屋顶花园的环境改善效应研究及改良设计

摘 要-关键词：屋顶花园；环境改善效应；降温效果；水质净化；蓄滞雨水TheStudyonEnvironmentalImprovementMechanismofRoofGardenanditsDesignApplicationAbstractWiththeintensificationoftheurbanhousingcircumstanceproblem,therooftopgardendevelopsrapidlyinthebackgroundofconstructionofsavingsocietyforitsuniqueadvantagessuchastheintensiveuseofthelimitedurbanspace,theincreaseofthegreenaeraincity,theimprovementoftheecologicalenvironment,theimprovementoftheenergy-savingeffectofthebuildingsandsoon.Inthisdissertation,theroofgardenistakenastheresearchobject,anditsimprovementeffectonenvironmentisstudiedbyexperimentaltheoreticalstudy.Andtheconclusionsofthestudyareappliedinthedesignoftheroofgarden.Themaincontentsandachivementsinthedissertationareasfollows.Firstly,bydoingthetemperaturecontrolexperimentofroofgarden,thetemperatureadjustmenteffectisstudiedindetail.Theexperimentresultshaveshownthat,thecoolingeffectismostobviousinthehotafternoon.Inordertosolvethecross-stressofhightemperaturewhichisobservedinthetemperaturecontrolexperiment,theantomaticwater-savingirrigationprocesswhichiscontrolledbytemperatureandhumidityisdesignedbytakingusingofautomaticwater-savingmicro-irrigationtechnology.Fortheaimofenergyconservationandenvironmentalprotection,theenergy-savingmeasuresofroofgardenisstudiedindepth.Theantomatictemperatureandhumidityirrigationtechnologyisusedtomakeeffectiveuseofthesolarintheroofgarden.theurbanwaterenvironmentalimprovementeffectofroofgardenisstudied.Andtherainwaterusagesystemisimprovedbasedonthestudyonthefeatureofurbanrainwaterusagesystemandtheinfiltrationpurificationeffectofthesoil.Thereformproposalsofthegreenlandandpavementofroofgardenaregivenfortheaimofdecreasetheearth’ssurfacerainwaterandpurgingtherainwaterpollution.Thirdly,theroofgardenprojectofShuyangJiankangHomesteadwhichisbuiltonthethirdfloorplatformofNo.92Buildingistakenasanexample,andthedesignofrooofgardenwhichcanenhancetheenvironmentalimprovementeffectispresentedbasedonthecombinationoftheaboveconclusionoftheKeywords:roofgarden;environmentalimprovement;temperatureadjustmenteffect;waterpurification;rainstorageanddelayPAGE\*ROMANPAGE\*ROMANII目 录第一章112235第二章6市6910121314第三章15151515161818202122第四章净2830第五章315.5393941第六章6.1426.242PAGEPAGE10第一章绪论100[1]。0.75kg0.90kg10~15m225~30m260m2以上。30~40m2[2]40~50m26.49[3-8][9-17]，是世界上屋2060[18-24]。[25](roof[26-32][3334]20[35]80用。50%[36]。[37][38]。3dB8dB[39]2提高而趋于明显[41]。联合国环境署的一项研究表明[42]，如果一个城市的屋顶绿化率达到70%CO280%60年代初重庆、成都等一些城市的工厂车间、办公楼和仓库等建筑，在平屋顶的空地70年代我国第一个大型屋顶花园在广州东方宾馆10层屋顶建成。它是我国按统一规900198380901991161819922000200353m800217001积超过1000㎡。这不仅在亚洲独一无二，在全球也属罕见。[43]60第二章屋顶花园的环境改善功能[4445]。>>COD1~1.5m1036h置不合理有关，但更主要的原因还是在于城市建筑过于密集，硬化面积过大（一般超过2.1[34]Table2.1Therunoffcoefficientofdifferenturbanlandutilization式 式 0.7~0.9式 0.5~0.7式 0.2~0.3地 0.1~0.3园 0~0.12.1JeroenMentens[48]200410公15降雨量无植被屋顶径流量绿化屋顶径流量累计雨量(mm)降雨量无植被屋顶径流量绿化屋顶径流量累计雨量(mm)509:0012:0015:0018:0021:000:003:006:009:009:0012:0015:0018:0021:000:003:006:009:002.1[48]Fig.2.1Therelationshipbetweenthetimeandtherunoffofgreenroof,nogreenroofDuesserdolfUni10cm60%~80%65-70%Hutchisonetal.2003Oregon210cmRoweet20036[50]12cm12cmMentensetal.2003[48]2.2给出了2.2[48]Table2.2Therunofffeaturesofdifferentrooftypes屋顶类型径流量/mm径流量/降雨量标准屋顶66581%覆盖有5cm厚的碎石土63677%覆盖有5cm种植土层绿化屋顶40950%覆盖有10cm种植土层绿化屋顶36945%覆盖有15cm种植土层绿化屋顶32940%()[51]40%CO2。CO20.9kgCO2CO2Jo[53][54][56-58][59][60]2.22.2Fig.2.2Thelinearanalysissketchoftheurbanheetislandeffect[62]下垫面由水泥面变为绿地面后，对气象要素场的影响过程可用框图（图2.3）表示如下：2.3[63]Fig.2.3Theprocessoftheimpactofthepropertychangeoflowpadsurfaceonmeteorologicalfactor2.3[64]。80%2.3[25]Table2.3Thetemperaturedifferenceofthegreenroofandnogreenroof屋顶外表温度屋顶内表面室内温度绿化屋顶32.630.128非绿化屋顶4036.232.5温差68]6%(650万)1.560.5630360650万平方米的公共和私人绿色空间。0.5~4℃。而建筑物周6%(1/410cm[7071]：100[73][74]综合评价了城市植被和树木遮荫效应对缓解城市热力环境恶化有重要作用，并运用Shashua-Bar[76]Sailor[77]时考虑了不同纬度的城市，表明城市绿化植被确实对改善城市的热岛效应有重要作用。[78][79][80][81-83][84-85]。PAGEPAGE15第三章屋顶花园的降温效果实验研究及改良设计200610硬泡喷涂，成型后的保温层由均匀细腻的泡沫层与极薄坚硬的表皮层构成，平均密度为189.5m2，2。3.1Table3.1Thesoilthicknessofdifferenthandlingarea植被类型土壤厚度绿化区宿根花卉10cm无处理区（水泥屋面）--。3.2Table3.2Theheightofdifferenttestpoints称 温 面150cm） 面10cm15cm） 面25cmHOBO20077-8不同覆盖层的屋面由于其表面性质的差异，其温度的差异也较大。图3.1下垫面性质7298255045温度(℃)40温度(℃)2007.7.292007.8.252007.7.292007.8.253025气温 水泥屋面 绿化屋面3.1Fig.3.1Thecomparisionviewofthehighesttemperatureofdifferentlowpadsurfaceinoneday72982545气温水泥屋面绿化屋面温度(℃)气温水泥屋面绿化屋面温度(℃)3530250:002:004:006:008:0010:0012:0014:0016:0018:0020:0022:0000:0020 时间0:002:004:006:008:0010:0012:0014:0016:0018:0020:0022:0000:003.2Fig.3.2Thevariationviewoftemperatureofthedifferentmediasurfaceinoneday45气温水泥屋面绿化屋面温度(℃)气温水泥屋面绿化屋面温度(℃)3530250:002:004:006:008:0010:0012:0014:0016:0018:0020:0022:0000:0020 时间0:002:004:006:008:0010:0012:0014:0016:0018:0020:0022:0000:003.3Fig.3.3Thevariationviewoftemperatureofthedifferentmediasurfaceinoneday8:0014:00，出现水泥屋面3.38：00以3.27292572982529依据前人研究成果寻找原因：[86]BerryBjorkman[87]（>45℃）后，光合机构会受到永[88]CO24[89]。(3.4)3.4Fig3.4Theflowchartofwater-savingirrigationsystem[90]]。0.25～0.40m，直接供水于作物根部，只湿润地下部分土壤。在渗灌条件[89-97]70%20%。3.6Fig3.6Thesketchoftheautomaticinfiltrationirrigationsystem30%[92-96]Kohl[97]3.7~4.9℃，空气相对湿度增加3.7喷头增压泵水源 水源控制装置3.7Fig3.7ThesketchoftheautomaticSprinklerirrigationsystem[101]502万千焦/22003.8太阳能面板出水 进水干湿探测极

温度探测极

盒体（内置温湿自动控制装置）3.8Fig.3.8Theschematicviewoftheantomatictemperatureandhumidityirrigationinstrument第四章屋顶花园对城市水环境改善效应研究及改良设计19909%。城市雨水径流污染主要指在降雨过程中，雨水及所形成的径流流经城市地面（如[103-105]。另一方面，土壤却对受污染的屋面雨水径流具有明显的渗透净化功能[106-107]。因而，通过建设屋顶花园替代常规的无绿化建筑物屋顶将有效地改善屋面雨水径流的水质。CODDS为1980mg/L）[107]。屋面径流的污染与屋面材料有直接关系，沥青CODSS土壤对城市雨水的净化效果与渗透深度密切相关，lmCOD去除率可达lm现在雨水利用的基本途径主要有以下四种：雨水中水利用是将收集的雨水，经过处理后达到一定的水质标准，用于城市清洁、绿/，50%万m2100m3/d4.14.1Fig4.1Theflowchartoftherainwaterusage[108]4.2回补地下水、补充水景用水、冲厕洗车、浇灌城市绿地或者消防用水等。4.2Fig4.2Thesketchoftherainwatercollectionsystem4.3Fig4.3Theflowchartoftherainwaterusageofroofgraden[39]15min15.5%渗透出流，屋面不再形成表面雨水径流。4.1Table4.1Thecomprisionoftherainwaterrunoffcoefficientsofdifferentrooftypes屋面类别雨水径流系数未绿化坡屋面（>15）1未绿化坡屋面（<15）0.8屋面铺砾石0.5绿化屋面0.34.24.144.5雨水管雨水管下凹绿地铺装地面（绿地服务区域）排水水位线下渗4.4[109]Fig.4.4Thetransformationsketchofplane,profileofconcavegreenland））铺装地面（绿地服务区域下凹绿地地表径流 地表径流下渗排水水位线蓄排水层4.5下渗排水水位线蓄排水层Fig.4.5Thetransformationsketchofplane,profileofconcavegreenland4.64.6Fig.4.6Thecomparisionbetweenimpermeablepavementandperviouspavement4.3第五章工程实例46592#屋顶花园方案设计如下：图5.1屋顶花园总平面图Fig.5.1Theplansketchofroofgarden屋顶花园主要构成部分有：5.2乔木乔木地下树木支架与围护墙之间留出适当间隔或围护墙防水高度间距不小于15cm 排水口基质层隔离过滤层渗水管排蓄水层隔根层分离滑动层图5.2屋顶花园结构剖面示意图

Fig.5.2Theprofilechartofroofgraden家园开发商协议屋顶花园事项，建筑设计时已对屋顶荷载值进行了控制，设计荷载为GB50009-2001。当前国内主要采用的防水材料有三种：防水卷材、防水涂膜、防水混凝土。同时按照2515105。但是如6m0.5-0.71.2mm48）()，685~10mm20mm~40mm可避免的，例如种植土流失、排水不畅和材料自重过大等。302052-310的。一周内就会枯萎。15~601.5米8该屋顶花园选择佛甲草作为地被植物，比草坪需水量小，且具有以下优点：(覆盖率高，供氧量大，佛甲草在环境恶劣的屋顶上生株距密集，(每平方米3000~5000,30其它植物品种的选择标准为：美观并具有抵抗极端气候的能力；根系浅，适应种植于乔木乔木灌木地被灌木排水沟草本园路承重柱5.3Fig.5.3Theplansketchofmicro-terrainhandling泄水阀门水源灌溉管道自动灌溉控制装置泄水阀门水源灌溉管道自动灌溉控制装置5.4Fig.5.4Thepipelinearrangementchartofantomaticwater-savingirrigationsystem第六章结论与讨论-屋顶花园的发展趋势已经向环境改善型转变，本文主要进行了屋顶花园的环境改善效参考文献Benjaminofatlantagreenroofdemonstrationproject.Chicago:FirstAnnualGreeningRooftopsforSustainableCommunitiesand.[J].,2004,14(2):118-119.SalvuccimECrafts-BrandnerSJ.Inhibitionofphotosynthesisbyheatstress:theactivationstateofRubiscoasalimitingfactorinphotosynthesisJPhysiolPlant,2004,120:179-186.PeterReedGroundswell:ConstructiontheContemporaryLandscape.[M],2005.[5].[D]:;2006.[6]陈波.建筑与屋顶花园[J].重庆建筑大学学报,2007,(02):10-12.,,.[J].,2007,(02):23-24.,2004,(01):60-61.[9],.[J].,2005(05):62-66.[10]浜田基彦.日本屋顶绿化栽种番薯预防热岛现象[J].中华建设,2006(09):54.[11]李岳岩,周若祁.日本的屋顶绿化设计与技术[J].建筑学报,2006(02):37-39.[12]陈宗美.日本的屋顶绿化[J].住宅产业,2005(Z1):80-83.,.[J].,2005(10):83-86.[15]··.[J].,2005(04):71-75.BerryJABjorkmanOPhotosyntheticresponseandadaptationtotemperatureinhigherplants[J].AnnuRevPlantPhysiol.1980,31:491-543.PeterK.[J].(),2004(12):10-11.,——[J].,2007(06):71-72.[20].[J].,2006(10):15-16.[21]EcologicalDesignandConstructionGreenRoofs[M]PrintedinChinaSchifferpublishingLtd,2005.[22],.[J].,2005(04):37-38..[J].,2007(02):61-62.[25].[M].:,2003.[J].,2005,(08):15-16.,2007,(03):34-36.[J].,2006,(01):88-89.,2007(01):122-124.[30].[J].,2007,(14):10-13..[J].(),2007,(05):25-26.,,.[J].,2008,(01):200-204.,.[J].,2005,(05):57-61.OsmundsonTRoofGardenDesignandNorton&Company,Inc,1999.[35].[J].,2007(02):12-13..[D]:;2004.[38],.[J].,2007,(05):29-31.[39]许萍,车伍,李俊奇.屋顶绿化改善城市环境效果分析[J].环境保护,2004(07):41-44.[40]叶建军.屋顶绿化对城市水环境的改善[J].水土保持研究,2007(02):186-188.[41]陈宇英.提高城市绿化覆盖率的新途径-屋顶绿化[J].广西林业,2001(01):36-37.[42]瓦尔特科尔布,塔西洛施瓦茨.屋顶绿化[M].沈阳:辽宁科学技术出版社,2002.[43]余伟增.屋顶绿化技术与设计[D]:北京林业大学;2006.[44]毛学农.试论屋顶花园的设计[J].重庆建筑大学学报.2002,24(3):11-13.IreenKeystepstodevelopinglocalgreenroofinfrastructureroofmarkets[A].In:FirstAnnualGreeningRooftopsforSustainableCommunitiesvonference,andShow[C],2003.,,[J].,2006,(23):35-38.,,,.[J].,2001,17(6):57-61.[48]Mentens,J,DRaes,Moforientationonthewaterbanlanceofgreenroofs.Greeningrooftopsforsustainablecommunities[A].ProceedingsoftheFirstNorthAmericanGreenRoofsConference[C].Chicago,Toronto:TheCardinalGroup,2003.Hutchinson,D,PAbrams,RRetzlaff,TMonitoringoftwoecoroofsinPorland,Oregon,USA[A].Greeningrooftopsforsustainablecommunities,ProceedingsoftheFirstNorthAmericanGreenRoofsConference,Chicago[C].Toronto:TheCardinalGroup,2003.Rowe,D,RClayton,Nal.Greenroofslope,substratedepthandvegetationinfluencerooftopsforsustainablecommunities,ProceedingsoftheFirstNorthAmericanGreenRoofsConference,Chicago[C].Toronto:TheCardinalGroup,2003.Benjaminofatlantagreenroofdemonstrationproject.Chicago:FirstAnnualGreeningRooftopsforSustainableCommunitiesand.[M].:,2002,25.JoH-K,EGMcPherson.IndirectcarbonreductionbyresidentialvegetationandplantingstrategiesinChicagoUSA[J].EnvironmentalManagement,2001,61(2):165-177.管东生,莫大伦,刘秋海.广州城市建成区绿地对大气二氧化硫的净化作用[J].中山大学学报(自然科学版),1999,38(2):109-113.AbdollahiKK,ZHNing.Urbanvegetationandtheirrelationabilityininterceptingparticalpollution[J].AmericanMeteorologicalSociety,1999,1(15):127-128.[56]朱文泉,何兴元,陈纬.城市森林研究进展[J].生态学杂志,2001,20(5):55-59.张庆费庞名瑜姜义华等上海主要绿化树种抑菌物质和芳香成分分析[J植物资源与环境学,2000,9(2):62-64.,,.[J].,2000,13(4):36-38.[59],,.[J].,2001,14(2):4-6.,2001,14(6):52-53.[61].[J].,1997,(04):98-101.[62]N.J.罗森保.小气候—生物环境[M].北京:科学出版社,1982.[63]骆高远.城市“屋顶花园”对城市气候影响方法研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,2001,(04):373-379.[64]Cheong,D.K.W.,etal.TheeffectsofrooftopgardenonenergyconsumptionofacommercialbuildinginSingapore[J].EnergyandBuildings,2003(14):353-364.Onmura,S,et 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