备战2024年高考英语模拟卷（全国乙卷 01）（全解全析）A4

2024年高考英语第一次模拟考试（全国乙卷）01英语（考试时间：120分钟试卷满分：150分）注意事项：1．答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、考生号等填写在答题卡和试卷指定位置上。2．回答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用铅笔把答题卡对应题目的答案标号涂黑。如需改动，3．考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。第一部分听力（共两节，满分30分）第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。1．Whendoesthelecturefinish?A．Atabout5p.m. B．Atabout4p.m. C．Atabout3p.m.【答案】A【原文】M:Whendoesthelecturebegin?W:Ithinkitstartsatthreeintheafternoon．M:Itfinishesatfour,right?Ihaveameetingthen.W:No,thisonelastsfortwohours．You’llhavetorescheduleyourfouro’clockappointment.2．Whatdoesthewomanasktheboytotake?A．Acoat. B．Boots. C．AT-shirt.【答案】A【原文】W:Now,let’sgetsomeclothestogetherforyourtrip.M:OK,Mum．Well,I’llneedmywalkingbootsforastart．Oh,andmyredT-shirt．W:ForgettheT-shirt．Youneedathickcoat．Theforecastsaysit’sgoingtosnow.3．WhathappenedtoLarrylastnight?A．Hecouldn’tfindhishotel.B．Hewascaughtintherain.C．Hefellintowater.【答案】C【原文】M:IsawLarrylastnight．Hewaslookingverywet.W:Butitwasn’traininglastnight.M:Well,hehadn’tseenthehotelswimmingpoolandhadfalleninwithhisclotheson.4．Wherewillthewomangotomorrownight?A．Totheman’shouse. B．Toacinema. C．Toarestaurant.【答案】A【原文】M:Hi,Beth．MyfamilyandIarehavingafewpeopleoverfordinnertomorrownight．Wemightwatchamovie．Canyoucome?W:Sure．I’dlovetocome．That’dbemorefunthaneatingrestaurantalone.5．Whatarethespeakersmainlytalkingabout?A．Ahouse. B．Anoffice. C．Ashoppingcenter.【答案】A【原文】W:Howaboutthisone?Ithastwobedroomswithabiggarden.M:Well,itdoesn’tmatter．Ijustcareaboutwhereitis.W:It’snotfarfromyouroffice．Andtherearemanyrestaurants,andabigshoppingcenternearby.第二节（共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分）听下面5段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白读两遍。听第6段材料，回答第6、7题。6．Whatdoesthewomanwantthemantodo?A．Typeoutherreport. B．Repairherkeyboard. C．Lookforherkeys.7．Whatwillthewomandonext?A．Havesomejuice. B．Pickupherfriend. C．Goshopping.【答案】6．B7．C【原文】M:Goodmorning!IsthereanythingIcandoforyou?W:ImademykeyboardwetwhenIhadsomejuicetoday,andnowthekeysarestuck．Ican’ttypeupmyreport．M:Isee.W:Sohowsoonwouldyoubeabletofixit?M:Well,we’renottoobusyrightnow．Whydon’tyoujustwaitandwecanprobablyrepairitforyouwithin30minutes.W:Actually,Ihavetodosomeshoppingwithmyfriend．I’lljustcomebackandpickupthekeyboardwhenI’mdone．M:That’sOK.听第7段材料，回答第8至10题。8．Wherearethespeakers?A．Athome. B．Atabusstop. C．IntheBookBuilding.9．Whatdidthemandoyesterdayevening?A．HewatchedTV. B．Hehadamatch. C．Heboughtaguide.10．Whichbuswillthespeakerstake?A．No．29. B．No．37. C．No．52.【答案】8．B9．A10．C【原文】W:Dad,doyouknowwhichbusweshouldtake?M:Er,letmecheckthebusguidefirst．W:Bequick,please.M:Whycan’tIfindthebusyourmothertoldmeyesterdayevening?W:Mumtoldyouthedirectionsthreetimes.M:ButIwaswatchinganNBAmatchonTVatthattime．Anditwasareallyexcitingone．W:Weneedtoasksomeone．HerecomeBusNo.29andBusNo.37．M:Oh,Igotitontheguide．WeneedtotakeBusNo．52togototheBookBuilding．Hereitiscoming．Linda,comeon．Let’sgo.听第8段材料，回答第11至13题。11．Whatisthepurposeofthecall?A．Toarrangeatour. B．Tobookaroom. C．Toconfirmareservation.12．Whatdoesthewomanrequest?A．Awake-upcall. B．Aspecialmenu. C．Aroomwithaview.13．Howcanguestsreceiveafreemeal?A．Byreservingaccommodationsonline.B．Bystayingaminimumofthreenights.C．Bymakingabookingduringtheoffseason.【答案】11．B12．C13．B【原文】M:Hi,youhavereachedthefrontdeskofCozyHotel．HowmayIhelpyou?W:I’minterestedinbookingaroomfornextFriday．Arethereanywithanoceanviewavailable?M:Iwillcheckforyou．Yes,itlookslikethere’soneavailableontheninthfloor．Howmanynightsdoyouplantostay?Youknow,itisoffseasonnow,andweareofferingapromotionrightnow．Ifyoustayatleastthreenightsyou’llreceiveafreebreakfastorlunch．Andthereisaspecialmenuatourrestaurant．Youjustneedtoorderitonline.W:Thatsoundslikeagreatdeal,butmymeetingwilllastonlytwodays．SoI’llonlyneedtwonights.M:Doyouneedanywake-upcall?W:No．Thanks,anyway.听第9段材料，回答第14至16题。14．Whenwastheyouthclubformed?A．In2015. B．In2008. C．In2006.15．WhatisMatthew?A．Anengineer. B．Ateacher. C．Astudent.16．ForwhatdidMatthew’sclubraisemoney?A．Aschool. B．Apark. C．Ahospital.【答案】14．B15．C16．C【原文】W:TodayinthestudiowehaveMatthewwhorecentlywontheprizeforrunningayouthclub．SoMatthew,howdiditallstart?M:IusedtobeamemberoftheyouthclubwhenIwasastudentattheschoolthere.W:Whendidyoufirstjointheclub?M:In2015.Buttheclubhasbeenrunningformoreman10years．Itwasstartedin2008.W:You’vebecomealeaderattheclub．Butyonarealsostudyingatcollege.M:Yes．Iamstudyingengineering．Aftergraduation,Iwanttobuildbridgesactually．InowteachtheguitarattheclubonSaturdayafternoons.W:Great．Youwontheprizebecauseyouhelpedalocalhospital,right?M:Yes．Wedidlotsofdifferentthingstoraisemoney,likewebakedcakestosellattheschool．Thegreatestthingwedidwasacarwashatthepark．Wewashedover500cars.听第10段材料，回答第17至20题。17．WhereisKakaduNationalPark?A．InAustralia. B．InAustria. C．InBelgium.18．HowdidthespeakerfeelaftertheYellowWaterCruise?A．Pleased. B．Disappointed. C．Worried.19．WhydidthespeakerbuytheSunrise&Sunsetticketonline?A．Itwaseasy. B．Itwascheap. C．Itwaspopular.20．WhatimpressedthespeakermostduringtheYellowWaterCruise?A．KakaduCultureCamp. B．Sunrise&Sunset. C．AzureKingfisher.【答案】17．A18．A19．B20．C【原文】W:ThereisnowhereelseonEarthlikeKakaduNationalParkinthenorthernareaofAustralia．Themomentyoudrivethroughitsgateyouareenteringanancientareafullofwildlife—aplaceforthe500speciesofbirdsandanimalstolive．Here,inthisvastareaofland,thesizeofBelgium,orhalfofthesizeofAustria,youwillseesightsthatwilltakeyourbreathaway.There’sloadstodoandit’snoteasytochoose．KakaduCultureCampwasagoodchoice,butwefinallydecidedontheYellowwaterCruise,whichismorepopular．ItwasawonderfulexperienceandprobablythebestattractioninKakaduNationalPark．WewerehighlyimpressedwehadjustreturnedfromKrugerNationalParkinSouthAfricaandwereworriedtheexperiencewouldn’tbesogood．Happily,theYellowwaterCruisewassurelythehighlightofKakadu．WeboughttheSunrise&Sunsetticketfromthewebsite,astheywereofferingalowprice．DuringthetouroftheYellowWaterCruise,therewereonly6peopleontheboat,sowecouldeasilywalkaroundandtakepicturesofvariousfishandactivebirdlifewhichexistsinthewetseason．Wesawloadsoffreshandsaltwaterfishandanendlesslistofbirdlife．AndtheprettiestistheAzureKingfisher,abrightly-coloredbirdhuntingfish,whichisthemostimpressivepartofthetour.第二部分阅读(共两节,满分40分)第一节(共15小题:每小题2分,满分30分)阅读下列短文,从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。AOurhistoryisrichwithremarkablescientistswhohelpedadvancethedevelopmentofoursociety．Herearesomeofthem．IsaacNewton(1643-1727)IsaacNewtonisconsideredbymanytobethegreatestscientistofalltime．Thereweren’tmanysubjectsthatNewtondidn’thaveasignificantimpacton—hewasoneoftheinventorsofcalculus(微积分),builtthefirstreflectingtelescope,andhelpedestablishthefieldofclassicalmechanics(力学)．Hewasthefirsttodividewhitelightintoitscomponentcolorsandhegaveusthethreelawsofmotion,nowknownasNewton’slaws．EmmyNoether(1882-1935)EmmyNoetherwasaGermanmathematicianparticularlyknownforNoether’stheorem,whichestablishesafundamentalconnectioninsymmetries(对称)inphysics．Itisconsideredamilestoneofmoderntheoreticalphysics．Hercontributionsarefoundationalinvariousbranchesofmathematicsaswell,suchasabstractalgebra,algebraicgeometryandtopology．CarlFriedrichGauss(1777-1855)CarlFriedrichGausswasborninapoorfamilyinGermanyandquicklyshowedhimselftobeabrilliantmathematician．HepublishedDisquisitionesArithmeticae,afoundationaltextbookthatlaidouttheprinciplesofnumbertheory．Manyoftheadvancementsthatwe’vemadeinusingcomputerstosolveproblemsaresolvedusingnumbertheory．Gausswasproductive,andhisworkonnumbertheorywasjustasmallpartofhiscontributiontomath．JohnvonNeumann(1903-1957)Before1940,JohnvonNeumannfocusedprimarilyonmathematics．Thenheturnedtoitspracticaluse,designingthestructureofnearlyeverysinglecomputertoday．Rightnow,whateverdevicethatyouarereadingthison,whetheraphoneorcomputer,iscyclingthroughaseriesofbasicstepsbillionsoftimesovereachsecond,stepsthatwerefirstthoughtupbyJohnvonNeumann．Remarkably,Heproposedatheoryofglobalwarmingcausedbyhumanactivity.21．Whoputforwardatheoryaboutanenvironmentalissue?A．IsaacNewton. B．EmmyNoether. C．CarlFriedrichGauss. D．JohnvonNeumann.22．Whatdothefourscientistshaveincommon?A．Theyshowedagiftforphysicssinceyoung.B．Theycontributedalottothecomputerfield.C．Theywerehighlyestablishedinmathematics.D．Theywerefromasimilarfamilybackground.23．Inwhichpartofanewspapermaythetextappear?A．Environment. B．Figure. C．Culture. D．News.【答案】21．D22．C23．B【导语】这是一篇应用文。主要介绍了四位推动社会发展的伟大科学家。21．细节理解题。根据JohnvonNeumann(1903-1957)中“Remarkably,Heproposedatheoryofglobalwarmingcausedbyhumanactivity.”（值得一提的是，他提出了人类活动导致全球变暖的理论。）可知，是JohnvonNeumann提出了关于环境问题的理论。故选D项。22．推理判断题。根据IsaacNewton中“Thereweren’tmanysubjectsthatNewtondidn’thaveasignificantimpacton—hewasoneoftheinventorsofcalculus(微积分),builtthefirstreflectingtelescope,andhelpedestablishthefieldofclassicalmechanics(力学).”（牛顿是微积分的发明者之一，制造了第一架反射望远镜，并帮助建立了经典力学领域。）、EmmyNoether中“EmmyNoetherwasaGermanmathematicianparticularlyknownforNoether’stheorem,whichestablishesafundamentalconnectioninsymmetries(对称)inphysics.”（埃米-诺特是德国数学家，尤其以诺特定理而闻名，该定理建立了物理学中对称的基本联系。）、CarlFriedrichGauss中“CarlFriedrichGausswasborninapoorfamilyinGermanyandquicklyshowedhimselftobeabrilliantmathematician.”（卡尔弗里德里希高斯出生于德国的一个贫困家庭，很快就显示出他是一位杰出的数学家。）以及JohnvonNeumann中“Before1940,JohnvonNeumannfocusedprimarilyonmathematics.”（约翰冯诺依曼主要从事数学研究。）可知，这四位科学家的共同点是：他们在数学方面有很高的造诣。故选C项。23．推理判断题。根据第一段中“Ourhistoryisrichwithremarkablescientistswhohelpedadvancethedevelopmentofoursociety．Herearesomeofthem.”（我国历史上有许多杰出的科学家，他们帮助推动了社会的发展。以下是其中的几位。）并结合全文理解可知，这篇文章主要介绍了四位杰出的科学家，因此可能出自关于人物介绍的文章。故选B项。BInvitedbyanauthor-friend,IrecentlyattendedaprogramofreadingsbylocalAfrican-Americanwriters．Astheaudienceinthelibraryexpanded,InoticedthatIwasamongaminorityofwhiteandelderlysupporters．Afteryearsofuniversityteaching,volunteeringinmanyorganizations,andworkingasapsychologistininner-citysettings,IwascomfortableamidmanysortsandcuriousaboutwhatImightlearnfromtheseauthors.Isettledintomyseatasthechairmanintroducedahandsomeandpassionateman—KendallGlaspie．Hegreetedusandthenbegantoreadfromhisfive-chapterbookofpoems—Loved-Unloved:ABlackMan’sPuzzle．Isatmesmerized,asthesoundsandmeaningsofhiswordswashedoverme．SuddenlyIreachedback60yearstoapartofme,acollegestudentofthesecondyear,whofirstdiscoveredLawrenceFerlinghettiandAConeyIslandoftheMind．LikeFerlinghetti,hisworkwasmeanttovoicesomething．Themomentfeltmagical.Aftertheprogram,Istoodinhisauthor-linetospeakwithhim,purchaseacopy,andaskifIcouldwriteaboutmyexperiencewhilelisteningtohim．Hegenerouslygranted(准予)permission．Backhome,Idevotedmyselftoreadingthepoems,givingthemtheattentiontheydeserved.Kendall’sbookdidnotdisappoint．Heseesitas“acollectionofpoemsthatexplorecomplexdynamicsthatinfluencetheidentityandfeelingsofordinarypeopleinNorthAmerica”．Itinvestigateswhattheconstructoflovemeanstousasindividualsandasacollective．AlthoughIamnotthatremarkable—noramIevenofhisgeneration——Ihavespentmypersonalandprofessionallifestudying,discovering,andwitnessingthehealingpoweroflove．Iidentifiedstronglywithboththeuniversalandmuchinthepersonalthathedescribed．Thedepthofhisgraspofthejourneytowardwholenessembracingallpartsofourselvesbutallowingourchoicesofactiontobebasedonconsciousness,leftmeimpressed.24．Whatdoweknowaboutthereadingprogram?A．Itwasoftenhostedininner-citysettings.B．Itwasanuneasyattendancefortheauthor.C．Itinvolvedafewwhiteandelderattendees.D．Itinviteduniversityteacherstogivelectures.25．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“mesmerized”inparagraph2mean?A．Fascinated. B．Shocked. C．Puzzled. D．Bored.26．WhichaspectdoesKendall’sbooktalkaboutinthetext?A．Choicesofaction. B．Theconstructoflove.C．Theidentityoftheindividuals. D．Themeaningoflife.27．Whereisthetextmostprobablytakenfrom?A．Aguidetosolvingpuzzles. B．Anessayonexplorationsoflove.C．Anintroductiontoaprogram. D．Ablogonreadingexperiences.【答案】24．C25．A26．B27．D【导语】本文是一篇记叙文，主要介绍作者参加读书活动时，倾听了非裔美籍作家KendallGlaspie朗读他所创作的诗歌Loved-Unloved:ABlackMan’sPuzzle。KendallGlaspie的朗读和诗歌主题引发了作者的共鸣和对该作品的赞赏。24．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Astheaudienceinthelibraryexpanded,InoticedthatIwasamongaminorityofwhiteandelderlysupporters.”（随着图书馆里的观众越来越多，我注意到我是少数白人且年纪大的支持者之一。）可知，出席读书会的听众中有白人和老年人。故选C。25．词义猜测题。根据第二段画线词后的“asthesoundsandmeaningsofhiswordswashedoverme．SuddenlyIreachedback60yearstoapartofme”（他的话的声音和含义淹没了我。突然间，我回到了60年前的自己）和“Themomentfeltmagical.”（那一刻感觉很神奇）可知，KendallGlaspie的朗读和诗歌内容引发了作者的共鸣。作者听得如痴如醉(mesmerized)，A．Fascinated.入迷的；B．Shocked.震惊的；C．Puzzled.迷惑的；D．Bored.无聊的。A项与划线词意思一致。故选A。26．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Heseesitas‘acollectionofpoemsthatexplorecomplexdynamicsthatinfluencetheidentityandfeelingsofordinarypeopleinNorthAmerica’．Itinvestigateswhattheconstructoflovemeanstousasindividualsandasacollective.”（他认为这是“一本探索影响北美普通人身份和情感的复杂动态的诗集”。它调查了爱的结构对我们个人和集体意味着什么。）可知，诗集主要讨论的是爱的构建对个人和集体的意义。故选B。27．推理判断题。根据第一段“Invitedbyanauthor-friend,IrecentlyattendedaprogramofreadingsbylocalAfrican-Americanwriters.”（最近，应一位作家朋友的邀请，我参加了一个由当地非裔美国作家举办的读书会。）并结合下文讲述作者参加读书会的经历和阅读KendallGlaspie诗歌的体验推知，此文可能来自一篇关于读书体验的博客。故选D。CAteamofresearchersatETHZurichhastheperfectlong-lastingsolutiontoourfogproblem．Theyhavedevelopedaverythinandgold-basedtransparentcoating(涂层)thatcanconvertsunlightintoheat,whichcanbeappliedtoglassandothersurfacestopreventthemfromfogging.Thespecialcoatingisdevelopedusingtitaniumoxideandgoldparticles．Itselectivelyabsorbsinfraredradiations(红外线辐射)fromthesunlightandcreatesaheatingeffectthatispowerfulenoughtokeepfogawayfromthesurfaceofanobject．Thecoatingbasicallyemploysheattostopfogging．Thecoatingabsorbsalargepartoftheinfraredradiation,whichcausesittoheatup-byupto8℃.Previously,productslikeanti-foggingsprays(喷雾)createaverythinfilmofwateronthesurfacetoremovefog．Theproblemwithsuchsurfacesispollution．Alongwithwater,thespraysalsoattractdirt,dust,oil,andvariousotherdirtysubstances,andjustalittledirtonthesurfacemakesituseless．However,thenewcoatingrepels(排斥)water．Furthermore,thecoatingissignificantlythinner,whichmakesitmoretransparentaswellasflexible．Itisheatedpassivelyandrequires,duringdaytime,noadditionalenergysource．Goldmightbeexpensive,buttheresearchersstressthattheircoatingrequiressolittlethatthematerialcostsremainlow．Theircoatingisproducedwithstandardizedandreadilyscalablemethods,allcost-effectively．However,althoughthisproductcanworkatverylowlevelsofsolarradiation,itdoesrelyonacertainamountoflight．Theresearcherswilldevelopthecoatingfurtherforotherapplications．Intheprocess,theywillexaminewhetherothermetalsworkjustaswellasgold．Thereisnoneedtofear．However,thiswouldcauseacarorabuildingtoheatupmoreinthesummer．Theresearchershavealreadyfiledapatent．Hopefully,thisgroundbreakingproductwillsoonbeavailableonthemarket.28．Howdoesthenewcoatingworktoremovefog?A．Byreflectingpartofsunlightselectively.B．Bykeepingcoolairawayfromtheobject.C．Bycreatingathinfilmofwateronthesurface.D．Byabsorbinginfraredradiationstoheatthecoating.29．Whydoestheauthormentionpreviousanti-foggingproducts?A．Tostresstheadvantagesofthenewcoating.B．Tointroducetheinspirationbehindthenewcoating.C．Toprovethedifficultyofcreatinganti-foggingproducts.D．Toexplainthereasonfortheanti-foggingcoatingbeingpopular.30．Whatisthelimitationofthenewcoating?A．Itisconsiderablyexpensive. B．Itdependsonsunlighttowork.C．Ittakestoomuchtimetoproduce. D．Itisdifficulttocleanandmaintain.31．Whatdotheresearchersplantodonext?A．Applyforapatentfortheinvention.B．Developtheproductformorepracticaluses.C．Exploretheenvironmentalimpactofthecoating.D．Seekamoreenvironmentallyfriendlymaterialtoreplacegold.28．D29．A30．B31．B【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要报道了苏黎世联邦理工学院的一组研究人员找到了解决雾霾问题的完美持久的方法。他们开发了一种非常薄的金基透明涂层，可以将阳光转化为热量，可以应用于玻璃和其他表面，以防止它们起雾。28．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Thespecialcoatingisdevelopedusingtitaniumoxideandgoldparticles．Itselectivelyabsorbsinfraredradiations(红外线辐射)fromthesunlightandcreatesaheatingeffectthatispowerfulenoughtokeepfogawayfromthesurfaceofanobject．Thecoatingbasicallyemploysheattostopfogging．Thecoatingabsorbsalargepartoftheinfraredradiation,whichcausesittoheatup-byupto8℃.(这种特殊涂层是用氧化钛和金颗粒制成的。它选择性地吸收太阳光中的红外辐射，并产生一种强大的加热效应，足以使雾远离物体表面。这种涂层基本上是利用热量来停止起雾。涂层吸收了很大一部分红外辐射，这使得它的温度上升了8℃。)”可知，这种涂层选择性地吸收太阳光中的红外辐射加热涂层，从而去除雾气。故选D。29．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Previously,productslikeanti-foggingsprays(喷雾)createaverythinfilmofwateronthesurfacetoremovefog．Theproblemwithsuchsurfacesispollution．Alongwithwater,thespraysalsoattractdirt,dust,oil,andvariousotherdirtysubstances,andjustalittledirtonthesurfacemakesituseless．However,thenewcoatingrepels(排斥)water．Furthermore,thecoatingissignificantlythinner,whichmakesitmoretransparentaswellasflexible．Itisheatedpassivelyandrequires,duringdaytime,noadditionalenergysource.(以前，像防雾喷雾剂这样的产品会在表面形成一层非常薄的水膜来去除雾。这种表面的问题是污染。除了水，喷雾剂还会吸引污垢、灰尘、油和其他各种脏物质，表面上有一点点污垢就没用了。然而，新涂层排斥水。此外，涂层明显更薄，这使得它更透明，也更灵活。它是被动加热的，在白天不需要额外的能源。)”可知，作者提到以前的防雾产品是为了突出新涂层的优点。故选A。30．细节理解题。根据文章第四段“However,althoughthisproductcanworkatverylowlevelsofsolarradiation,itdoesrelyonacertainamountoflight.(然而，尽管这种产品可以在非常低的太阳辐射水平下工作，但它确实依赖于一定数量的光。)”可知，这种涂层确实依赖于一定数量的光。故选B。31．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Theresearcherswilldevelopthecoatingfurtherforotherapplications.(研究人员将进一步开发用于其他应用的涂层。)”可知，研究人员接下来将会开发该产品的更多实际用途。故选B。DAtitsannualgeneralassemblyinViennalastmonth,theEuropeanGeosciencesUnion(EGU)didsomethingunusual．Thechairofitsawardscommittee,ThomasBlunier,presentedabreakdown,bygender,ofprizenominees(被提名者)andnominators(提名者)since2014．Thedatawererevealing．Althoughwomenmakeup37%ofthesociety’smembers,theymadejust20%ofnominationssuggestingthatwomenarelesslikelytonominatethanmen．Thedataalsoshowedthatpeopletendtofavourtheirowngenderwhenmakingnominations-withmenmostlikelytonominateothermen.Thisisclearlyaproblem,butawarenessofthesituationopensthedoortofixingit．Althoughwomenarestillunder-representedinEGUnominations,theirshareofawardsisnowapproachingtheirrepresentationamongEGUmembers,thankstocorrectivemeasurestakenbytheorganization?sawardscommittee．TheEGUisdistinctfrommostotherscientificsocietiesthatdonotmakenominationdatapublic,thoughitisnecessaryforthefairnessamongprizewinners.Someothereffortsareunderwaytomakeprizesfairer．Inmathematics,forexample,theInternationalMathematicalUnionhasintroducedguidelinestomakenominatorsandaward-committeemembersawareofunconsciousbias．Manyprizenominationformsnowincludestatementsencouragingnominatorstoconsiderdiversity．ThecommitteesthatawardNobelprizeshavetoldNaturethattheyareattemptingtoincreasediversityinnomineesandthattheproportionofwomennominatedisrising.Prize-giversneedtowidentheirnominationpools．In2019,Naturesuggestedthatawardorganizersmightcasttheirnetswiderwhenseekingnominationsbyapproachingnetworksthatincludeacademiesofscienceinlowandmiddle-incomecountries．Thisisstillnothappeningonthescalethatitneedsto.Sadly,thesemeasureswillnotmakescienceprizesmatchglobaldiversity,atleastnotstraightaway．Manyprizesarebasedonworkcarriedoutdecadesago,whenthebarrierstoenteringsciencewereevenhigherthantheyaretodayforpeoplefromunder-representedgroupsandcountries．Attheveryleast,professionalsocietiesmustensurethattheirnominationpoolsarerepresentativesoftheircommunities．Greatertransparencyandawider,morediversepoolofnomineesincreasethechanceofawardsrewardingexcellence,ratherthanenlargingexistingnetworksoffame.32．WhatisthepurposeofshowingthedatafromtheEGU?A．Toshowthegenderbalanceamongitsmembers.B．Toencouragefemalestonominateotherfemales.C．Toreflectthatwomenhavebeenignoredinawards.D．Torevealthesignificantimpactfromgenderawareness.33．Whateffortshavebeenmadetopromotethefairnessamongtheprizewinners?A．Publicizingthenominationdata.B．Wideningtheapplicationpoolsbynominees.C．Introducingguidelinesonincreasingdiversity.D．Castingthenetswiderwhenseekingnominations.34．Whatdoestheauthorholdinthelastparagraph?A．Existingnominationpoolsarenottransparent.B．Professionalsocietiesmustmakeadifference.C．Thebarrierstoenteringsciencewillnotbehigher.D．Sciencehaskeptupwiththeglobaltrendofdiversity.35．Whichofthefollowingmightbethebesttitleforthistext?A．EuropeanGeosciencesUnion:AnNontraditionalModelB．DiversityinSciencePrizes:WhyisProgressSoSlow?C．ProgressinScience:NominationShowsJusticeforAllD．TheWaytoGenderDiversity:Difficult,DelicatebutDestined【答案】32．C33．A34．B35．B【导语】本文是一篇议论文。我们真的足够了解科学奖项的公平性和合理性吗?在科学奖项的遴选过程中，不公布提名细节，这使得女性和弱势群体在获奖中未得到充分代表。32．细节理解题。根据关键词EGU定位到第一段中的“Althoughwomenmakeup37%ofthesociety’smembers,theymadejust20%ofnominationssuggestingthatwomenarelesslikelytonominatethanmen．Thedataalsoshowedthatpeopletendtofavourtheirowngenderwhenmakingnominations-withmenmostlikelytonominateothermen.(尽管女性在协会成员中占37%，但她们只获得了20%的提名，这表明女性获得提名的可能性低于男性。数据还显示，人们在提名时往往偏爱自己的性别，而男性最有可能提名其他男性)”可知，女性比男性更不可能被提名，即女性在奖项中被忽略了。故选C。33．细节理解题。根据第二段中“TheEGUisdistinctfrommostotherscientificsocietiesthatdonotmakenominationdatapublic,thoughitisnecessaryforthefairnessamongprizewinners.(EGU不同于其他大多数科学协会，这些科学协会都不公开提名数据。尽管它对于获奖者之间的公平是必要的)”可知，EGU会把获奖者的提名数据公开，这样做对于获奖者之间的公平是必要的。故选A。34．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Attheveryleast,professionalsocietiesmustensurethattheirnominationpoolsarerepresentativesoftheircommunities．Greatertransparencyandawider,morediversepoolofnomineesincreasethechanceofawardsrewardingexcellence,ratherthanenlargingexistingnetworksoffame.(至少，专业协会必须确保他们的提名名单代表它们的社区。更大的透明度和更广泛、更多样化的提名人群，增加了奖励优秀人才的机会，而不是扩大现有的名人网络)”可知，作者认为，在提名方面，专业协会要有所作为，即要保证提名名单代表它们的社区，要有更大的透明度和更广泛、更多样化的提名人群，增加了奖励优秀人才的机会。故选B。35．主旨大意题。通读全文，文章第一段提到上个月在维也纳举行的年度大会上，欧洲地球科学联盟委员会主席托马斯•布卢尼耶（ThomasBlunier）公布了自2014年以来按性别分列的获奖者和提名者名单，名单显示女性在奖项提名中被忽略了。进而在下面的文章中提到为了使得奖项的设置更公平化，许多的团体已经做出了努力。遗憾的是，这些措施不会使科学奖项与全球多样性相匹配，至少不会马上匹配。因而文章的标题可以为科学奖的多样性：为什么进展如此缓慢？故选B。第二节(共5小题:每小题2分,满分10分)阅读下面短文,从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。Musicinfluencesyouremotions．Inturn,youremotionsinfluenceyourbehavior．Oneoftheseisyourfoodintake．36Whatdoessciencesayaboutthissubject?ResearchersattheUniversityofArkansasstudiedhowmusicinfluencespeoplewhentheyeatinarestaurant．Forthestudy,theyusedfourtypesofmusic:jazz,classical,rock,andhip-hop．Theirresultsshowedthatpeoplehadmoreappetitewhentheylistenedtojazzmusicwhiletheyate．37Thishasalottodowithemotions．Forinstance,whenyoulistentomusicwithharmonicrhythmslikejazz,youfeelhappier．Thisincreasesyourappetite.However,anotherstudypublishedinPsychologicalReportssuggestsitisn’tonlyincreasedappetitethatcausespeopletoeatmore．38Amorestimuli-filledenvironmentmakesyoueatmore．Infact,theytendtourgeyouontoeatandeven“encourage”youtoeatfaster．Ontheotherhand,iftheatmosphereintherestaurantisrelaxed,you’relikelytofeelmorerelaxedandspendmoretimeenjoyingyourself．Forthisreason,you’lltendtoeatless.Besides,thestudyconductedbytheJournaloftheAcademysuggeststhatthevolumeofmusiccanalsohaveaneffectonhowyoueat．Morespecifically,thestudystatesthat,withlow-volumemusic,youeatbetterbecauseyoumakehealthierchoices．Ontheotherhand,thestudyclaimsthatmusicathighvolumeincreasesstimulationandstress．39Forthisreason,restaurantsshouldconsiderthefactwhenthinkingabouttheoptimizationoftheirproductsandservices．40Theyequipthemselveswiththetechnologyneededtoprovidememorableexperiencesthroughmusic,greatlystrengtheningtheirrelationshipwiththecustomer.A．Doesmusicinfluencehowyoueat?B．Beinginarushtoeatalsoplaysapart.C．Doesyouremotionboostyourappetite?D．However,theyhadlessappetitewhenlisteningtohip-hop.E．Infact,manycateringestablishmentshavealreadytakenaction.F．Thiscouldprovetobequiteaninterestingconceptforrestaurants.G．Thismeansyou’remorelikelytoordercomfortfoodorotherunhealthyoptions.【答案】36．A37．D38．B39．G40．E【分析】本文是说明文。研究表明音乐会影响我们的饮食。因此，饭店在思考优化他们的产品和服务时要考虑到这个事实。36．根据上文“Musicinfluencesyouremotions．Inturn,youremotionsinfluenceyourbehavior．Oneoftheseisyourfoodintake.”（音乐影响你的情绪。反过来，你的情绪会影响你的行为。其中之一是您的食物摄入量）可知，音乐会影响我们的食物摄入量。根据下文“Whatdoessciencesayaboutthissubject?”（科学对这个主题有什么看法？）以及下文研究的内容可知，该空提出“音乐会影响我们的饮食吗？”故选A。37．根据上文“Forthestudy,theyusedfourtypesofmusic:jazz,classical,rock,andhip-hop．Theirresultsshowedthatpe