycontainidenticalwords.28.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“shinethrough”inparagraph2mean?ASeemunlikelytolast. B.Seemhardtoexplain.C.Becomereadytouse. D.Becomeeasytonotice.29.Whatdoestheshallowinghypothesisassume?A.Readerstreatdigitaltextslightly. B.Digitaltextsaresimplertounderstand.C.Peopleselectdigitaltextsrandomly. D.Digitaltextsaresuitableforsocialmedia.30.Whyareaudioandvideoincreasinglyusedbyuniversityteachers?A.Theycanholdstudents'attention. B.Theyaremoreconvenienttoprepare.C.Theyhelpdevelopadvancedskills. D.Theyaremoreinformativethantext.31.Whatdoestheauthorimplyinthelastparagraph?A.Studentsshouldapplymultiplelearningtechniques.B.Teachersshouldproducetheirownteachingmaterial.C.Printtextscannotbeentirelyreplacedineducation.D.Educationoutsidetheclassroomcannotbeignored.【答案】28.D29.A30.A31.C【导语】本文是议论文。主要讨论了纸质阅读与数字阅读、音频和视频学习方式的差异和效果。【28题详解】词句猜测题。根据前文“Whenreadingtextsofseveralhundredwordsormore,learningisgenerallymoresuccessfulwhenit’sonpaperthanonscreen.Alargeamountofresearchconfirmsthisfinding.(当阅读几百字或更多的文本时，在纸上学习通常比在屏幕上学习更成功。大量的研究证实了这一发现)”可知，在纸上学习更有成效，以及后文“whenexperimentersmovefromposingsimpletasks—likeidentifyingthemainideainareadingpassage—toonesthatrequirementalabstraction—suchasdrawinginferencesfromatext.(当实验人员从提出简单的任务(如识别阅读文章的主旨)转移到需要思维抽象的任务(如从文本中推断)时)”推知，此处应是表达“当实验者从简单的任务转向需要精神抽象的任务时，纸质阅读的益处就变得显而易见”之意，所以shinethrough应是“显而易见”之意，和D项意思相近。故选D项。【29题详解】推理判断题。根据第四段“Butequallyimportantisthementalaspect.Readingresearchershaveproposedatheorycalled“shallowinghypothesis(假说)”.Accordingtothistheory,peopleapproachdigitaltextswithamindsetsuitedtosocialmedia,whichareoftennotsoserious,anddevotelessmentaleffortthanwhentheyarereadingprint.(但同样重要的是精神层面。阅读研究人员提出了一个名为“shallowinghypothesis”的理论。根据这一理论，人们以适合社交媒体的心态接触数字文本，这些文本通常不那么严肃，与阅读印刷品时相比，投入的精神努力也更少)”可知，shallowinghypothesis假设读者在阅读数字文本时会持有一种轻松的心态，不会像阅读纸质书籍那样投入太多的心理努力。故选A项。【30题详解】细节理解题。根据第五段“Audio(音频)andvideocanfeelmoreengagingthantext,andsouniversityteachersincreasinglyturntothesetechnologies—say,assigninganonlinetalkinsteadofanarticlebythesameperson.(音频和视频可能比文本更具吸引力，因此大学教师越来越多地转向这些技术，例如分配在线讲座而不是同一作者的文章)”可知，音频和视频比文本更能吸引学生的注意力，所以大学教师越来越多地使用这些技术。故选A项。【31题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段“Digitaltexts,audioandvideoallhaveeducationalroles,especiallywhenprovidingresourcesnotavailableinprint.However,formaximizinglearningwherementalfocusandreflectionarecalledfor,educatorsshouldn’tassumeallmediaarethesame,evenwhentheycontainidenticalwords.(数字文本、音频和视频都具有教育作用，尤其是在提供印刷品中无法获得的资源时。然而，为了在需要精神集中和反思的情况下最大限度地学习，教育工作者不应假定所有媒体都是相同的，即使它们包含相同的单词)”可知，尽管数字文本、音频和视频在教育中有一定作用，但当需要精神集中和反思以最大化学习时，教育者不应假定所有媒体都是相同的，即使它们包含相同的单词。这表明作者认为纸质文本在教育中的作用仍然不可替代，因此暗示纸质文本在教育中的重要性。故选C项。Passage2【新课标ⅠⅠ卷】Weallknowfreshisbestwhenitcomestofood.However,mostproduceatthestorewentthroughweeksoftravelandcoveredhundredsofmilesbeforereachingthetable.Whilefarmer’smarketsareasolidchoicetoreducethejourney,BabylonMicro-Farm(BMF)shortensitevenmore.BMFisanindoorgardensystem.Itcanbesetupforafamily.Additionally,itcouldservealargeraudiencesuchasahospital,restaurantorschool.Theinnovativedesignrequireslittleefforttoachieveareliableweeklysupplyoffreshgreens.Specifically,it’safarmthatreliesonnewtechnology.ByconnectingthroughtheCloud,BMFisremotelymonitored.Also,thereisaconvenientappthatprovidesgrowingdatainrealtime.Becausethesystemisautomated,itsignificantlyreducestheamountofwaterneededtogrowplants.Ratherthanwateringrowsofsoil,thesystemprovidesjusttherightamounttoeachplant.Afterharvest,userssimplyreplacetheplantswithanewpre-seededpod(容器)togetthenextgrowthcyclestarted.Moreover,havingasysteminthesamebuildingwhereit’seatenmeanszeroemissions(排放)fromtransportingplantsfromsoiltosalad.Inaddition,there’snoneedforpesticidesandotherchemicalsthatpollutetraditionalfarmsandthesurroundingenvironment.BMFemployeesliveoutsustainabilityintheireverydaylives.Abouthalfofthemwalkorbiketowork.Insidetheoffice,theyencouragerecyclingandwastereductionbylimitinggarbagecansandavoidingsingle-useplastic.“Wearepassionateaboutreducingwaste,carbonandchemicalsinourenvironment,”saidaBMFemployee.8.WhatcanbelearnedaboutBMFfromparagraph1?A.Itguaranteesthevarietyoffood. B.Itrequiresday-to-daycare.C.Itcutsthefarm-to-tabledistance. D.Itreliesonfarmer’smarkets.9.Whatinformationdoestheconvenientappoffer?A.Real-timeweatherchanges. B.Currentconditionoftheplants.C.Chemicalpollutantsinthesoil. D.Availabilityofpre-seededpods.10.WhatcanbeconcludedaboutBMFemployees?A.Theyhaveagreatpassionforsports.B.Theyaredevotedtocommunityservice.C.Theyarefondofsharingdailyexperiences.DTheyhaveastrongenvironmentalawareness.11.Whatdoesthetextmainlytalkabout?A.BMF’smajorstrengths. B.BMF’sgeneralmanagement.C.BMF’sglobalinfluence. D.BMF’stechnicalstandards.【答案】8.C9.B10.D11.A【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了巴比伦微农场（BMF）的一些主要优势，包括减少食物运输距离、通过云技术远程监控、自动化系统节约水资源、减少化学污染、以及员工的环保生活方式等。【8题详解】细节理解题。根据第一段“Whilefarmer’smarketsareasolidchoicetoreducethejourney,BabylonMicro-Farm(BMF)shortensitevenmore.(虽然农贸市场是减少旅程的可靠选择，但巴比伦微型农场（BMF）甚至缩短了旅程)”可知，巴比伦微型农场（BMF）进一步缩短了从农场到餐桌的距离。故选C。【9题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段“Also,thereisaconvenientappthatprovidesgrowingdatainrealtime.(此外，还有一个便捷的应用程序，可以实时提供增长数据)”可知，这个便捷的应用程序提供了植物生长的实时数据。故选B。【10题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段“BMFemployeesliveoutsustainabilityintheireverydaylives.Abouthalfofthemwalkorbiketowork.Insidetheoffice,theyencouragerecyclingandwastereductionbylimitinggarbagecansandavoidingsingle-useplastic.“Wearepassionateaboutreducingwaste,carbonandchemicalsinourenvironment,”saidaBMFemployee.(BMF员工在日常生活中追求可持续发展。大约一半的人步行或骑自行车上班。在办公室里，他们通过限制垃圾桶和避免一次性塑料来鼓励回收和减少浪费。BMF的一名员工表示：“我们热衷于减少环境中的废物、碳和化学品。”)”可知，BMF员工具有强烈的环保意识。故选D。【11题详解】主旨大意题。根据第一段“Whilefarmer’smarketsareasolidchoicetoreducethejourney,BabylonMicro-Farm(BMF)shortensitevenmore.(虽然农贸市场是减少旅程的可靠选择，但巴比伦微型农场（BMF）甚至缩短了旅程)”、第三段“ByconnectingthroughtheCloud,BMFisremotelymonitored.Also,thereisaconvenientappthatprovidesgrowingdatainrealtime.Becausethesystemisautomated,itsignificantlyreducestheamountofwaterneededtogrowplants.Ratherthanwateringrowsofsoil,thesystemprovidesjusttherightamounttoeachplant.(通过云连接，对BMF进行远程监控。此外，还有一个方便的应用程序可以实时提供不断增长的数据。由于该系统是自动化的，因此大大减少了种植植物所需的水量。该系统不是给一排排土壤浇水，而是为每株植物提供合适的水量)”以及最后一段“BMFemployeesliveoutsustainabilityintheireverydaylives.Abouthalfofthemwalkorbiketowork.Insidetheoffice,theyencouragerecyclingandwastereductionbylimitinggarbagecansandavoidingsingle-useplastic.“Wearepassionateaboutreducingwaste,carbonandchemicalsinourenvironment,”saidaBMFemployee.(BMF员工在日常生活中追求可持续发展。大约一半的人步行或骑自行车上班。在办公室里，他们通过限制垃圾桶和避免一次性塑料来鼓励回收和减少浪费。BMF的一名员工表示：“我们热衷于减少环境中的废物、碳和化学品。”)”可知，文章主要介绍了巴比伦微农场（BMF）的一些主要优势，包括减少食物运输距离、通过云技术远程监控、自动化系统节约水资源、减少化学污染、以及员工的环保生活方式等。故选A。Passage3【新课标Ⅰ卷】IntheracetodocumentthespeciesonEarthbeforetheygoextinct,researchersandcitizenscientistshavecollectedbillionsofrecords.Today,mostrecordsofbiodiversityareoftenintheformofphotos,videos,andotherdigitalrecords.Thoughtheyareusefulfordetectingshiftsinthenumberandvarietyofspeciesinanarea,anewStanfordstudyhasfoundthatthistypeofrecordisnotperfect.“Withtheriseoftechnologyitiseasyforpeopletomakeobservationsofdifferentspecieswiththeaidofamobileapplication,”saidBarnabasDaru,whoisleadauthorofthestudyandassistantprofessorofbiologyintheStanfordSchoolofHumanitiesandSciences.“Theseobservationsnowoutnumbertheprimarydatathatcomesfromphysicalspecimens(标本),andsinceweareincreasinglyusingobservationaldatatoinvestigatehowspeciesarerespondingtoglobalchange,Iwantedtoknow:Aretheyusable?”Usingaglobaldatasetof1.9billionrecordsofplants,insects,birds,andanimals,Daruandhisteamtestedhowwellthesedatarepresentactualglobalbiodiversitypatterns.“Wewereparticularlyinterestedinexploringtheaspectsofsamplingthattendtobias(使有偏差)data,likethegreaterlikelihoodofacitizenscientisttotakeapictureofafloweringplantinsteadofthegrassrightnexttoit,”saidDaru.Theirstudyrevealedthatthelargenumberofobservation-onlyrecordsdidnotleadtobetterglobalcoverage.Moreover,thesedataarebiasedandfavorcertainregions,timeperiods,andspecies.Thismakessensebecausethepeoplewhogetobservationalbiodiversitydataonmobiledevicesareoftencitizenscientistsrecordingtheirencounterswithspeciesinareasnearby.Thesedataarealsobiasedtowardcertainspecieswithattractiveoreye-catchingfeatures.Whatcanwedowiththeimperfectdatasetsofbiodiversity?“Quitealot,”Daruexplained.“Biodiversityappscanuseourstudyresultstoinformusersofoversampledareasandleadthemtoplaces—andevenspecies—thatarenotwell-sampled.Toimprovethequalityofobservationaldata,biodiversityappscanalsoencourageuserstohaveanexpertconfirmtheidentificationoftheiruploadedimage.”32.Whatdoweknowabouttherecordsofspeciescollectednow?A.Theyarebecomingoutdated. B.Theyaremostlyinelectronicform.C.Theyarelimitedinnumber. D.Theyareusedforpublicexhibition.33.WhatdoesDaru’sstudyfocuson?A.Threatenedspecies. B.Physicalspecimens.C.Observationaldata. D.Mobileapplications.34.Whathasledtothebiasesaccordingtothestudy?A.Mistakesindataanalysis. B.Poorqualityofuploadedpictures.C.Improperwayofsampling. D.Unreliabledatacollectiondevices.35.WhatisDaru’ssuggestionforbiodiversityapps?A.Reviewdatafromcertainareas. B.Hireexpertstochecktherecords.C.Confirmtheidentityoftheusers. D.Giveguidancetocitizenscientists.【答案】32.B33.C34.C35.D【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了斯坦福大学的一项研究发现，数字生物多样性记录存在偏见，建议应用程序引导公民科学家获取更好的数据。【32题详解】细节理解题。根据第一段“Today,mostrecordsofbiodiversityareoftenintheformofphotos,videos,andotherdigitalrecords.(今天，大多数生物多样性记录通常以照片、视频和其他数字记录的形式出现。)”可知，现在收集的物种记录大多是以电子形式存在的。故选B。【33题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段“Theseobservationsnowoutnumbertheprimarydatathatcomesfromphysicalspecimens(标本),andsinceweareincreasinglyusingobservationaldatatoinvestigatehowspeciesarerespondingtoglobalchange,Iwantedtoknow:Aretheyusable?(这些观察结果现在超过了来自物理标本的原始数据，而且由于我们越来越多地使用观察数据来研究物种如何应对全球变化，我想知道：它们有用吗?)”和第四段““Wewereparticularlyinterestedinexploringtheaspectsofsamplingthattendtobias(使有偏差)data,likethegreaterlikelihoodofacitizenscientisttotakeapictureofafloweringplantinsteadofthegrassrightnexttoit,”saidDaru.(Daru说“我们特别感兴趣的是探索取样容易产生数据偏差的方面，比如公民科学家更有可能拍摄开花植物的照片，而不是它旁边的草。”)”可知，Daru的研究聚焦于观察数据，即人们通过移动应用记录的物种观察数据。故选C。【34题详解】细节理解题。根据第四段““Wewereparticularlyinterestedinexploringtheaspectsofsamplingthattendtobias(使有偏差)data,likethegreaterlikelihoodofacitizenscientisttotakeapictureofafloweringplantinsteadofthegrassrightnexttoit,”saidDaru.(Daru说“我们特别感兴趣的是探索取样容易产生数据偏差的方面，比如公民科学家更有可能拍摄开花植物的照片，而不是它旁边的草。”)”以及第五段“Thismakessensebecausethepeoplewhogetobservationalbiodiversitydataonmobiledevicesareoftencitizenscientistsrecordingtheirencounterswithspeciesinareasnearby.(这是有道理的，因为在移动设备上获得观察生物多样性数据的人通常是公民科学家，他们记录了他们在附近地区与物种的接触。)”可知，导致数据偏差的原因是采样方式的不当。故选C。【35题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段“Biodiversityappscanuseourstudyresultstoinformusersofoversampledareasandleadthemtoplaces—andevenspecies—thatarenotwell-sampled.Toimprovethequalityofobservationaldata,biodiversityappscanalsoencourageuserstohaveanexpertconfirmtheidentificationoftheiruploadedimage.(生物多样性应用程序可以使用我们的研究结果来告知用户样本过多的地区，并将他们引导到样本不足的地方，甚至是物种。为了提高观测数据的质量，生物多样性应用程序还可以鼓励用户让专家确认他们上传的图像的身份。)”可知，Daru建议生物多样性应用应该给公民科学家提供指导。故选D。Passage4【新课标ⅠⅠ卷】GiventheastonishingpotentialofAItotransformourlives,weallneedtotakeactiontodealwithourAI-poweredfuture,andthisiswhereAIbyDesign:APlanforLivingwithArtificialIntelligencecomesin.ThisabsorbingnewbookbyCatrionaCampbellisapracticalroadmapaddressingthechallengesposedbytheforthcomingAIrevolution(变革).Inthewronghands,suchabookcouldproveascomplicatedtoprocessasthecomputercode(代码)thatpowersAIbut,thankfully,Campbellhasmorethantwodecades’professionalexperiencetranslatingtheheadyintotheunderstandable.Shewritesfromthepracticalangleofabusinesspersonratherthanasanacademic,makingforaguidewhichishighlyaccessibleandinformativeandwhich,bytheclose,willmakeyoufeelalmostassmartasAI.AswesooncometolearnfromAIbyDesign,AIisalreadysuper-smartandwillbecomemorecapable,movingfromthecurrentgenerationof“narrow-AI”toArtificialGeneralIntelligence.Fromthere,Campbellsays,willcomeArtificialDominantIntelligence.ThisiswhyCampbellhassetouttoraiseawarenessofAIanditsfuturenow-severaldecadesbeforethesedevelopmentsareexpectedtotakeplace.Shesaysitisessentialthatwekeepcontrolofartificialintelligence,orriskbeingsidelinedandperhapsevenworse.Campbell’spointistowakeupthoseresponsibleforAI-thetechnologycompaniesandworldleaders-sotheyareonthesamepageasalltheexpertscurrentlydevelopingit.Sheexplainsweareata“tippingpoint”inhistoryandmustactnowtopreventanextinction-leveleventforhumanity.WeneedtoconsiderhowwewantourfuturewithAltopanout.Suchstructuredthinking,followedbyglobalregulation,willenableustoachievegreatnessratherthanourdownfall.AIwillaffectusall,andifyouonlyreadonebookonthesubject,thisisit.12.Whatdoesthephrase“Inthewronghands”inparagraph2probablymean?A.Ifreadbysomeonepoorlyeducated. B.Ifreviewedbysomeoneill-intentioned.C.Ifwrittenbysomeonelesscompetent. D.Iftranslatedbysomeoneunacademic.13.WhatisafeatureofAIbyDesignaccordingtothetext?A.Itispackedwithcomplexcodes. B.Itadoptsadown-to-earthwritingstyle.C.Itprovidesstep-by-stepinstructions. D.ItisintendedforAIprofessionals.14.WhatdoesCampbellurgepeopletodoregardingAIdevelopment?A.Observeexistingregulationsonit.B.Reconsiderexpertopinionsaboutit.C.Makejointeffortstokeepitundercontrol.D.Learnfrompriorexperiencetoslowitdown.15.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthetext?A.TorecommendabookonAI. B.TogiveabriefaccountofAIhistory.C.ToclarifythedefinitionofAI. D.TohonoranoutstandingAIexpert.【答案】12.C13.B14.C15.A【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了CatrionaCampbell所著AIbyDesign:APlanforLivingwithArtificialIntelligence一书。该书作为应对AI革命挑战的实用指南，以商业视角阐述AI发展现状与前景，强调控制AI的重要性，呼吁各界协同确保人工智能安全发展，以防潜在危机。【12题详解】词句猜测题。根据文章第二段“suchabookcouldproveascomplicatedtoprocessasthecomputercode(代码)thatpowersAIbut,thankfully,Campbellhasmorethantwodecades'professionalexperiencetranslatingtheheadyintotheunderstandable.Shewritesfromthepracticalangleofabusinesspersonratherthanasanacademic,makingforaguidewhichishighlyaccessibleandinformativeandwhich,bytheclose,willmakeyoufeelalmostassmartasAI.(这样一本书可能会像驱动人工智能的计算机代码一样复杂，但值得庆幸的是，坎贝尔有20多年的专业经验，可以将令人兴奋的内容转化为可理解的内容。她从商业人士的实际角度而不是学者的角度出发，撰写了一本非常通俗易懂、内容丰富的指南，读完后会让你觉得自己几乎和人工智能一样聪明)”可知，坎贝尔撰写的这本书是通俗易懂的，如果别人写这本书的话可能就不是这样了，推测划线短语表示“如果是由能力较差的人写的”。故选C项。【13题详解】推理判断题。根据文章第二段“thankfully,Campbellhasmorethantwodecades’professionalexperiencetranslatingtheheadyintotheunderstandable.Shewritesfromthepracticalangleofabusinesspersonratherthanasanacademic,makingforaguidewhichishighlyaccessibleandinformativeandwhich,bytheclose,willmakeyoufeelalmostassmartasAI.(值得庆幸的是，坎贝尔有20多年的专业经验，可以将令人兴奋的内容转化为可理解的内容。她从商业人士的实际角度而不是学者的角度出发，撰写了一本非常通俗易懂、内容丰富的指南，读完后会让你觉得自己几乎和人工智能一样聪明)”可知，坎贝尔在书中将令人兴奋的内容转化为可理解的内容，这本书的特点是通俗易懂，推测它采用了接地气的写作风格。故选B项。【14题详解】细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段“Shesaysitisessentialthatwekeepcontrolofartificialintelligence,orriskbeingsidelinedandperhapsevenworse.(她说，我们必须保持对人工智能的控制，否则就有被边缘化甚至更糟的风险)”和文章最后一段“WeneedtoconsiderhowwewantourfuturewithAItopanout.Such

structuredthinking,followedbyglobalregulation,willenableustoachievegreatnessratherthanourdownfall.(我们需要考虑我们希望人工智能的未来如何发展。这种结构化的思维，加上全球监管，将使我们走向伟大，而不是走向衰败)”可知，坎贝尔敦促人们保持对人工智能的控制，考虑人工智能的未来应如何发展，所以关于人工智能的发展，坎贝尔敦促人们共同努力将其控制住。故选C项。【15题详解】推理判断题。根据文章第一段“GiventheastonishingpotentialofAItotransformourlives,weallneedtotakeactiontodealwithourAI-poweredfuture,andthisiswhereAIbyDesign:APlanforLivingwithArtificialIntelligence

comesin.ThisabsorbingnewbookbyCatrionaCampbellisapractical

roadmapaddressingthechallengesposedbytheforthcomingAIrevolution(变革).

(考虑到人工智能改变我们生活的惊人潜力，我们都需要采取行动来应对人工智能驱动的未来，这正是AIbyDesign:APlanforLivingwithArtificialIntelligence的用武之地。卡特里奥娜·坎贝尔撰写的这本引人入胜的新书是一本实用的路线图，旨在应对即将到来的人工智能革命带来的挑战)”和文章最后一段“AIwillaffectusall,andifyouonlyreadonebookonthesubject,thisisit.(人工智能将影响我们所有人，如果你只读一本关于这个主题的书，那就是这本书)”可知，本文主要介绍了CatrionaCampbell所著AIbyDesign:APlanforLivingwithArtificialIntelligence一书，该书作为应对AI革命挑战的实用指南，以商业视角阐述AI发展现状与前景，强调控制AI的重要性，呼吁各界协同确保人工智能安全发展，以防潜在危机，所以作者写这篇文章的目的是推荐一本关于人工智能的书。故选A项。Passage5Passage6Passage7Passage8Passage9Passage102024年名校模拟题Passage1（2024·江苏南通·三模）Inarecentstudyofhealthyvolunteers,NationalInstitutesofHealthresearchersdiscoveredthatourbrainsmayreplaymemoriesoflearningnewskillswhenwerest.NIHresearchershavemappedoutthebrainactivitythatflowswhenwelearnanewskill,suchasplayinganewsongonthepiano,andfoundthatduringshortrestthevolunteers’brainsrapidlyandrepeatedlyreplayedfasterversionsoftheactivityseenwhiletheypracticedtypingacode.Themoreavolunteerreplayedtheactivitythebettertheyperformedduringsubsequentpracticesessions.ThestudywasconductedattheNIHClinicalCenter.TheteamofDr.Cohen,M.D．,seniorinvestigatorattheNIH’sNationalInstituteofNeurologicalDisordersandStroke(NINDS),usedahighlysensitivescanningtechniquetorecordthebrainwavesof33healthy,right-handedvolunteersastheylearnedtotypeafive-digittestcodewiththeirlefthands.Thesubjectssatinachairandunderthescanner’slong,cone-shapedcap.Anexperimentbeganwhenasubjectwasshownthecode“41234”onascreenandaskedtotypeitoutasmanytimesaspossiblefor10secondsandthentakea10secondbreak.Subjectswereaskedtorepeatthiscycleofalternating(交替的)practiceandrestsessionsatotalof35times.Duringthefirstfewtrials,thespeedatwhichsubjectscorrectlytypedthecodeimproveddramaticallyandthenleveledoffaroundthe11thcycle.Inapreviousstudy,Dr.Cohen’steamshowedthatmostofthesegainshappenedduringshortrests,andnotwhenthesubjectsweretyping.Moreover,thegainsweregreaterthanthosemadeafteranight’ssleepandwererelatedwithadecreaseinthesizeofbrainwaves,calledbetarhythms.Inthisnewreport,theresearcherssearchedforsomethingdifferentinthesubjects’brainwaves.“Wewantedtoexplorethemechanisms(机制)behindmemorystrengtheningseenduringwakefulrest.Severalformsofmemoryappeartorelyonthereplayingofneural(神经的)activity,sowedecidedtotestthisideaoutforproceduralskilllearning,”saidEthanR.Buch,Ph.D．,astaffscientistonDr.Cohen’steamandleaderofthestudy.Todothis,Dr.Buchdevelopedacomputerprogramwhichallowedtheteamtounderstandthebrainwaveactivityassociatedwithtypingeachnumberinthetestcode.Interestingly,theyfoundthatthemoreavolunteerreplayed,thebettertheirperformancewas.“Wewereabitsurprisedbytheselastresults.Overall,ourresultssupporttheideathatthereplayactivityduringwakingrestmaybeapowerfultoolthatresearcherscanusetohelpindividualslearnnewskillsfasterandpossiblyfacilitaterecoveryfromstroke.”saidDr.Cohen.8．WhathaveNIHresearchersrecentlyfound?A．Thebrainactivityslowlyflowswhenwelearnanewskill.B．Thevalueofshortpracticesessionscan’tbeoverestimated.C．Shortrestmakesnodifferencetotheneuralreplayoftheactivity.D．Thefrequencyofbrainreplaycontributestopracticeperformances.9．WhatismainlytalkedaboutinParagraph3?A．Theprocessoftheresearch.B．Thefacilitiesoftheresearch.C．Theapplicationoftheresearch.D．Thepreparationsoftheresearch.10．WhydidDr.Buchdevelopacomputerprogram?A．Todistinguishthefirst11cyclesfromthelaterones.B．Toconfirmtheroleofneuralreplayinskilllearning.C．Toexplorethepotentialeffectsofprocedurallearning.D．Tofindoutthereasonsforthechangesinbrainwaves.11．WhatdoesDr.Cohenthinkoftheresearchfindings?A．Acceptable.B．Promising.C．Shallow.D．Dismissive.【答案】8．D9．A10．B11．A【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍一研究中，研究人员发现当人们休息时，大脑可能会重放学习新技能的记忆。8．细节理解题。根据第二段“NIHresearchershavemappedoutthebrainactivitythatflowswhenwelearnanewskill,suchasplayinganewsongonthepiano,andfoundthatduringshortrestthevolunteers’brainsrapidlyandrepeatedlyreplayedfasterversionsoftheactivityseenwhiletheypracticedtypingacode.Themoreavolunteerreplayedtheactivitythebettertheyperformedduringsubsequentpracticesessions.(美国国立卫生研究院的研究人员绘制出了我们学习一项新技能时的大脑活动，比如在钢琴上弹奏一首新歌。他们发现，在短暂的休息期间，志愿者的大脑会快速地、反复地重播他们练习打字时看到的更快版本的活动。志愿者重复练习的次数越多，他们在随后的练习中表现就越好)”可知，美国国立卫生研究院的研究人员最近发现大脑回放的频率有助于练习表现。故选D。9．主旨大意题。根据第三段“ThestudywasconductedattheNIHClinicalCenter.TheteamofDr.Cohen,M.D.,seniorinvestigatorattheNIH’sNationalInstituteofNeurologicalDisordersandStroke(NINDS),usedahighlysensitivescanningtechniquetorecordthebrainwavesof33healthy,right-handedvolunteersastheylearnedtotypeafive-digittestcodewiththeirlefthands.Thesubjectssatinachairandunderthescanner’slong,cone-shapedcap.Anexperimentbeganwhenasubjectwasshownthecode“41234”onascreenandaskedtotypeitoutasmanytimesaspossiblefor10secondsandthentakea10secondbreak.Subjectswereaskedtorepeatthiscycleofalternating(交替的)practiceandrestsessionsatotalof35times.(这项研究在美国国立卫生研究院临床中心进行。科恩博士是美国国立卫生研究院国家神经疾病和中风研究所(NINDS)的高级研究员，他的团队使用了一种高度敏感的扫描技术，记录了33名健康的右撇子志愿者在学习用左手输入五位数测试代码时的脑电波。受试者坐在椅子上，在扫描仪的长锥形帽下。实验开始时，受试者在屏幕上看到代码“41234”，并被要求在10秒内尽可能多地输入该代码，然后休息10秒。受试者被要求重复这种交替练习和休息的循环，总共35次)”可知，本段在介绍研究的过程。故选A。10．细节理解题。根据第五段““Wewantedtoexplorethemechanisms(机制)behindmemorystrengtheningseenduringwakefulrest.Severalformsofmemoryappeartorelyonthereplayingofneural(神经的)activity,sowedecidedtotestthisideaoutforproceduralskilllearning,”saidEthanR.Buch,Ph.D.,astaffscientistonDr.Cohen’steamandleaderofthestudy.Todothis,Dr.Buchdevelopedacomputerprogramwhichallowedtheteamtounderstandthebrainwaveactivityassociatedwithtypingeachnumberinthetestcode.(“我们想探索清醒休息期间记忆增强背后的机制。有几种形式的记忆似乎依赖于神经活动的重演，所以我们决定在程序技能学习中验证这个想法，”科恩团队的一名科学家、该研究的负责人EthanR.Buch博士说。为了做到这一点，布赫博士开发了一个计算机程序，使团队能够了解与输入测试代码中的每个数字相关的脑电波活动)”可知，Buch博士要开发一个计算机程序是为了确认神经重放在技能学习中的作用。故选B。11．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Interestingly,theyfoundthatthemoreavolunteerreplayed,thebettertheirperformancewas.“Wewereabitsurprisedbytheselastresults.Overall,ourresultssupporttheideathatthereplayactivityduringwakingrestmaybeapowerfultoolthatresearcherscanusetohelpindividualslearnnewskillsfasterandpossiblyfacilitaterecoveryfromstroke.”saidDr.Cohen.(有趣的是，他们发现志愿者重复播放的次数越多，他们的表现就越好。“我们对最后的结果感到有点惊讶。总的来说，我们的研究结果支持这样一种观点，即在清醒休息期间的重放活动可能是一种强大的工具，研究人员可以使用它来帮助个人更快地学习新技能，并可能促进中风后的恢复。”Cohen博士说)”可推知，Cohen博士对研究结果是认同的。故选A。Passage2（2024·重庆·三模）InOceanside,acoastalsuburbabout40milesnorthofSanDiego,thepalmtreeswaveandthetemperatureisalmostperfect.Teenagerswatchsurfersrideglassywaves.Everydayitfeelslikethemostperfectsummerday.Thereisjustoneproblem:Thesandisdisappearing.Whilemanyvisitors,andevenlifelongCaliforniansintheindustrialstate,mightseewideareasofsandaspartofthestate’snaturalbeauty,