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现代英语中有一种由“nice/good/lovely+and+形容词”的结构,形似并列,实际是一种强调结构,如“alovelyandfineday=avery

fineday”。1.前置修饰语前置修饰语:一切出现在中心词之前的修饰成分,这些成分主要由形容词(词组)、名词(词组)实现。(1)形容词(词组)作前置修饰语e.g.someintelligentstudents(形容词)

hisratherdiscourteousbehaviour(形容词词组)athin,longface(并列形容词)

rainyandstormyweather(带连词的并列形容词)前置修饰语和后置修饰语1否定词not不可直接位于形容词之前构成作前置修饰语的形容词词组,不能说“hisnotintelligentson”,但可以说“hisnotveryintelligentson”。提示1提示2(2)-ing分词或-ed分词作前置修饰语e.g.abarkingdogawashingmachineaclosedshopanunbrokenrecord

retiredworkers能作前置修饰语的-ing分词和-ed分词起形容词的作用。提示1只有少数表示位置转移或状态改变的不及物动词的-ed分词可单独用作前置修饰语。提示2某些没有相应动词的名词,特别是当它们前面有修饰语时,可加词尾-ed,表示“具有…特征”、“有…的”意义,如abearded

man,ared-carpetedroom。提示3(3)名词或名词词组作前置修饰语e.g.summerschoolapeaceconferenceastonewallthebookcoveranenergycrisis

governmentpolicies名词或名词词组作前置修饰语可表示时间、地点、目的、来源、因果等多种意义。提示1有时作为前置修饰语的名词(词组)相当于一定的前置形容词,如SouthChina=SouthernChina;有时它们就不能互换,如只能说anenergycrisis,不能说*anenergeticcrisis。提示22.后置修饰语后置修饰语:一切出现在中心词之后的修饰成分,这些成分主要由介词词组、非限定分句、关系分句等来实现。(1)介词词组作后置修饰语e.g.theengineofthecar

aletterfrommysister

thecourseonEnglishgrammar(2)非限定分句作后置修饰语e.g.I’vegotletterstowritetonight.Themanwritingatthedeskismybrother.Thecarboughtlastyearhasbrokendown.非限定分句作名词修饰语,在语义上比限定分句更带有某种模糊性,如“themanpreparingdocuments”可解释为“themanwhowillprepare/willbepreparing/prepares/ispreparing/prepared/waspreparingdocuments”。提示1(3)关系分句作后置修饰语e.g.SomefriendsthatImadeincollegeweremoreinterestedingradesthaninlearning.Hisspeech,whichboredeveryone,wentonandon.

(4)同位语分句作后置修饰语e.g.Shehadtofacethefactthatherlifehadchangedforever.Thequestionwhetherheshouldconfesstroubledhim.

(5)较长的形容词词组作后置修饰语e.g.Thisisaformoffishingopentoallanglers(垂钓者).

PeopleliabletomakesuchmistakesmusttakearemedialcourseonEnglishgrammar.由“havingbeendone”结构构成的-ing分词分句不能用作后置修饰语,比如不能说“thearticlehavingbeenwritten”,可以说“thearticlewritten”或者“thearticlebeingwritten”。提示23.只能用后置修饰语的情形(1)当名词中心词为some-,any-,no-等合成词时e.g.InAmericanculture,itiscustomaryforthebridetowear

something

old,something

new,something

borrowedandsomething

blue.

Anybodyintelligentcandoit.(2)某些较长的形容词词组、非限定分句、关系分句、同位语分句e.g.I’dliketotakearoomlessexpensivethanthisone.Shehasfivechildrentolookafter.Themanwhopaintedthatpictureisarealartist.Heheardthenewsthathisteamhadwon.可将它们看成是一个缩略的关系分句。提示它们的共性是比较冗长复杂。提示(3)以a-开头的补语形容词,如afraid,alive,alone,alike,ablaze,afloat,asleep,awake等。e.g.Thehouseablazeisnextdoortome.

Theplaneafloatwasprovedtobeagreatsuccessofaviation.4.永久意义和暂时意义(1)形容词和名词作前置修饰语常常表示永久性的特征;-ing分词或-ed分词作前置修饰语,有时便只表示暂时性的状况。e.g.Theroomwasdecoratedwithfragrantflowers.(永久属性)

Theplantwasstillladenwithwitheredflowers.(暂时状况)多数这类词如果不是单独使用而是带有修饰语时,就可作前置修饰语,如thefastasleepchild,asomewhatafraidsoldier。提示(2)以-able/-ible结尾的形容词,一般来说,前置表示永久特征,后置表示暂时状况。e.g.Venusisaclearvisiblestar.(指一类可见星——“永久性”)

It’stheonlystarvisiblenow.(特定时间里可以看得见的星星——“暂时性”)这类形容词也有前置或后置意义没有差别的,尤其是当这类形容词与另一形容词的最高级搭配时,如thefinestobtainablecloth/thefinestclothobtainable。提示e.g.*Theyfoundthedriverbeneaththeoverturnedcarwithabrokenleftleg.应改为:Beneaththeoverturnedcartheyfoundthedriverwithabrokenleftleg.2.分隔修饰的使用场合(1)为了避免歧义e.g.There’snoreporttousofanyaccident.比较:There’snoreportofanyaccidenttous.备注如果不使用分隔修饰,tous好像修饰anyaccident,容易造成歧义。提示1.贴近原则:修饰语通常出现在最贴近中心词的地方,这是使用修饰语的一个指导原则。分隔修饰:修饰语和被修饰语被分隔的现象。分隔修饰2moreaccurateknowledgeofbloodpressurecanbeobtained.比较:Manyformsofapparatusbywhichamoreaccurateknowledgeofbloodpressurecanbeobtainedhavebeendevised.(3)由于中心词嵌入在另一个结构中e.g.ImusttrytomakeaslogicalasurveyasIcanofthisprojectwhichIhaveundertaken.

被修饰语asurvey嵌入在比较结构aslogicalasurveyasIcan中,其后置修饰语只能置于asIcan之后造成分隔修饰。提示如果不使用分隔修饰,一是句子主语太长,谓语太短,结构不平衡,二是没有把医疗器械的用途放到突出的句尾位置。提示(2)为了保持句子结构平衡e.g.Manyformsofapparatushavebeendevisedbywhicha3.各种后置修饰语被分隔的现象(1)介词词组被分隔e.g.Workhasbeenstartedonthenewsystemofmotorways.

ThiswasthefirstnewsGeorgehadhadofhisfriend’sabsence.(2)非限定分句被分隔e.g.Manywayshavebeenfoundtousesmallandsimple

machinestoprocesslargeandcomplicatedmachineparts.

Arrangementshavebeenmadetoinstallsafetydevicesonallmachines.(3)同位语分句被分隔e.g.AnorderhascomefromBerlinthatnolanguagesbutGermanmaybetaughtintheschool.

Theassumptionismadethatthecylinderisaperfectnon-conductorofheat.(4)关系分句被分隔e.g.ThisgavemeanopportunitytothinkoutthetextofalettertoVitawhichshewouldgetthefollowingmorning.

Reactorshaverecentlybeenbuiltwhicharecapableofgeneratinguptoseveralhundredmegawatts.1.名词词组+名词词组e.g.YouareJohnEstes,thetelephoneengineer,aren’tyou?Heisnowfacedwithanimportantdecision—adecisionthatcanaffecthisentirefuture.2.名词词组+反身代词/不定代词/指示代词等e.g.Mywifewillgothereherself.

They

bothsaidmuchthesamething.

Air,food,waterandheat—thesearefourrequirementsofalllivingthings.名词词组同位语的结构形式1这类结构可以看作省略了主语和谓语动词的非限制性关系分句。提示1有时,作同位语的名词词组部分地重复前项,作为一种强调手段。提示23.名词词组+-ing分词结构e.g.Shelikesherjob,teachingEnglish.

Hisfavouriteexercise,playingtennisafterschool,kepthimfit.

Playingfootball,hisonlyinterestinlife,hasbroughthimmanyfriends.4.名词词组+不定式结构e.g.Weallhaveacommondesire—torealizethe“fourmodernizations”.

Thequestion

whethertoconfessitornottroubledhim.There’sonethingIwillneverdo—telllies.反身代词、不定代词和指示代词等对先行名词词组起强调作用。提示其他相当于名词词组的结构也可充当第一同位成分,如-ing分词结构+名词词组。提示5.名词词组+名词性分句e.g.Herejectstheidea

thathisfilmisinbadtaste.

Thequestion

whoshouldpresideoverthemeetinghasnotyetbeensettled.6.名词词组+of-词组e.g.thecityofShanghai(thecityisShanghai)

themonthofMay(themonthisMay)

theartofpainting(theartispainting)1.表示等同关系namely(或viz),thatis(或i.e.,ie),thatistosay,inotherwords,or,forshort...e.g.Apronounisapro-form,i.e.aformusedtorefertoapersonorathing.名词词组同位语的引导词2Hestudieslinguistics,orthescienceoflanguage.Heisacutler—thatistosay,amanwhosellsknivesandsharptools.2.表示举例或列举forexample,forinstance(或e.g.,eg),suchas,say(或let’ssay),including...e.g.HeknowsseveralforeignlanguagesbesidesEnglish,suchasFrenchandGerman.

Anydictionary,sayHornby’sAdvancedLearner’sDictionary,willservemypurposeforthetimebeing.

Fiftyofficers,includingdoghandlers,aresearchingforher.say是let’ssay的简短形式,这两个说法都很随意,forexample相对更正式。提示3.表示突出某点especially,particularly,chiefly,mostly...e.g.Thegovernmentaimstoimprovepublicservices,especiallyeducation.Ienjoyedtheplay,particularlythesecondhalf.

Afurtherninepeople,mostlychildren,arereportedmissing.4.表示同位关系e.g.OneinsurancecompanyhasalreadyfiledsuitagainstthecityofChicago.

HetraversedalonethewholecontinentofAfricafromeasttowest.1.句法作用不同关系分句:相当于形容词的功能,对先行项起修饰、限定和描述的作用。同位语从句:相当于名词的功能,在地位上与其说明的名词是相等的,只是对它的进一步解释、说明、具体化。e.g.Thefactthatshetoldmemademeveryangry.(关系分句)

Icouldnolongerignorethefactthathewasdeeplyunhappy.(同位语分句)2.引导词不同关系分句:①关系代词、关系副词、关系限定词;②它们在关系分句中都充当一定的成分;③when,where,why的先行项必须分别是表时间、地点、原因的词语。同位语分句与关系分句的区别3同位语从句:①连词、连接代词、连接副词;②that,whether只起连接作用,不作句子成分。e.g.Nowisthetimewhenwemustallliveaseconomicallyaspossible.(关系分句)

Ihavenoideawhenhe’llbeback.(同位语分句)

Iknowaplacewherethefoodisfirst-class.(关系分句)

Ihadnoideawherehehadcomefromorwherehewasgoing.(同位语分句)

GivemeonegoodreasonwhyIshouldhelpyou.(关系分句)

Theyhavenoideawhysheleftsosuddenly.(同位语分句)3.所修饰的词不同同位语从句:①所修饰的多为抽象名词,如fact,idea,belief,news,decision,evidence,truth等;②可用系动词be把同位成分连接起来。关系分句:①所修饰的词语不受此限,可以是具体名词也可以是抽象名词;②不能用系动词be把先行项与关系分句连接起来。e.g.Hemadeasuggestionthatthisproblembeworkedoutinanothernewway.(同位语分句)

(意义相当于:Hissuggestionwasthatthisproblembeworkedoutinanothernewway.)

Thesuggestionhemadeatthemeetingisofgreatvaluetous.(关系分句)关系分句中关系词存在可以省略的情况,同位语分句中的引导词不存在省略的问题。提示AllthefollowingsentenceshaveanappositiveEXCEPT___________.A.B.C.D.Sheboughtherselfapairofnewshoes.Onlyoneproblemstillremains—thefood.Myfriendsallunderstandandsupportme.Shelikedhercurrentjob,teachingEnglish.该题考查名词词组同位语的结构形式。名词词组的同位语可由名词词组、反身代词、不定代词、指示代词、非限定分句和名词性分句充当,通常紧跟在与之同位的名词词组之后,有时为了保持句子平衡或为了加强语势,也可出现在句尾。B句oneproblem的同位语为thefood,C句myfriends的同位语为不定代词all,D句hercurrentjob的同位语为非限定分句teachingEnglish。A句为SVoO句型,没有同位语,因此A为正确答案。参见《教程》P415。下列各句都有一个同位语,除了______。Theteachertoldthestudentstostayintheclassroomandtheydid_____.A.B.C.D.absolutelyaccidentallyaccordinglyaccurately该题考查副词accordingly作修饰性状语的用法。副词accordingly有两种用法,一是放在动词后作修饰性状语,意为“照着;相应地”,用于解释前面的小分句。二是作为连接性状语,意为“因此;于是”,表因果关系,常置于句首。根据句意,该题属于accordingly的第一种用法,对第一分句作出解释。因此C为正确答案。老师让同学们待在教室里,他们照着做了。本讲主要介绍了动词、形容词、副词、介词的修饰语,名词修饰语和同位语。学习中建议以名词修饰语为重点,掌握名词修饰语的构成和意义。就修饰与被修饰的位置关系来说,名词修饰语既可前置,也可后置。前置修饰语主要由形容词(词组)、名词(词组)实现,能作前置修饰语的-ing分词和-ed分词也是起形容词的作用。后置修饰语主要由介词词组、非限定分句、关系分句等来实现,这前后位置上的不同往往会带来意义上的差异。就修饰语的意义和作用来说,名词修饰语可以是“分隔修饰”、“转移修饰”、“局部修饰”等,在意义上有强化与弱化、限制性与非限制性、永久性与暂时性的区别。名词词组的同位语也是一种后置修饰语,通常由名词词组表示,也可由其他相当于名词词组的结构表示,其表意功能是对前项提供补充信息,在语义上起非限制性关系分句的作用。名词词组同位语可以带有引导词,表示等同关系、举例或列举、突出某点等逻辑关系。同位语分句与关系分句的区别主要体现在两者的句法作用不同,前者相当于名词的功能,是对先行项的进一步解释、说明,后者相当于形容词的功能,对先行项起修饰、限定和描述的作用。最后注意,现代汉语中只有前置修饰语,英译汉时,常把后置修饰语译成前置修饰语,如果后置修饰语太长、太复杂,还要利用分句或其他方式。Flashingrepeatedlyhewaswarnedbyalight.Hisdecisionofretiringsurprisedallofus.WemustruleoutthepossibilityofAnnatodothejob.Thearticlehavingbeenwrittenbymybrotherwillappearinthelocalpress.1.2.3.4.Correcterrors,ifany,inthefollowingsentences.Hewaswarnedbyalightflashingrepeatedly.Hisdecisiontoretiresurprisedallofus.WemustruleoutthepossibilityofAnna’sdoingthejob.Thearticlewrittenbymybrotherwillappearinthelocalpress.Ihavenolikingtothatman;infactIhavetakenadislikeinhim.Rightacrossthefissure(裂缝),thisleapwasshownonthetelevision.Imustbeoneofthemosttrouble-freealivemen.Opentoallanglers(垂钓者)thisisaformoffishing.5.6.7.8.Ihavenolikingforthatman;infactIhavetakenadisliketohim.Thisleap,rightacrossthefissure,wasshownonthetelevision.Imustbeoneofthemosttrouble-freemenalive.Thisisaformoffishingopentoallanglers.It’salovelybutfineday.Therewereseveraluninvitingguestsattheparty.Theunemployedsituationisworsening.Thatwasared-carpetroom.9.10.11.12.Itisalovelyandfineday.Therewereseveraluninvitedguestsattheparty.Theunemploymentsituationisworsening.Thatwasared-carpetedroom.Iwasawakenedbyadogbarkingandcouldn’tgotosleepuntilthebarkingwasstopped.Thiswasthefirstnewsofhisfriend’sabsenceGeorgehadhad.Theassumptionthatthecylinder(汽缸)isaperfectnon-conductorofheat(非导热体)ismade.13.14.15.Iwasawakenedbyabarkingdogandcouldn’tgotosleepuntilthebarkingwasstopped.ThiswasthefirstnewsGeorgehadhadofhisfriend’sabsence.Theassumptionismadethatthecylinderisaperfectnon-conductorofheat.Thethreemenwereallintheirtwenties.Theypleadednotguilty.ColumbusassumedthatthelandhehaddiscoveredwastheeasternextremityofAsia,butthiswassoonprovedwrong.1.2.Allintheirtwenties,thethreemenpleadednotguilty.Columbus’assumptionthatthelandhehaddiscoveredwastheeasternextremityofAsiawassoonprovedwrong.A“moral”issomeruleofconductwhichpeopleregardasapplicabletotheirlives.Somepeoplelookfora“moral”ineverythingtheyread.Especiallystudentreadersliketodoso.Youwenttosleepduringmylecture.Thisfactsuggeststhatyoushouldgotobedearlieratnight.3.4.Somepeople,especiallystudentreaders,liketolookfora“moral”ineverythingtheyread—a“moral”beingsomeruleofconductwhichtheyregardasapplicabletotheirlives.Thefactthatyouwenttosleepduringmylecturesuggeststhatyoushouldgotobedearlieratnight.Theywerebuildingabridgeacrosstheriver.Thebri

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