大学英语六级考试模拟试卷十一（带答案）

大学英语六级考试模拟试卷十一

（总分:710.00,做题时间：130分钟）

PartIWriting（总题数：1,分数：0.00）

1.Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteanessay

entitledLearningfromMistakes.Youarerequiredtowriteatleast150wordsbutno

morethan200words.

1.人的一生中难免犯错

2,有的人能够在错误中学习，不断进步；有的人却不以为然，重蹈覆辙

3.对此，我认为...

（分数:106.50）

正确答案：（［范文］

LearningfromMistakes

AsAlexanderPoperightlypointedout,"Toerrishuman."We,humanbeings,

arenotinfallibleandwemightmakemistakesinonetimeoranother.

Despitethefactthatweallmakemistakes,attitudestowardsthemvaryfrom

personstopersons.Ontheonehand,somepeoplearecleverenoughtodrawupon

theexperienceandtoavoidthesamemistakes.Ontheotherhand,somemightjust

ignoretheconsequencesoftheblunderandallowhistoryrepeatsitself.

Tobecomeabetterperson,Iassertthatweshouldpaydueattentiontothe

mistakesandlearnourlessons.Asthesayinggoes,failureisthemotherofsuccess.

HowevecIthinkthestatementisonlyhalftrue——ifwedonotthinkaboutthefailure

andletitpass,wewouldnotbeabletotastesuccess.Conversely,ifweponderon

thecausesandeffectsofthefailure,wewillearnourselvesabeacontoguideour

waythrough.Itistruethatallhumanbeingswouldmakemistakes,butlearningfrom

themcanmakeuswiser.）

解析：这是一篇观点阐释型的作文，要求考生对“从错误中学习”这一观

点作阐释，并发表个人的意见。根据题目要求，可以将文章内容安排如下；

第1段强调“人非完人”、错误在所难免的观点。

第2段阐述人们对待错误的态度。

第3段提出个人的意见一一应该从错误中学习，及其重要的意义。

［参考译文］

从错误中学习

正如亚历山大•蒲柏明说，“失误人皆有之二作为人类的我们并非圣人,

犯错在所难免。

尽管人人都会犯错，但对于犯错的态度却因人而异。有的人机智聪慧，对

犯过的错误会引以为戒，避免重蹈覆辙。而有的人却无视错误带来的后果，任凭

历史重演。

想要成为更好的人，我主张我们应该重视错误，并从中学习。有句老话“失

败乃成功之母”，但我觉得它只说对了一半一一如果我们不去思考失败，一笑而

过的话，我们根本无法品尝成功。相反，如果我们思索失败的前因后果，我们会

得到前进道路的指明灯。人人皆犯错，这是事实，但从错误中学习，能让我们更

明智。

PartIIListeningComprehension（总题数：0,分数：0.00）

SectionA（总题数：8,分数：0.00）

.Questions1to4arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.

1.（分数：28.40）

A.OrganismsfarbelowtheEarth'ssurface.V

B.Newdrillingmethods.

C.Ahiddenundergroundworld.

D.Rareandinfectiousbacteria.

解析：［听力原文］

W:Today'sgueston"ScienceUpdate"isDavidBrown.Dr.Brown,youand

yourteamhavefoundbacteriafarbelowtheEarth'ssurface.Youmustbethrilled

aboutyourdiscovery.

M:Well,yes,it'sveryexciting.Foralongtimewe'dsuspectedthepresenceof

suchorganisms,butwelackedsubstantialevidence.

W:Howdidyouconfirmtheexistenceofthebacteria?

M:Well,technologyhelped.Ourdrillingtechniqueshaveimproved

significantly,andsotheriskthatsurfacebacteriacouldbemistakenforthosefound

atmuchgreaterdepthwasreduced.Withthenewtechniques,wecouldgetmuch

deeperintotheEarth.

W:Howfardowndidyouactuallyget?

M:Inonecase,aboutthreekilometers.Weweresurprised,Imusttellyou,

thattherewereorganismsthatfardown.

W:Youknow,itsoundslikefiction,somethinglikealostworld.

M:Let'scallitahiddenbiosphere,andit'sprobablyaveryextensiveone.The

massofthelivingorganismsbelowthesurfacemaybeequalinsizetothemassof

thesurfacebacteria.

W:Haveyoufoundanyuniquelife-forms?

M:Yes.We'vefoundaveryspecialorganism.Let'scallitType-Abacterium.It

canliveandgrowonlywherethereisnooxygen.

W:Isthereanydangerofthesebacteriainfectingpeoplewhenyoubring

themtothesurface?

M:Thesebacteriawereadaptedtoanenvironmentthat'scompletely

differentfromhumans'.That'stosay,theycouldnotsurviveinourenvironment.So

wereallydon'tneedtoworryaboutthesebacteriacausingillnessinpeople.

WhathaveDr.Brownandhisteamdiscovered?

.Questions5to8arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.

5.（分数：28.40）

A.Writingpapersforhisclasses.V

B.Preparingforthecomingexaminthelibrary.

C.Doingextraworkinthechemistrylab.

0.Workingovertimeatalibrary.

解析：［听力原文］

W:Ihaven'tseenyouhereforacoupleweeks.Haveyoustoppedeatingor

something?

M:No.DoesitlooklikeI'vestoppedeating?I'vebeenspendingalotoftime

inthelibrary.

W:Workingonapaper?

M:IwishIwasworkingonapaper!［5］\'mworkingonthreedifferentpapers:

anthropology,Englishliterature,andhistory.

W:Wow,thatisalotofwork.

M:Yeah,andwhat'sfrustratingisthatI'mstudyingthenineteenthcentury

BritishEmpireinallthreeclasses,butIcan'tjustwriteasinglepaperforallthree.

W:Whynot?

M:Theprofessorswon'tletmeevenifImakeitthreetimesaslongasthe

suggestedlength.

W:That'stoobad.Couldyouwriteyourpapersonthreeaspectsofonetopic?

M:Hmm.Whatdoyoumean?Doyouhavesomethinginmind?

W;Well,let'ssee.Hmm...MaybeyoucoulddosomethingwithRomanticism,

like,Ohh...writeyouranthropologypaperontheculturalbasisofRomanticism,and,

uh,yourhistorypaperontheinfluenceoftheRomanticpoetsonBritishforeign

policy,and,OK,andyourEnglishpaperonananalysisofsomeRomanticpoems.

M:Hey,that'snotabadidea!I'vealreadystartedtheresearchforoneofthe

papers,soIcanusethat.WhatcanIdotorepayyou?

W:Youwanttowriteupmychemistrypaperforme?

M:I'dloveto,butI'venevertakenchemistry,soI'mnotsureyou'dlikethe

results.

W:Ohwell,nothanksnecessarythen.I'lldoitmyself.Haveagoodweekend,

andtrytogetoutofthelibraryandgetsomesleep.Youhavebigcirclesunderyour

eyes.

M:OK,I'lltry.Seeyoulater.

Whathasthemanbeenbusydoingrecently?

SectionB（总题数：7,分数：0.00）

.Questions9to11arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.

1.（分数:21,30）

A.Pirates.

B.Sailors.

C.Manufactures.

□.Merchants.J

解析：［听力原文］

Ihopeyouhaveallfinishedreadingtheassignedchapteroninsurance——so

thatyou'repreparedforourdiscussiontoday.But,beforewestart,I'dliketomention

afewthingsyourtextdoesn'tgointo.

It'sinterestingtonotethatinsurancehasexistedinsonicformforaverylong

time.Theearliestinsurancepoliciesprovidedshippingprotectionformerchantsas

farbackas3000B.C.

Ingeneral,thecontractswereoftennomorethanverbalagreements.They

grantedloanstomerchantswiththeunderstandingthatifaparticularshipmentof

goodswaslostatsea,theloandidn'thavetoberepaid.Interestontheloansvaried

accordingtohowrisky,itwastotransportthegoods.Duringperiodsofheavypiracy

atsea,forexample,theamountofinterestandthecostofthepolicywentup

considerably.So,youcanseehowinsurancehelpedencourageinternationaltrade.

Eventhemostcautiousmerchantsbecamewillingtoriskshippingtheirgoodsover

longdistances——nottomentioninhazardousweatherconditions——whentheyhad

thiskindofprotectionavailable.

Generallyspeaking,thebasicformofaninsurancepolicyhasbeenpretty

muchthesamesincetheMiddleAges.Therearefourpointsthatwereprominent

thenandremaindominantinallpoliciestoday.Thesewereoutlinedinchaptersix

andwillserveasthebasisfortherestoftoday'sdiscussion.

Whowerethefirstinsurancecontractsdesignedtoprotect?

.Questions12to15arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.

4.（分数：28.40）

A.Itwasfullofenergy.

B.ltgaveoutheat.

C.ltcouldcureillness.J

D.ltcouldkeepthemhealthy.

解析：［听力原文］

Milkwasabasicfoodofmanlongbeforehistorywaswritten.Itwillprobably

keeponbeingoneaslongasthereareanimalsthatgivemilk.

Manyancientpeoplethoughtthatmilkhadgreathealingpower.Oneofthe

mostfamousGreekdoctorstoldhispatientstodrinkmilktocureillness.

Formorethantwohundredyearsmostpeoplegottheirmilkfromtheirown

cattleorfromanearbydairyherd.Butintimenewinventionsmadethedairy

industryabigbusiness.In1851GallBorden,founderofamilkcompany,foundaway

totakesomeofthewateroutofmilk.Thismadeitkeepmuchlonger.Fouryearslater,

LouisPasteurintroducedthepasteurizationprocess.Thisprocesskilledthebacteria

inmilkthatcausedittospoil.Next,aspecialmilkbottlewasdesigned.Thiswas

followedbytheinventionofmachinesthatcouldfillbottlesandcapthem

automatically.

Thesediscoverieshadagreateffectonthedairyindustry.Theymeantthat

milkcouldbestoredlonger.Itcouldbesafelyshippedoverlongdistances,Preparing

anddistributingmilksoonbecamealarge-scalebusiness.Recently,inasingleyear

morethansixtybillionquartsofmilkweresoldintheUnitedStates.

SomepeoplebelievethatmilkdrinkingwillbecomelesspopularinAmerica

thanithasbeen.Butrememberhowlongmilkhasbeenabasicfoodandthinkofthe

manywaysinwhichitisuseful.Itseemssafetosaythatthemilkindustrywillalways

beimportant.

Whatdidancientpeoplethinkaboutmilk?

SectionC（总题数：10,分数：0.00）

.Questions16to19arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustheard.

1.（分数:56.80）

A.Protectingtheseafishes.

B.HarmingtheEarth.

C.Harmingtheocean.J

0.Recoveringtheocean.

解析：［听力原文］

Fiftyyearsago,whenIbeganexploringtheocean,nooneimaginedthatwe

coulddoanythingtoharmtheoceanbywhatweputintoitorbywhatwetookout

ofit.Itseemed,atthattime,tobeaseaofparadise,butnowv/eknowthatweare

facingparadiselost.

Iwanttosharewithyoumypersonalviewofchangesintheseathataffectall

ofus,andtoconsiderwhyitmattersthatin50years,we'velost一actually,we've

taken,we'veeaten-morethan90percentofthebigfishinthesea;whyyoushould

carethatnearlyhalfofthecoralreefshavedisappeared;whyareductionofoxygen

inlargeareasofthePacificshouldconcernnotonlythecreaturesthataredying,but

itreallyshouldconcernyou.Itdoesconcernyou,aswell.

Therewasstilltime.Well,nowisthattime.Ihopeforyourhelptoexplore

andprotectthewildoceaninwaysthatwillrestorethehealthand,insodoing,

securehopeforhumankind.Healthtotheoceanmeanshealthforus.

Forme,asascientist,itallbeganin1953whenIfirsttriedunderwater

breathingdevice.It'swhenIfirstgottoknowhowfishswimminginmysterious

ocean.Iactuallylovedivingatnight;youseealotoffishthenthatyoudon'tseein

thedaytime.Sincethen,I'vestarteddesigningandbuilding13underwatersystems

toaccessthedeepsea.Iledafive-yearNationalGeographicexpedition,the

SustainableSeasexpeditions,usingtheselittlesubmarines.They'resosimpleto

drivethatevenascientistcandoit.AndI'mlivingproof.

Overtime,mostoftheplanet'sorganiccarbonhasbeenabsorbedandstored

there.Theoceandrivesclimateandweather,stabilizestemperature,shapesEarth's

chemistry.Waterfromtheseaprovideshomeforabout97percentoflifeinthe

world,maybeintheuniverse.Nowater,nolife;noblue,nogreen.

Aglobalplanofactionwithaworldconservationunionisunderwayto

protectbiodiversity,torecoverfromtheimpactsofclimatechange.New

technologiesareneededtomap,photographandexplorethe95percentofthe

oceanthatwehaveyettosee.Iwishyouwoulduseallmeansatyourdisposal-

films,expeditions,theweb,newsubmarines一andcampaigntoarousepublic

supportforaglobalnetworkofmarineprotectedareas-hopespotslargeenoughto

saveandrestoretheocean,theblueheartoftheplanet.

Whatwasbeyondimaginationwhenthespeakerbegantoexploretheocean

50yearsago?

.Questions20to22arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustheard.

5.（分数：42.60）

A.Sheisacosmeticdentistinbeautybusiness.

B.Sheworksinbeautybusinessforover30years.V

C.Sheconductsresearchesincosmeticsproducts.

D.Shemakescommentonthebeautyindustry.

解析：［听力原文］

Financiallyspeaking,makeupcanbeaburden.Byoneestimate,awomanin

theUSwillspendanaverageof$15,000onmakeupinherlifetime.Thefactisthat

theingredientsintheseproductsoftenaccountfornomorethan15%ofthecost,

accordingtoRandySchueller;acosmeticchemistwhohasbeeninthebeauty

businessformorethan30years.

Whatpeoplearemainlypayingforismarketing,packaging,andbrands.That's

whylipstick,forexample,whichismostlywax,oil,andpigments,routinelycosts

morethan$20atubeatadepartmentstoremakeupcounter.

Schuellersaysthat,becauseingredientsaresuchasmallshareofthecost,

"pricedoesnotreallyrelatetoqualitywhenitcomestocosmeticproducts."

Infact,packaginghasbecomesuchafocusintheindustrythatthereare

actuallyawardsgivenoutforit.

Wherethemakeupissoldmatters,too.It'saformofmarketinginitself,

whichisevidentwhenyouconsiderthedifferencebetweenupscalebrandscarriedat

retailerssuchasSephoraandUltaandmass-marketbrandssoldatdrugstores.

KarenGrant,theglobalbeautyindustryanalystatresearchfirmNPD,says

they'retwodifferentmodels,andconsumerspayforthatdifference.Athigher-end

stores,you"payforthedisplayareasandthepeoplewhoarehelpingtosellthe

product,whereasinamassenvironmentitcanbesealedupbehindapackageandsit

onashelf,"shesays.High-endshopsalsooftenmaketesteritemsavailable,andmay

acceptreturnsevenonuseditems.Itsimplycostsaretailermoretobeprofitablein

thatenvironment,andthosecostsarefactoredintothepricetagsontheproducts.

There'sevidencethatconsumersarebuyingintofamousbrandsatincreasing

rates.Salesintheglobalcosmeticsmarketarerising——to$56,9billionlastyear,

accordingtoEuromonitor一andareexpectedtokeepgrowing.Butit'snotbecause

thepriceofmakeupisgettingmoreexpensive.Infact,ithasn't.

Whatshouldaconsumerdo?Knowwhatyou'relookingfor.Ifyouwanta

lipstickthatwilllast,thengowithonedesignedforthat.Butdon'tassumethatmore

expensivemeansbetter.Morethananythingelse,whatthepriceofmakeupsimply

reflectsisthepricethatyou'rewillingtopayforit.

WhatdowelearnaboutRandySchuelleraccordingtothespeaker?

.Questions23to25arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustheard.

8.（分数：42.60）

A.TheywanttoprotestagainstBritishCouncil.

B.TheywanttoputadiamondontheQueen'scrown.

C.TheywanttheUKGovernmentreturnsadiamond.V

D.TheywanttoreturntheMountainofLightdiamond.

解析：［听力原文］

MountainofLight,oneoftheworld'sbest-knowndiamonds,isontheQueen

Elizabeth'scrown.ButtheIndianswantitback.AgroupofIndianstarsand

businessmenhasunitedtoinstructlawyerstobeginlegalproceedingsinLondon's

HighCourttoreturntheMountainofLightdiamond.Thegroupsaysthatthe

105-caratdiamondworthareported£100mwasstolenfromitstruehomeinIndia

andtheyaxedemandingthattheUKGovernmentreturnsit.

ThediamondwasinthecrownwornbytheQueenElizabethathercrowning

ceremonyin1953.

BollywoodstarBhumickaSingh,alsopartofthegroup,said:"TheMountain

ofLightisnotjusta105-caratstone,butpartofourhistoryandcultureandshould

undoubtedlybereturned."

BritishLawyersinstructedbythe"MountainofLight"grouptoreturnthe

stone,saidtheywouldbasetheircaseontheReturnofCulturalObjectsAct,which

givesnationalinstitutionsintheUKthepowertoreturnstolenart.

SatishJakhu,ofBirmingham-basedlawfirmRubricLoisKing,saidtheywould

maketheirclaimunderthecommonlawdoctrineof"trespasstogoods",arguing

thatthegovernmenthadstolenthediamond.Headdedthattheywouldbetaking

theircasetotheInternationalCourtofJustice.

HistorianAndrewRobertstoldtheMailonSunday:"Thoseinvolvedinthis

ridiculouscaseshouldrecognizethattheBritishCrownJewelsispreciselytheright

placefortheMountainofLightdiamondtoreside,ingratefulrecognitionforover

threecenturiesofBritishinvolvementinIndia,whichledtothemodernisation,

development,protection,agrarianadvance,linguisticunificationandultimatelythe

democratisationofthesub-continent."

Accordingtolegend,thegemcanonlybewornbyGodorwomen,and

whoeverwearsthejewelwillbecomeextremelypowerful,butifamanwearsit,he

willmeetanunfortunateend.

TheUKGovernmenthassofarrejectedtheclaims.

WhatdotheIndianstarsandbusinessmenwanttodo?

PartIIIReadingComprehension（总题数：0,分数：0.00）

SectionA（总题数：10,分数：0.00）

.Theconceptofobtainingfleshwaterfromicebergsthataretowedtopopulated

areasandaridregionsoftheworldwasoncetreatedasajokemoreappropriateto

cartoonsthanreallife.Butnov/itisbeing1quiteseriouslybymanynations,

especiallysincescientistshavewarnedthatthehumanracev/ill2itsfresh

watersupplyfasterthanitrunsoutoffood.

Glaciersareapossible3offreshwaterthathasbeenoverlooked

untilrecently.Three-quartersoftheEarth'sfreshwatersupplyisstilltiedupinglacial

ice,areservoirof4freshwatersoimmensethatitcould5allthe

riversoftheworldfor1,000years.Floatingontheoceanseveryyearare7,659

trillionmetrictonsoficeencasedin10,000icebergsthatbreakawayfromthepolar

icecaps,morethanninetypercentofthemfromAntarctica.

Hugeglaciersthat6overtheshallowcontinentalshelfgivebirthto

icebergsthroughouttheyear.Icebergsarenotlikeseaice,whichisformedwhenthe

seaitselffreezes,rather,theyareformed7onland,breakingoffwhen

glaciersspreadoverthesea.Astheydriftawayfromthepolarregion,icebergs

sometimesmovemysteriouslyinadirection8tothewind,pulledby

subsurfacecurrents.Becausetheymeltmoreslowlythansmallerpiecesofice,

icebergshavebeenknowntodriftasfarnorthas35degreessouthoftheequatorin

theAtlanticOcean.Tocontrolthemand9themtopartsoftheworldwhere

theyareneededwouldnotbetoodifficult.Eveniftheicebergslosthalfoftheir

volumeintowing,thewatertheycouldprovidewouldbefarcheaperthanthat

producedbydesalinization（脱盐），or10saltfromwater.

A.removing

B.stretch

C.deriving

D.entirely

E.untapped

F.resource

G.outgrow

H.opposite

I.approximately

J.considered

K.similar

L.source

M.eusured

N.sustain

O.steer（分数：35.50）

1.（分数：3.55）

填空项1：（正确答案：J）

解析：空格前的isbeing及空格后的bymanynations表明本句为被动语态，

此处应填入动词的过去分词形式。句首的Butnow表明该句与上文的…wasonce

treatedas...形成对比关系，因此所填之词与trea亡认为"相近。过去分词considered

“考虑，认为”符合要求。

［参考译文］把冰山拖到地球上人口密集以及干旱贫瘠的地区并由此获取淡

水，这种构想一度被视作笑话一一更适合动画片而非现实生活。而如今，尤其是

自从科学家警告说人类消耗淡水的速度会比消耗食物的速度更快以来，许多国家

都开始相当认真地考虑这个构想。

冰川是以往一宜受人忽略的一种潜在淡水来源，直到最近才受人关注。地

球上3/4的淡水仍然埋藏在冰川之中，这个尚未开发的淡水库大得可以维持全世

界的河流达1000年。每年都有1万座冰山从极地冰盖分离，其中超过90%从南

极洲分离，它们蕴含着7659万亿公吨的冰，在海洋上漂浮着。

在近海较浅的大陆架上延伸的巨大冰川整年都在孕育冰山。冰山和海上浮

冰不同；海上浮冰是海水自身冻结而形成的，而冰山完全是在陆地上形成的。当

冰川延伸到海面上断裂开来时，就成为冰山。在冰山从极地漂移开来的过程中，

有时在洋面下的潜流推动下，会不可思议地朝与风向相反的方向移动。它们融化

的速度比小冰块要慢，所以，据人们所知，有的冰山甚至会漂流到赤道以南35

度的大西洋上。控制并把它们引导到需要它们的地方不会是一件太困难的事情。

即使在拖引的过程中冰山的体积耗损一半，由冰山提供的淡水也会比用脱盐的办

法得到的淡水便宜得多。

2.（分数：3.55）

填空项1：.（正确答案：G）

解析：空格前的will提示此处需要动词原形作谓语。本句对比人类对淡水

的需求和对食物的需求，根据对比成分fasterthanitrunsoutoffood可知，该谓

语动诃意义_L与runoutof（用尽）相近。诃库中只有outgrow在意义、用法与形式

上都符合。

3.（分数：3.55）

填空项1：（正确答案：L）

解析：空格前面的冠词a表示此处需要可数名词单数形式，且与。f一起连

用。后一句讲到,地球上3/4的淡水埋藏在冰川之中。可见，Glaciers（冰川）是淡

水的一个来源，source“来源”符合语境。

4.（分数：3.55）

填空项1:（正确答案：E）

解析：此处需要形容词或分词修饰freshwatero上一句讲到冰川一直has

beenoverlookeduntilrecently,由此可知冰川中的淡水一直未被开发，untapped

“未开发的”符合语境。untappedfleshwaterIt”未被开发的淡水

5.（分数:3.55）

填空项1：（正确答案：N）

解析：此处需要及物动词原形作谓语。词库中符合条件的动词有stretch,

sustain和steer,而根据前面的soimmense可知此句意为“冰川的水量极大，足

以维持地球上所有河流”，因此sustain符合句意。

6.（分数：3.55）

填空项1：（正确答案：B）

解析：此处需要动词原形与over构成搭配，作定语从句的谓语，表明huge

glaciers“分布”在浅大陆架上。词库中的动词原形有stretch和steer,但steer

不能与连用，而在意义和用法上都符合题意，故选

overstretchstretcho

7.（分数：3.55）

填空项1：（正确答案：D）

解析：本句的结构完整，因此需要副词成分。空格前的插入成分rather表

明冰山的形成与海上浮冰不同，海上浮冰是海水自身冻结形成，而冰山是在陆地

上形成。词库中只有entirely"完全”能突出二者不同的程度。副词approximately

常用于形容大概的数字、数量或时间，不宜用在此处。

8.（分数；3.5S）

填空项1：（正确答案：H）

解析：此处需要形容词与to形成固定搭配，作direction的后置定语。词库

中的opposite与similar都能与to搭配,根据上文说冰山有时movemysteriously,

可推测冰山的移动与风向并不一致，由此可确定答案为oppositeo

9.（分数：3.55）

填空项1：（正确答案：0）

解析：此处需要及物动词原形且能与后面的介词to搭配。根据and前面的

并列成分control,可推测该词与“掌控”意思相近，因此答案为steer。steersth.

to...意为“引导某物去往……二

10.（分数：3.55）

填空项上（正确答窠：A）

解析：空格前面的or表明其后的成分用于解释desalinization,由于介词by

的限定，故此处需填入动词的现在分词，且能与from连用。词库中的removing

和deriving都能与from连用，但desalinization提示这里讲的是把盐从水中分离

出来，所以选择removing（除去）,而不是deriving（源自）。

SectionB（总题数：10,分薮:0.00）

Signs:theMostUsefulThingWePayNoAttentionto

A.Signage-thekindweseeoncitystreets,inairports,onhighways,in

hospitalcorridors—isthemostusefulthingwepaynoattentionto.Whenitworks

well,ittellsuswhereweare（aswhenanInterstatemarkerassuresuswe'reonthe

righthighway）andithelpsustogetwherewewanttogo（aswhenanairport

bannerdirectsustoourgate）.Whenitfails,wemisstrains,we'relateto

appointments,wespendhourspacingtheindistinguishablefloorsofunderground

parkinggarages,mutteringtoourselvesinmountingfrustrationandfury.Andin

somecases,especiallywhereautomobilesareinvolved,theconsequencesofbad

signagecanbefatal.

B.Badsignscansendperfectlyordinarycitizensintospiralsofconfusion.

TakeRichardAnkrom,aLosAngelesartistwhothoughtthejunctionofthe110

freewayandthe5freewaywasbadlymarked.In2001,heputonanoutfitthat

lookedliketheonesCaltraushighwayworkerswore,climbedupontoafreeway

gantry（信号架），andmountedanaluminumsignhe'dmanufacturedhimself

accordingtostatespecifications.Thesignstayedupforninemonthswithoutanyone

noticingwhathe'ddone;whenthestoryleakedtothepressandCaltransfinally

realized,theagencyleftthesignupforeightmoreyears.

C.OrconsiderLeslieGalleryDilworth,aPhiladelphiaarchitectwhotooka

roadtripwithherhusbandthroughSpaininthe1980s.Throughoutthejourney,

they'dbeenamazedatthesimplicityoftheEuropeanroadsigns,whichwereeasyto

useeventhoughneitherofthemspokeSpanish.UpontheirreturntoPhilly,theygot

lostonthewayfromtheairporttotheirhouse,whenabadsetofsignsdirected

themtoalocaldump.Dilworthwassostruckbyherowncity'sinhospitalitythatshe

spentmuchofthenextdecadeworkingwiththecityandlocalstakeholders

improvingPhiladelphia'ssignsystems.Today,she'stheCEOoftheSocietyfor

EnvironmentalGraphicDesign,thepremierAmericanprofessionalgroupforsign

designers.

D.Mostpeople,whentheythinkaboutit,canpointtosignsthathavefailed

them:thehospitalcomplexthatfeltlikealabyrinth（迷宫）ortheexittheyalways

almostmiss.Butthetruthisthatsignagetodayisfarbetterthanit'sbeenatany

otherpointinhistory.Acenturyago,signdesignwasn'taprofessiontospeakof;the

signsthatguidedridersandpedestrians（thereweren'tmanydriversyet）tendedto

beinformal.Astheautomobiletookoff,theworldfounditneecedtrafficengineers,

anditwasthesemenandwomenwhowerethefirsttothinkseriouslyaboutsign

systems.Americaputnationalstandardsforroadsignsinplacein1935.

E.Butthedevelopersofofficebuildings,shoppingmalls,andother

pedestrianspaceswereslowtofollowsuit.Developerstendedtoassumethat

architectswouldtakecareofsigndesign,andmanyarchitectswouldleaveitupto

tenants.Asaresult,securityguardsandsecretarieswereoftentheonestohelp

orientthelost.

F.The1970ssawthefirststirringsofrevolutioninthesignworld.That's

whentheSEGDwasfounded,andit'swhendesignersfirstbegantoseriouslystudy

howbesttoorientpeopleandguidethemthroughspace.Theirworkwasprompted

inpartbyAmerica'sgreaturbanthinkers:peoplelikeKevinLynchandJaneJacobs,

whoarguedthatspacesshouldbedesignednottofulfillthegrandvisionsof

architectsbutwithhumblehumanusesinmind.Thefieldearnedaname—

"wayfinding,"aLynchcoinage一andtoday,peopleinthebusinesscallthemselves

wayfindingdesignersandtalkaboutplacesthathave"goodwayfinding"or"terrible

wayfinding."Bythe1980sand'90s,wayfindingadvocateswereinvolvedinmore

developmentprojects,butdispatchesfromtheerahaveaslightlyindignant

designersofenvironmentalgraphicsstilloftenfoundthemselvesfightingforaplace

atthetable.Duringthelast10years,however,wayfindinghascomeintoitsown.

Morerequestsforproposalsformajorbuildinginitiativesnowrequirebiddersto

explainhowthey'llhandlewayfindingdesign.Manycitieshaveinstalledwayfinding

systemsliketheoneDilworthhelpedbuildinPhiladelphia.Newairportsandtrain

stationsareroutinelybuiltwithgoodnavigationinmind.

G.Whyhastherebeensuchgrowthinthefield?Onecauseisthe

remarkablepaceofeconomicdevelopmentoverthepasthalf-century.Developed

countries