决战阅读之说明文-物品说明类4 精讲课件（入门篇）

(高中说明文)物品说明4决战阅读之巅

培养快速理清说明文的篇章结构，获取文章大意的能力；

使用“三步走”的方法，结合说明文的体裁特点，提高说明文阅读题的解题效率；

针对文中的长难句，能使用“脱衣服”大法去繁就简，提取主干，加强理解；

积累和事物性说明文有关的话题词汇。Ready?Go!说明文体裁分析Part1课标解读事理说明事物说明说明文分类历年数据年份省份篇章内容2021年新高考I卷D篇阐述了情商的定义以及对有关于情商未来研究的期望全国甲卷B篇介绍了在PortLympne保护区的部分黑犀牛现状全国乙卷C篇介绍艺术家BenjaminVonWong用塑料垃圾制作的塑料雕塑，呼吁人类审视和一次性塑料的关系D篇针对开放性办公室，一项研究调研多少分贝的噪音最有利于人们的创造性思维的发展新高考II卷D篇介绍一种正在开发中的，可以用于监测放牧牛健康状况的机器人天津卷D篇阐述了艺术这一活动对人类的重要意义浙江卷C篇一项研究表明狗能够识别人类的面部表情北京卷C篇通过百位科学家、作家和学者的公开信，阐述了全球崩塌（globalcollapse）的相关内容历年数据年份省份篇章内容2020年全国I卷B篇阐述了重新阅读的意义和益处，鼓励大家重新阅读D篇介绍了麻省理工学院的工程师开发出的一种发光植物全国II卷B篇研究表明孩子们玩智力游戏有助于发展包括空间技能等多项能力C篇介绍了美国新奥良和布鲁克林举办的不同寻常的时装秀中展出海狸鼠制成的皮衣全国III卷D篇通过引用最近的基因发现，阐述人类的进化不仅仅发生在数十亿年前，也发生在最近的几千年间北京卷B篇介绍世界上第一条佩戴污染检测器记录地面附近的污染物水平的狗江苏卷B篇讲述了一度停用的电话亭在英国重新流行起来C篇研究表明对于那些能忍受的人来说，不吃早餐锻炼可能对健康更有益年份省份篇章内容2020年天津卷（5月）C篇HarbourAir航空公司研发电动飞机天津卷(7月)C篇介绍了声音技术领域的3种全新应用浙江卷C篇《神经病学》杂志发布一则研究显示，做挑战性的工作，有可能帮助衰老人群保持大脑的敏锐成都诊断模拟题科学家的研究表明2岁及其以前的幼年记忆并不可信高密模拟模拟题一项研究表明定期打网球有助于延长寿命2019年全国卷IC篇介绍了一种新的防止个人身份和数据在电子空间被盗的高科技智能键盘D篇主要讲述了受欢迎度对青少年的影响历年数据年份省份篇章内容2019年全国卷IIC篇分析美国越来越多的人喜欢独自进餐的社会现象D篇介绍了美国国家航空航天局为了把航天技术和学校教育结合起来，而针对高中生实施的HUNCH计划。全国卷IIID篇一位哈佛医学院的科学家领导的研究团队发现猴子能进行基本的加法计算。北京卷D篇解说由于气候变暖，世界海洋将会变得更蓝、更绿的现象。浙江卷C篇解说并分析加利福尼亚州从90年代以来大树不断消失的现象和背后的重要原因2018年全国卷IB篇介绍了一档英国电视节目，给观众介绍如何减少食物浪费以及如何以较少的预算做出美味佳肴C篇讲述了随着社会的发展人类语言越来越少的现象及其原因D篇纽约罗彻斯特理工学院的研究表明，新电子设备的环境能耗比旧设备更低，是更经济环保的选择历年数据年份省份篇章内容2018年全国卷IIB篇介绍了7月份各种营养丰富，并包含对人体有益的微量元素的热带水果北京卷C篇介绍了一种吃塑料，并能用胃里的酶降解塑料的虫子大蜡螟天津卷C篇介绍了3D打印技术在食物的应用上取得的进展和遇到的挑战2017年全国卷IIC篇Terrafugia

公司研制出飞行汽车并成功进行了第一次飞行D篇介绍了植物在受到昆虫的攻击时是如何进行自我保护的,北京卷C篇已经被疫苗消灭的麻疹近日有回归的趋势全国卷ID篇介绍了一种自己可以亲手制作简易太阳能蒸馏器的方法2014年全国卷ID篇为了拯救因为濒临灭绝的小众语言，语言学家展开了记录拯救工作历年数据123说明对象事物说明事理说明语篇结构说明顺序说明方法一般-特殊型问题-解决型匹配-比较型时间空间逻辑举例、比较、分类、引用、数字、定义、表格、图示…12341事物事理名师指路说明文往往为了说清楚某个事物或事理是什么、为什么、怎么样，通常在标题或首段直接指出说明对象。说明文围绕所说事物/事理，采用多种说明方法客观阐明，因而高频词会反复出现，阅读过程中把握高频词也能准确找出说明对象，提取核心信息。2019年全国II卷D看文章标题；寻找首段中心句看文章标题；寻找首段中心句①

Bacteriaareanannoyingproblemforastronauts.Themicroorganisms(微生物)fromourbodiesgrowuncontrollablyonsurfacesoftheInternationalSpaceStation,soastronautsspendhourscleaningthemupeachweek.HowisNASAovercomingthisverytinybigproblem?It’sturningtoabunchofhighschoolkids.Butnotjustanykids.ItisdependingonNASAHUNCHhighschoolclassrooms,liketheonescienceteachersGeneGordonandDonnaHimmelergleadatFairportHighSchoolinFairport,NewYork.②HUNCHisdesignedtoconnecthighschoolclassroomswithNASAengineers.Forthepasttwoyears,Gordon’sstudentshavebeenstudyingwaystokillbacteriainzerogravity,andtheythinkthey’reclosetoasolution(解决方案).“Wedon’tgivethestudentsanybreaks.TheyhavetodoitjustlikeNASAengineers,”saysFlorenceGold,aprojectmanager.事物说明文本文重点介绍NASA的HUNCH项目2018全国II卷B寻找高频词①ManyofusloveJulybecauseit’sthemonthwhennature’sberriesandstonefruitsareinabundance.ThesecolourfulandsweetjewelsfromBritishColumbia’sfieldsarelittlepowerhousesofnutritionalprotection.②Ofthecommonberries,strawberriesarehighestinvitaminC,although,becauseoftheirseeds,raspberriescontainalittlemoreprotein(蛋白质),ironandzinc(notthatfruitshavemuchprotein).Blueberriesareparticularlyhighinantioxidants(抗氧化物质).TheyellowandorangestonefruitssuchaspeachesarehighinthecarotenoidsweturnintovitaminAandwhichareantioxidants.Asforcherries(樱桃),theyaresodeliciouswhocares?However,theyarerichinvitaminC.③Whencombinedwithberriesorslicesofotherfruits,frozenbananasmakeanexcellentbaseforthick,coolingfruitshakesandlowfat“icecream”.Forthispurpose,selectripebananasforfreezingastheyaremuchsweeter.Removetheskinandplacetheminplasticbagsorcontainersandfreeze.Ifyoulike,asqueezeoffreshlemonjuiceonthebananaswillpreventthemturningbrown.Frozenbananaswilllastseveralweeks,dependingontheirripenessandthetemperatureofthefreezer.④Ifyouhaveajuicer,youcansimplyfeedinfrozenbananasandsomeberriesorslicedfruit.Outcomesa“soft-serve”creamydessert,tobeeatenrightaway.Thismakesafunactivityforachildren’sparty;theylovefeedingthefruitandfrozenbananasintothetopofthemachineandwatchingtheicecreamcomeoutbelow.连词成句，得到说明对象InJuly,thereareabundantberriesandstonefruits,includingbananas,whichareofnutritionalvalue.高频词:berriesandstonefruitsbananasnutritional(high/richin…)sweetjewels/deliciousJuly(themonth)2①Bacteriaareanannoyingproblemforastronauts.Themicroorganisms(微生物)fromourbodiesgrowuncontrollablyonsurfacesoftheInternationalSpaceStation,soastronautsspendhourscleaningthemupeachweek.HowisNASAovercomingthisverytinybigproblem?It’sturningtoabunchofhighschoolkids.Butnotjustanykids.ItisdependingonNASAHUNCHhighschoolclassrooms,liketheonescienceteachersGeneGordonandDonnaHimmelergleadatFairportHighSchoolinFairport,NewYork.②HUNCHisdesignedtoconnecthighschoolclassroomswithNASAengineers.Forthepasttwoyears,Gordon’sstudentshavebeenstudyingwaystokillbacteriainzerogravity,andtheythinkthey’reclosetoasolution(解决方案).“Wedon’tgivethestudentsanybreaks.TheyhavetodoitjustlikeNASAengineers,”saysFlorenceGold,aprojectmanager.③

“Therearenotests,”Gordonsays.“Thereisnogradedhomework.Therealmostarenogrades,otherthan‘Areyouworkingtowardsyourgoal?’Basically,it’s‘I’vegottoproducethisproductandthen,attheendoftheyear,presentittoNASA.’Engineerscomeandreallydoanin-personreview,and...it’snotaverynicethingattimes.It’sahardbusinessreviewofyourproduct.”④GordonsaystheHUNCHprogramhasanimpact(影响)oncollegeadmissionsandpracticallifeskills.“ThesekidsaresoabsorbedintheirstudiesthatIjustsitback.Idon’tteach.”Andthatannoyingbacteria?GordonsayshisstudentsareemailingdailywithNASAengineersabouttheproblem,readyingaworkablesolutiontotestinspace.2019年全国II卷D说明对象项目目的项目开展项目影响2019年全国II卷D①

ManyofusloveJulybecauseit’sthemonthwhennature’sberriesandstonefruitsareinabundance.ThesecolourfulandsweetjewelsformBritishColumbia’sfieldsarelittlepowerhousesofnutritionalprotection.②Ofthecommonberries,strawberriesarehighestinvitaminC,although,becauseoftheirseeds,raspberriescontainalittlemoreprotein(蛋白质),ironandzinc(notthatfruitshavemuchprotein).Blueberriesareparticularlyhighinantioxidants(抗氧化物质).TheyellowandorangestonefruitssuchaspeachesarehighinthecarotenoidsweturnintovitaminAandwhichareantioxidants.Asforcherries(樱桃),theyaresodeliciouswhocares?However,theyarerichinvitaminC.③

Whencombinedwithberriesorslicesofotherfruits,frozenbananasmakeanexcellentbaseforthick,coolingfruitshakesandlowfat“icecream”.Forthispurpose,selectripebananasforfreezingastheyaremuchsweeter.Removetheskinandplacetheminplasticbagsorcontainersandfreeze.Ifyoulike,asqueezeoffreshlemonjuiceonthebananaswillpreventthemturningbrown.Frozenbananaswilllastseveralweeks,dependingontheirripenessandthetemperatureofthefreezer.④Ifyouhaveajuicer,youcansimplyfeedinfrozenbananasandsomeberriesorslicedfruit.Outcomesa“soft-serve”creamydessert,tobeeatenrightaway.Thismakesafunactivityforachildren’sparty;theylovefeedingthefruitandfrozenbananasintothetopofthemachineandwatchingtheicecreamcomeoutbelow.题目见讲义2018年全国II卷B说明对象营养价值食用方法2018全国II卷BExpositionexplainssomething.Inordertomakeideasclearandunderstandabletothereaders,expositionusuallyfollowstimeorder,spaceorderorlogicalorder.常见的逻辑顺序有：从原因到结果，从主要到次要，从整体到部分，从概括到具体，从现象到本质等。名师指路32019年全国II卷D题目见讲义①

…②HUNCHisdesignedtoconnecthighschoolclassroomswithNASAengineers.Forthepasttwoyears,Gordon’sstudentshavebeenstudyingwaystokillbacteriainzerogravity,andtheythinkthey’reclosetoasolution(解决方案).“Wedon’tgivethestudentsanybreaks.TheyhavetodoitjustlikeNASAengineers,”saysFlorenceGold,aprojectmanager.③“Therearenotests,”Gordonsays.“Thereisnogradedhomework.Therealmostarenogrades,otherthan‘Areyouworkingtowardsyourgoal?’Basically,it’s‘I’vegottoproducethisproductandthen,attheendoftheyear,presentittoNASA.'Engineerscomeandreallydoanin-personreview,and...it’snotaverynicethingattimes.It’sahardbusinessreviewofyourproduct.”本文是事物说明文，介绍了NASA开展的HUNCH项目。作者通过引资料、作比较等说明方法，介绍了项目开展的目的、方式和影响。通过介绍HUNCH项目，说明NASA引导中学生参与到太空任务中，不安排测试、不看重分数，以解决问题为导向，寻求如细菌问题等的解决方案。即说明对象：TosolvetheproblemofbacteriaintheSpaceStation,NASAputforwardHUNCHprogram.名师指路What'sthemainideaofthispassage?总结：说明文的说明方法服务于说明对象。2018全国II卷B题目见讲义①

ManyofusloveJulybecauseit’sthemonthwhennature’sberriesandstonefruitsareinabundance.ThesecolourfulandsweetjewelsfromBritishColumbia’sfieldsarelittlepowerhousesofnutritionalprotection.②Ofthecommonberries,strawberriesarehighestinvitaminC,although,becauseoftheirseeds,raspberriescontainalittlemoreprotein(蛋白质),ironandzinc(notthatfruitshavemuchprotein).Blueberriesareparticularlyhighinantioxidants(抗氧化物质).TheyellowandorangestonefruitssuchaspeachesarehighinthecarotenoidsweturnintovitaminAandwhichareantioxidants.Asforcherries(樱桃),theyaresodeliciouswhocares?However,theyarerichinvitaminC.分类别列数字举例子引资料作比较打比方下定义列图表作诠释2018全国卷IIB题目见讲义③Whencombinedwithberriesorslicesofotherfruits,frozenbananasmakeanexcellentbaseforthick,coolingfruitshakesandlowfat“icecream”.Forthispurpose,selectripebananasforfreezingastheyaremuchsweeter.Removetheskinandplacetheminplasticbagsorcontainersandfreeze.Ifyoulike,asqueezeoffreshlemonjuiceonthebananaswillpreventthemturningbrown.Frozenbananaswilllastseveralweeks,dependingontheirripenessandthetemperatureofthefreezer.④Ifyouhaveajuicer,youcansimplyfeedinfrozenbananasandsomeberriesorslicedfruit.Outcomesa“soft-serve”creamydessert,tobeeatenrightaway.Thismakesafunactivityforachildren’sparty;theylovefeedingthefruitandfrozenbananasintothetopofthemachineandwatchingtheicecreamcomeoutbelow.本文是事物说明文，介绍了夏天里美味而富有营养的各种水果。作者通过举例子、打比方等说明方法，介绍了这些水果的营养价值、食用方法等。说明对象：InJuly,thereareabundantfruitswhicharenutritiousaswell.在围绕这个“一般”（general)的论述中，用了多个”特殊“（particular)的细节进行阐述、说明等。这也体现出了事物说明文的特点：重点侧重在说明what,阐释和传达某一事物的相关信息。名师指路What’sthemainideaofthispassage?总结：事物类说明文重点在what,旨在阐释和传达特定事物相关信息。真题讲解示例12019年全国II卷DPART2123Watchavideo.Whataretheydoinginthevideo?2019年全国II卷D题目见讲义①

Bacteriaareanannoyingproblemforastronauts.Themicroorganisms(微生物)fromourbodiesgrowuncontrollablyonsurfacesoftheInternationalSpaceStation,soastronautsspendhourscleaningthemupeachweek.HowisNASAovercomingthisverytinybigproblem?It’sturningtoabunchofhighschoolkids.Butnotjustanykids.ItisdependingonNASAHUNCHhighschoolclassrooms,liketheonescienceteachersGeneGordonandDonnaHimmelergleadatFairportHighSchoolinFairport,NewYork.②HUNCHisdesignedtoconnecthighschoolclassroomswithNASAengineers.Forthepasttwoyears,Gordon’sstudentshavebeenstudyingwaystokillbacteriainzerogravity,andtheythinkthey’reclosetoasolution(解决方案).“Wedon’tgivethestudentsanybreaks.TheyhavetodoitjustlikeNASAengineers,”saysFlorenceGold,aprojectmanager.③

“Therearenotests,”Gordonsays.“Thereisnogradedhomework.Therealmostarenogrades,otherthan‘Areyouworkingtowardsyourgoal?’Basically,it’s‘I’vegottoproducethisproductandthen,attheendoftheyear,presentittoNASA.’Engineerscomeandreallydoanin-personreview,and...it’snotaverynicethingattimes.It’sahardbusinessreviewofyourproduct.”④GordonsaystheHUNCHprogramhasanimpact(影响)oncollegeadmissionsandpracticallifeskills.“ThesekidsaresoabsorbedintheirstudiesthatIjustsitback.Idon’tteach.”Andthatannoyingbacteria?GordonsayshisstudentsareemailingdailywithNASAengineersabouttheproblem,readyingaworkablesolutiontotestinspace.摘要一般特殊型

说明文引言正文总结NASAturnstohighschoolkidsanddependsonHUNCHschoolclassroomstosolvetheproblemofbacteriainthespace.HUNCHisdesignedtoconnecthighschoolclassroomwithNASAengineers.Theprogramdoesn’trequiretexts,gradedhomeworkratherthanareviewoftheproduct.TheHUNCHhasanimpactoncollegeadmissionsandpracticallifeskills.1.WhatdoweknowaboutthebacteriaintheInternationalSpaceStation?2.WhatisthepurposeoftheHUNCHprogram?3.WhatdotheNASAengineersdoforthestudentsintheprogram?快速通读文章完成下面的摘要，并找出所对应的题目。MindMap2019年全国II卷D篇项目影响animpactoncollegeadmissionsandpracticallifeskills说明对象TosolvetheproblemofbacteriaintheSpaceStation,NASAputforwardHUNCHprogram.项目目的connecthighschoolclassroomswithNASAengineersstudywaystokillbacteriainzerogravityforthepasttwoyearsdoitjustlikeNASAengineerscomeanddoanin-personreviewofstudents’workwithoutanybreakslikeengineers项目开展emaildailywithNASAengineerstosolvetheproblemGordonandhisstudentsNASAengineersStudentsareabsorbedinstudieswhiletheteachersitback.Studentsfocusmoreontheobjectiveratherthangradesortests.4.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext？题目速览1WhatdoweknowaboutthebacteriaintheInternationalSpaceStation?Theyarehardtogetridof.Theyleadtoairpollution.Theyappearindifferentforms.Theydamagetheinstruments.推理判断题WhatisthepurposeoftheHUNCHprogram?Tostrengthenteacher-studentrelationships.Tosharpenstudents’communicationskills.Toallowstudentstoexperiencezerogravity.Tolinkspacetechnologywithschooleducation.2WhatdotheNASAengineersdoforthestudentsintheprogram?Checktheirproduct.Guideprojectdesigns.Adjustworkschedules.Gradetheirhomework.3Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?NASA:TheHomeofAstronautsSpace:TheFinalHomeworkFrontierNature:AnOutdoorClassroomHUNCH:ACollegeAdmissionReform4细节理解题细节理解题主旨大意题拆解：说明文（一般特殊型）推理判断题1STEP1：标关键词WhatdoweknowaboutthebacteriaintheInternationalSpaceStation?A.

Theyarehardtogetridof.B.Theyleadtoairpollution.C.Theyappearindifferentforms.D.Theydamagetheinstruments题干定位说明对象STEP2：定位信息段Tosolvetheproblemofbacteria①

Bacteriaareanannoyingproblemforastronauts.Themicroorganisms(微生物)fromourbodiesgrowuncontrollablyonsurfacesoftheInternationalSpaceStation,soastronautsspendhourscleaningthemupeachweek.HowisNASAovercomingthisverytinybigproblem?It’sturningtoabunchofhighschoolkids.

growuncontrollablyspendhourscleaningthemupeachweek技巧点拨：归纳总结答案指向句分析参考译文Themicroorganismsgrowuncontrollably,来自我们身体的微生物在国际空间站的表面疯长，因此宇航员每周要花好几个小时来清理它们。soso连接前后两个因果关系的分句Themicroorganisms(微生物)fromourbodiesgrowuncontrollablyonsurfacesoftheInternationalSpaceStation,soastronautsspendhourscleaningthemupeachweek.astronautsspendhourscleaningthemup11因果关系连接词23fromourbodies定语onsurfacesoftheInternationalSpaceStation状语4eachweek状语2341WhatisthepurposeoftheHUNCHprogram?A.Tostrengthenteacher-studentrelationships.B.Tosharpenstudents’communicationskills.C.Toallowstudentstoexperiencezerogravity.D.Tolinkspacetechnologywithschooleducation.拆解：说明文（一般特殊型）细节理解题2STEP1：标关键词题干定位项目目的STEP2：定位信息段connecthighschoolclassroomswithNASAengineers②HUNCHisdesignedtoconnecthighschoolclassroomswithNASAengineers.Forthepasttwoyears,Gordon’sstudentshavebeenstudyingwaystokillbacteriainzerogravity,andtheythinkthey’reclosetoasolution(解决方案).“Wedon’tgivethestudentsanybreaks.TheyhavetodoitjustlikeNASAengineers,”saysFlorenceGold,aprojectmanager.HUNCHisdesignedtoconnecthighschoolclassroomswithNASAengineers.Wedon’tgivethestudentsanybreaks.TheyhavetodoitjustlikeNASAengineers,技巧点拨：词义复现，语义场WhatdotheNASAengineersdoforthestudentsintheprogram?A.Checktheirproduct.B.Guideprojectdesigns.C.Adjustworkschedules.D.Gradetheirhomework.拆解：说明文（一般特殊型）细节理解题3STEP1：标关键词题干定位项目开展STEP2：定位信息段NASAengineerscomeanddoanin-personreviewofstudents’work③Basically,it’s‘I’vegottoproducethisproductandthen,attheendoftheyear,presentittoNASA.’Engineerscomeandreallydoanin-personreview,and...it’snotaverynicethingattimes.It’sahardbusinessreviewofyourproduct.”.

presentittoNASA.’Engineerscomeandreallydoanin-personreview技巧点拨：词义复现拆解：说明文（一般特殊型）主旨大意题4STEP1：标关键词题干定位说明对象STEP2：定位信息段TosolvetheproblemofbacteriaintheSpaceStation,NASAputforwardHUNCHprogram.①

…,soastronautsspendhourscleaningthemupeachweek.HowisNASAovercomingthisverytinybigproblem?It’sturningtoabunchofhighschoolkids.Butnotjustanykids.ItisdependingonNASAHUNCHhighschoolclassrooms,liketheonescienceteachersGeneGordonandDonnaHimmelergleadatFairportHighSchoolinFairport,NewYork.

It’sturningtoNASAHUNCHhighschoolclassroomsItisdependingonabunchofhighschoolkids技巧点拨:主旨大意题需要关注选项里的主体对象是否和文本相符，并细读段首判断Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.NASA:TheHomeofAstronautsB.Space:TheFinalHomeworkFrontierC.Nature:AnOutdoorClassroomD.HUNCH:ACollegeAdmissionReform答案指向句分析参考译文ItisdependingonNASAHUNCHhighschoolclassrooms,liketheonescienceteachersGeneGordonandDonnaHimmelergleadatFairportHighSchoolinFairport,NewYork.ItisdependingonNASAHUNCHhighschoolclassrooms它是依据NASA的HUNCH高中生计划（来解决细菌的问题），就像GeneGordon和DonnaHimmelerg两位科学老师在纽约州费尔波特市区高中指导的那样。11liketheone状语，theone指代下文的项目22scienceteachersGeneGordonandDonnaHimmelerglead33定语从句atFairportHighSchoolinFairport,NewYork.44状语theone2019年全国II卷D篇项目影响animpactoncollegeadmissionsandpracticallifeskills说明对象TosolvetheproblemofbacteriaintheSpaceStation,NASAputforwardHUNCHprogram.项目目的connecthighschoolclassroomswithNASAengineersstudywaystokillbacteriainzerogravityforthepasttwoyearsdoitjustlikeNASAengineerscomeanddoanin-personreviewofstudents’workwithoutanybreakslikeengineers项目开展emaildailywithNASAengineerstosolvetheproblemGordonandhisstudentsNASAengineersStudentsareabsorbedinstudieswhiletheteachersitback.Studentsfocusmoreontheobjectiveratherthangradesortests.回顾Q1Q2Q3Q4Tip1:说明文细节理解题的破解分三步走。①_______________________________;②_______________________________;③_______________________________。Tip2:说明文细节理解题正确选项特征______________________________________________细节理解划出题干、选项关键词词汇的复现（关注同义、反义，语义场等）回忆文章结构，定位具体段落关注关键词句，找出答案Tip1:说明文主旨题的做题方法有___________________两种。Tip2:正面归纳：step1:______________________________________;step2:______________________________________;step3:______________________________________

Tip3:逆向思考：假如你是要写___________，对照主旨大意题的四个选项思考：你会写出和本文类似的文章吗？可以作为一种___________的思考和检查。主旨大意正向归纳/逆向思考圈出选项里的说明对象和关键词块以词块为线索回归原文，细读首段区分辨别选项的陷阱等命题作文反向词汇梳理：同义/近义复现/义场词汇1①Bacteriaareanannoyingproblemforastronauts.Themicroorganisms(微生物)fromourbodiesgrowuncontrollablyonsurfacesoftheInternationalSpaceStation,soastronautsspendhourscleaningthemupeachweek.HowisNASAovercomingthisverytinybigproblem?It’sturningtoabunchofhighschoolkids.Butnotjustanykids.ItisdependingonNASAHUNCHhighschoolclassrooms,liketheonescienceteachersGeneGordonandDonnaHimmelergleadatFairportHighSchoolinFairport,NewYork.growuncontrollablyspendhourscleaningthemupbacteriamicroorganismsWhatdoweknowaboutthebacteriaintheInternationalSpaceStation?A.Theyarehardtogetridof.B.Theyleadtoairpollution.C.Theyappearindifferentforms.D.Theydamagetheinstruments.词汇梳理：同义/近义复现/义场词汇2①…HowisNASAovercomingthisverytinybigproblem?It’sturningtoabunchofhighschoolkids.Butnotjustanykids.ItisdependingonNASAHUNCHhighschoolclassrooms,liketheonescienceteachersGeneGordonandDonnaHimmelergleadatFairportHighSchoolinFairport,NewYork.②HUNCHisdesignedtoconnecthighschoolclassroomswithNASAengineers.Forthepasttwoyears,Gordon’sstudentshavebeenstudyingwaystokillbacteriainzerogravity,andtheythinkthey’reclosetoasolution(解决方案).“Wedon’tgivethestudentsanybreaks.TheyhavetodoitjustlikeNASAengineers,”saysFlorenceGold,aprojectmanager.isdesignedtoconnectwithNASAengineerszerogravityhighschoolscienceteachersWhatisthepurposeoftheHUNCHprogram?A.Tostrengthenteacher-studentrelationships.B.Tosharpenstudents’communicationskills.C.Toallowstudentstoexperiencezerogravity.D.Tolinkspacetechnologywithschooleducation..词汇梳理：同义/近义复现/义场词汇3③“Therearenotests,”Gordonsays.“Thereisnogradedhomework.Therealmostarenogrades,otherthan‘Areyouworkingtowardsyourgoal?’Basically,it’s‘I’vegottoproducethisproductandthen,attheendoftheyear,presentittoNASA.’Engineerscomeandreallydoanin-personreview,and...it’snotaverynicethingattimes.It’sahardbusinessreviewofyourproduct.”④

GordonsaystheHUNCHprogramhasanimpact(影响)oncollegeadmissionsandpracticallifeskills.“ThesekidsaresoabsorbedintheirstudiesthatIjustsitback.Idon’tteach.”Andthatannoyingbacteria?GordonsayshisstudentsareemailingdailywithNASAe