基于高考卷命题角度解答阅读理解题 课件-2025届高考英语一轮复习专题

基于高考卷命题

角度

解答阅读理解题内容要点03040102选材选什么文本分析（语篇结构）考点怎么定题干编写05答案与干扰项编写1.命题选材：选什么？

英语试题的设计要充分考虑英语语言在现实生活中的使用情况。在选择语言素材的时候，要尽量使用真实、地道、典型的当代英语素材。可以根据考试的目的和学生的实际语言水平，对真实的语言材料就行适当的删减和改写。语言材料的题材和体裁要丰富多样（教育部，2017）。

试题所选择的语言素材和所创设的语言运用情景要充分考虑到高中学生的生活经验和所处的社会环境。试题内容和载体的选择以及题型的设计要与学生的认知水平相适应。要避免因学生的生活经历的明显差异而影响试题的公正性和合理性。另外，试题的设计尽量使学生能够结合亲身经历或体验来答题（教育部，2017）。1.选材：选什么？

1.

真实性：语料真实、地道、当代（时效性）2.多样性：题材、体裁多样3.长度要合适：中等以上测试300字左右最理想4.难度要合适：生词率3%；复杂句子控制5.内容有新意：忌讳老生常谈6.信息点充分：信息密度不高，可能凑题目7.内容要健康：避免引起政治、民族、宗教、

地区、性别等争议纠纷（价值导向）。（刘润清，韩宝成，2000）1.文段体裁：多样2.文段题材：适应考生年龄特点和生活经历

3.文段长度：高中200~300，高考略长4.文段考点：不低于3个5.文段数量：多个文段，考点分布不集中6.文段难度：与考生语言能力相当7.文段中数字信息：特定文段数字题不宜多8.文段简化：确保语言内容结构完整和信息连贯和逻辑性；可不改编加低于3%汉语注释。（武尊民，2008）(Heaton,1988)“5.0社会”篇目体裁题材主题语境育人价值A应用文名人介绍：古今历史上女性名医人与社会

勇敢坚毅，舍己为人B记叙文摄影经历：寻找最佳拍摄点获取独特景色人与自我了解不同职业的艰辛；树立积极乐观人生态度

C说明文饮食节目：对英国人饮食习惯的影响人与社会拓展视野，了解异域文化D议论文人类文明：文献和文物相结合才有可能还原更加真实的历史人与社会批判性思维全面客观地看待事物7选5说明文自然生态：种植室内植物有益于提高人们的生活质量人与自然关注自然及周围环境养成健康的生活方式

2023年

全国

乙卷材料特点：立德树人1.选材：选什么？篇目体裁题材主题语境育人价值A应用文绿色出行：自行车租赁服务人与社会

绿色出行；环保/健康意识B记叙文环境保护：利用微生物治理污水人与自然与自然和谐共处；观察自然，实践创新

C说明文健康生活：数字极简主义人与自我健康的生活方式D说明文群体智慧：小组讨论，集体决策可以消

除个体偏见，提高估计的准确性人与社会科学精神前沿新知7选5说明文自我原谅：学会适度自我原谅，罗列优点和做过的好事增强自信人与自我自尊自爱自信的心理素质积极乐观看待自己

2023年

全国I卷材料特点：立德树人1.选材：选什么？篇目体裁题材主题语境育人价值A应用文旅游休闲：罗马四个旅社介绍人与社会渗透中外文化B记叙文音乐经历：钢琴家的翻乐谱助手人与自我终身学习，刻苦练习

C说明文动物保护：联邦鸭票-北美水禽保护历史人与自然倡导人与自然和谐共处D说明文社会现象：大众对情商的误解，情商的

本质，对情商未来研究的期望

人与社会

鼓励关注未来，关注前沿新知

7选5记叙文

夹叙夹议旅游休闲：巴黎一周游的经历人与社会

体验文化差异，培养思辨意识2022年

全国I卷材料特点：立德树人1.选材：选什么？中华优秀文明（优秀传统文化，中华文化）语法填空

人类命运共同体/人与自然和谐共处时代发展(科学知识/科技发展)和谐人际关系

体美劳教育材料特点：立德树人1.选材：选什么？材料特点：立德树人(人类命运共同体/人与自然和谐共处)2023新课标1卷：约翰建造污水净化的机器)材料特点：立德树人(时代发展)2022.08.24

2017I科学实验

如何在野外自制便携式太阳能蒸馏器获取饮用水2017II科学技术

国外飞行汽车的最新进展2017III科学技术

帮助老人独立自主生活的辅助驾驶系统材料特点：立德树人(和谐人际关系)2不同体裁文本的信息核心（语篇结构）应用文记叙文说明文议论文信息核心（篇章结构）·所需信息（紧扣说明对象

根据阅读目的

抓住所需信息）·记事文

（5W1H）·人物传记（身世、事迹、对他的情感态度或评价）·说明的事物

·说明的道理

·论点

（现象描述）·论证（正反分析；

逻辑推理；

列举事实）·结论（现象描述）（刘松，2003）2021.12.19记叙文语篇结构1/2（李秀萍，2022）（杨文彬，2022）记叙文语篇结构2/2（杨文彬，2022）说明文语篇结构1/21.问题—解决模式（Problem-SolutionPattern）SPRE

提问—回答模式（Question-AnswerPattern）SQA一般—特殊模式（General-ParticularPattern）GSG（林晓研，2022；李秀萍，2022；张兵，2019）（McCarthy&Carter,1993;MichealHoey,2001）

LanguageasDiscourse;DiscourceInteraction2019，全国I说明文语篇结构2/2问题—解决模式（Problem-SolutionPattern）SPRE

2.

提问—回答模式（Question-AnswerPattern）SQA一般—特殊模式（General-ParticularPattern）GSG（林晓研，2022；李秀萍，2022；张兵，2019）2019，天津生态系统的运行机制？物种数量分布差异的原因？科学家建立食物网的数据模型说明文语篇结构2/2问题—解决模式（Problem-SolutionPattern）SPRE

提问—回答模式（Question-AnswerPattern）SQA3.一般—特殊模式（General-ParticularPattern）GSG（林晓研，2022；李秀萍，2022；张兵，2019）2020，全国IMainlyabout:Theclassificationofthepopular.说明文语篇结构2/2Throughouthistory,manyspeciesofanimalshavebeenthreatenedwithextinction.WhenEuropeansfirstarrivedinNorthAmerica,morethan60millionbuffalo（水牛）livedonthecontinent.Yethuntingthebuffalowassopopularduringthe19thcenturythatby1900theanimal’spopulationhadfallentoabout400beforethegovernmentsteppedintoprotectthespecies.Insomecountriestoday,theelephantfacesasimilarchallenge,asillegalhunterskilltheanimalsfortheivoryintheirtusks.Yetnotallanimalswithcommercialvaluefacethisthreat（威胁）.Thecow,forexample,isavaluablesourceoffood,butnooneworriesthatthecowwillsoonbeextinct.Whydoesthecommercialvalueofivorythreatentheelephant,whilethecommercialvalueofbeefprotectsthecow?Thereasonisthatelephantsareacommonresource,whilecowsareprivategoods.Elephantswanderfreelywithoutanyowners.Thehunterhasastrongmotivationtokillasmanyelephantsashecanfind.Becauseillegalhuntersarenumerous,eachhasonlyaslightmotivationtopreservetheelephantpopulation.Bycontrast,cattleliveonfarmsthatareprivatelyowned.Eachfarmermakesgreatefforttomaintainthecattlepopulationonhisfarmbecauseheharveststhebenefitoftheseefforts.Governmentshavetriedtosolvetheelephant'sproblemintwoways.Somecountries,suchasKenyaandUganda,havemadeitillegaltokillelephantsandselltheirivory.Yettheselawshavebeenhardtoputintoeffect,andelephantpopulationshavecontinuedtodwindle.Bycontrast,othercountries,suchasMalawiandNamibia,havemadeelephantsprivategoodsandallowedpeopletokillelephants,butonlythoseontheirownproperty.Withprivateownershipandtheprofitmotivenowonitsside,theAfricanelephantmightsomedaybeassafefromextinctionasthecow.TheancientGreekphilosopherAristotlepointedouttheproblemwithcommonresources:"Whatiscommontomanyistakenleastcareof,forallmenhavegreaterregardforwhatistheirownthanforwhattheypossessincommonwithothers.Expository–argumentationArgumentativeOFTHISSCHEME,WETHANKYOUFORYOURREADING,THEPROPOSALExpositoryP1:PhenomenonP2&3:Opinion（Cause&effect）P4：Evidence:（contrast）P5:Opinion（suggestedsolution）研高考方向，做细处文章细节理解：事实细节，词汇猜测，细节推理，观点态度主旨大意：基本结构，主旨大意3.考点怎么定？“一篇文章必然有一个主信息。阅读测试，就是要攻主信息，攻主信息核心，是必要考点”（李筱菊,2001)。3.考点怎么定？(2023QGI-A)一般按文段顺序出题BikeRental&GuidedToursWelcometoAmsterdam,welcometoMacBike.Yousee...WhyMacBikeMacBikehasbeenaroundforalmost30yearsandisthebiggestbicyclerentalcompanyinAmsterdam.....wemakesurethereisalwaysabikeavailableforyou.Weofferthenewestbicyclesinawidevariety,

...Prices...GuidedCityToursThe2.5-hourtourcovers....ThetourdepartsfromDamSquare...,....buyyourticket...21.WhatisanadvantageofMacBike?22.Howmuchdoyoupayforrentingabikewith...?23.Wheredoestheguidedcitytourstart?3.考点怎么定？(2023QGI-B)按语篇结构出题

WhenJohnToddwasachild,helovedtoexplorethewoods...Whenhegotolder,Johnstartedtowonderifthisprocesscouldbeusedto...Afterstudyingagriculture,medicine,andfisheriesincollege,Johnwentbacktoobservingnatureandaskingquestions.Why...?Whichkindsoffish...?...Hedecidedtobuildwhathewouldlatercallaneco-machine.ThetaskJohnsetforhimselfwastoremoveharmfulsubstancesfromsomesludge.First,heconstructed...tanks...Thenhebroughtbacksomeplantsandanimals.Heplacedtheminthetanksandwaited.Afterafewweeks,Johnaddedthesludge.Hewasamazedattheresults.Theplantsandanimalsintheeco-machinetookthesludgeasfoodandbegantoeatit!Withinweeks,ithadallbeendigested...背景过程24.WhatcanwelearnaboutJohnfromthefirsttwoparagraphs?25.WhydidJohnputthesludgeintothetanks?3.考点怎么定？(2023QGI-B)Overtheyears,Johnhastakenonmanybigjobs.Hedevelopedagreenhouse-likefacilitythattreatedsewagefrom1,600homesinSouthBurlington.Healsodesignedaneco-machinetocleancanalwaterinFuzhou,acityinsoutheastChina.“Ecologicaldesign”isthenameJohngivestowhathedoes.“LifeonEarthiskindofaboxofsparepartsfortheinventor,”hesays.“Youputorganismsinnewrelationshipsandobservewhat’shappening.Thenyouletthesenewsystemsdeveloptheirownwaystoself-repair.”应用原理26.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinmentioningFuzhou?27.WhatisthebasisforJohn’swork?3.考点怎么定？(2023QGI-C)Thegoalofthisbookistomakethecasefordigitalminimalism,including...andthentoteachyouhowtoadoptthisphilosophyifyoudecideit’sright...Todoso,Idividedthebookintotwoparts.Inpartone,Idescribethephilosophicalfoundationsofdigitalminimalism,startingwith...Partoneconcludesbyintroducingmysuggestedmethodforadoptingthisphilosophy:thedigitaldeclutter.Thisprocessrequiresyouto...Inthefinalchapterofpartone,I’llguideyouthroughcarryingoutyourowndigitaldeclutter.Indoingso,...Thesecondpartofthisbooktakesacloserlookatsomeideasthatwillhelpyoucultivateasustainabledigitalminimalismlifestyle...Youcanviewthesepracticesasatoolboxmeanttoaidyoureffortstobuildaminimalistlifestyle目的PartIPartII28.Whatisthebookaimedat?29.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“declutter”in...mean?30.Whatispresentedinthefinalchapterofpartone?31.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestreadersdowiththepractices

offeredinparagraphtwo?3.考点怎么定？(2023QGI-D)OnMarch7,1907,theEnglishstatisticianFrancisGaltonpublishedapaperwhichillustrated...the“wisdomofcrowds”effect...Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren’talwaysthesame.Somepeople...Whenenoughoftheseerrorsareaveragedtogether,theycanceleachotherout...Butanewstudy...offeredaninterestingtwistonthisclassicphenomenon.Thekeyfindingofthestudywasthatwhencrowdswerefurtherdividedintosmallergroups...haveadiscussion,theaverages...weremoreaccurate...Thediscussiongroups...moreaccuratethan...from20independentindividuals.Inafollow-upstudy...,theresearcherstriedtogetabettersenseofwhatthegroupmembersactuallydidintheirdiscussion...Mostfrequently,thegroupsreportedthatthey“sharedargumentsandreasonedtogether.”Somehow,...resultedinaglobalreductioninerror....limitations...potentialimplications...发现原理新发现原理32.Whatisparagraph2ofthetextmainlyabout?33.Navajas’studyfoundthattheaverageaccuracycouldincreaseevenif___.34.Whatdidthefollow-upstudyfocuson?35.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardNavajas’studies?4.题干怎么编？高考英语阅读理解题干表述的“指向性”如何？2022-05-0123:55标题和出处单个的名词短语同义转述的名词短语多个名词短语关键词的重心位于动词短语状语从句4.题干怎么编？(2023QGI-A)4.题干怎么编？(2023QGI)21.WhatisanadvantageofMacBike?22.Howmuchdoyoupayforrentingabikewithhandbrakeandthreegearsfortwodays?23.Wheredoestheguidedcitytour

start?24.WhatcanwelearnaboutJohnfromthefirsttwoparagraphs?25.WhydidJohnputthesludgeintothetanks?26.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinmentioningFuzhou?27.WhatisthebasisforJohn’swork?

4.题干怎么编？(2023QGI)28.Whatisthebookaimedat?29.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“declutter”inparagraph3mean?30.Whatispresentedinthefinalchapterofpartone?31.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestreadersdowiththepracticesofferedinparttwo?32.Whatisparagraph2ofthetextmainlyabout?33.Navajas’studyfoundthattheaverageaccuracycouldincreaseevenif________.34.Whatdidthefollow-upstudy

focuson?35.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardNavajas’studies?5.答案怎么编？干扰项怎么编？(2023QGI-A)21.WhatisanadvantageofMacBikeA.Itgiveschildrenadiscount.B.Itoffersmanytypesofbikes.C.Itorganizesfreecycletours.D.Ithasover2,500rentalshops.

正确答案出处：Weofferthenewestbicyclesinawidevariety,includingbasicbikeswithfootbrake,bikeswithhandbrakeandgears,bikeswithchildseats,andchildren’sbikes....including...andchildren’sbikes.Guided

CityToursWithover2,500bikesstoredinourfiverentalshops

，信息杂糅选项与文段的同义词的同义转述同义转述错误联想

5.答案怎么编？干扰项怎么编？(2023QGI-B)27.WhatisthebasisforJohn’swork?A.Naturecanrepairitself. B.Organismsneedwatertosurvive.C.LifeonEarthisdiverse. D.Mosttinycreaturesliveingroups.

出处：“Ecologicaldesign”isthenameJohngivestowhathedoes.“LifeonEarthiskindofaboxofsparepartsfortheinventor,”hesays.“Youputorganismsinnewrelationshipsandobservewhat’shappening.Thenyouletthesenewsystemsdeveloptheirownwaystoself-repair.”名词与动词的同义转述同义转述错误联想

28.Whatisthebookaimedat?A.Teachingcriticalthinkingskills. B.Advocatingasimpledigitallifestyle.C.Solvingphilosophicalproblems. D.Promotingtheuseofadigitaldevice.出处：Thegoalofthisbookistomakethecasefordigitalminimalism,includingadetailedexplorationofwhatitasksandwhyitworks,andthentoteachyouhowtoadoptthisphilosophyifyoudecideit’srightforyou.”错误联想

Thegoalofthisbookistomakethecasefordigital

minimalism,includingadetailedexplorationofwhatitasksandwhyitworks,

andthentoteachyouhowtoadoptthisphilosophy

ifyoudecideit’srightforyou.5.答案怎么编？干扰项怎么编？(2023QGI-C)题干与文段的同义词转述同义转述34.Whatdidthefollow-upstudyfocuson?A.Thesizeofthegroups.B.Thedominant

members.C.Thediscussionprocess.D.Theindividualestimates.出处：Inafollow-upstudywith100universitystudents,theresearcherstriedtogetabettersenseofwhatthegroupmembersactuallydidintheirdiscussion.Didtheytendtogowiththosemostconfidentabout

theirestimates?Didtheyfollowthoseleastwillingtochangetheirminds?Thishappenedsomeofthetime,butitwasn’tthe

dominant

response.Mostfrequently,thegroupsreportedthatthey“sharedargumentsandreasonedtogether.”Somehow,theseargumentsandreasoningresultedinaglobalreductioninerror.错误联想；信息杂糅

名词短语与文段的句子同义转述同义转述（考查长难句分析）5.答案怎么编？干扰项怎么编？(2023QGI-D)33.Navajas’studyfoundthattheaverageaccuracycouldincreaseevenif________.A.thecrowdswererelativelysmallB.therewereoccasionalunderestimatesC.individualsdidnotcommunicateD.estimateswerenotfullyindependent出处：ButanewstudyledbyJoaquinNavajasofferedaninterestingtwistonthisclassicphenomenon.Thekeyfindingofthestudywasthatwhencrowdswerefurtherdividedintosmallergroupsthatwereallowedtohaveadiscussion,theaveragesfromthesegroupsweremoreaccuratethanthosefromanequalnumberofindependentindividuals.Forinstance,theaverageobtainedfromtheestimatesoffourdiscussiongroupsoffivewassignificantlymoreaccuratethantheaverageobtainedfrom20independentindividuals.错误联想；信息杂糅；无中生有/未提及

正话反说的同义转述5.答案怎么编？干扰项怎么编？(2023QGI-C)同义转述24.WhatcanwelearnaboutJohnfromthefirsttwoparagraphs?A.Hewasfondoftraveling. B.Heenjoyedbeingalone.C.Hehadaninquiringmind.D.Helongedtobeadoctor.

出处：WhenJohnToddwasachild,helovedtoexplorethewoodsaroundhishouse,observinghownaturesolvedproblems....Whenhegotolder,John

startedtowonderifthisprocesscouldbeusedtocleanupthemessespeopleweremaking.Afterstudyingagriculture,medicine,andfisheriesincollege,Johnwentbacktoobservingnatureandaskingquestions.Whycancertainplantstrapharmfulbacteria?Whichkindsoffishcaneatcancer-causingchemicals?...推理提炼错误联想

5.答案怎么编？干扰项怎么编？(2023QGI-B)25.WhydidJohnputthesludgeintothetanks?A.Tofeedtheanimals. B.Tobuildanecosystem.C.Toprotecttheplants.D.Totesttheeco-machine.出处：...Hedecidedtobuildwhathewouldlatercallaneco-machine.ThetaskJohnsetforhimselfwastoremoveharmfulsubstancesfromsomesludge.First,heconstructedaseriesofclearfiberglasstanksconnectedtoeachother.Thenhewentaroundtolocalpondsandstreamsandbroughtbacksomeplantsandanimals.Heplacedtheminthetanksandwaited.Littlebylittle,thesedifferentkindsoflifegotusedtooneanotherandformedtheirownecosystem.Afterafewweeks,Johnaddedthesludge.Hewasamazedattheresults...推理提炼错误联想

5.答案怎么编？干扰项怎么编？(2023QGI-B)30.Whatis