《植物病虫害绿色防控技术》课件-一、油菜菌核病绿色防控（双语）

一油菜菌核病绿色防控

I

GreenPreventionandControlofRapeSclerotinia

油菜菌核病又称白秆、麻秆、烂秆、霉蔸等，世界性病害，国内各油菜产区均有发生，以长江流域和东南沿海地区发生严重，一般发病率为10％～30％，严重影响油菜的产量和品质。

油菜各生育阶段均可感病，以开花结果期最易感病。病菌能侵染油菜地上各部分，尤以茎秆发病所造成的损失最重。Sclerotiniasclerotiorum,alsoknownaswhitestalk,hempstalk,rottenstalk,moldstump,etc.,isaworldwidediseasethatoccursinallrapeproducingareasinChina,especiallyintheYangtzeRiverBasinandthecostalareaalongthesoutheast,withageneraloccurrencerateof10%~30%,whichseriouslyaffectstheyieldandqualityofrape.

Rapecanbediseasedatallgrowthstages,withthemostsusceptibleatthefloweringandfruitingstages.Thepathogenscaninfectallabovegroundpartsoftherapefield,especiallythestemdisease,whichcausestheheaviestlosses.一

油菜菌核病绿色防控

GreenPreventionandControlofRapeSclerotinia（一）症状识别苗期症状

受害的茎和叶柄初产生红褐色的斑点，后扩大变为白色，组织湿腐，上面长出白色的菌丝，病斑绕茎后幼苗死亡，病部形成黑色的菌核。

(I)

SymptomIdentificationSymptomsatseedlingperiod

Theharmedstemsandpetiolesinitiallyproducereddish-brownspots,whichthenexpandandturnwhite.Thetissuesarewet-rotted,withwhitehyphaegrowingonthem.Afterthespotswraparoundthestems,theseedlingsdieandblacksclerotiaareformedonthediseasedparts.一

油菜菌核病绿色防控

GreenPreventionandControlofRapeSclerotinia成株期症状

叶片：初生暗青色水渍状斑块，后扩展成圆形或不规则形大斑。病斑灰褐色或黄褐色，有同心轮纹，外围暗青色，外缘具黄晕。潮湿时病斑迅速扩展，全叶腐烂；干燥时则病斑破裂穿孔。Symptomsinadult-plantstage

Leaves:Primarydarkcyanwater-stainedpatchesthatlaterexpandintolargeroundorirregularspots.Thespotsaregrayish-brownoryellowish-brown,withconcentricrings,darkcyanontheperiphery,andyellowhaloontheoutermargin.Underawetenvironment,thespotsexpandrapidlyuntilthewholeleavesrot;whileunderadryenvironment,thespotsmayruptureandperforate.一

油菜菌核病绿色防控

GreenPreventionandControlofRapeSclerotinia成株期症状

茎部：病斑初期呈水渍状，浅褐色，椭圆形或长条形状绕茎大斑。病斑略凹陷，有同心轮纹，中部白色，边缘褐色，病健交界明显。病害严重时，病茎上长满絮状菌丝，故称为“白秆”、“霉秆”等。此时植株干枯而死或提早枯熟，可见皮层纵裂。Symptomsinadult-plantstage

Stem:Thespotsarewater-stainedatthebeginning,lightbrown,ovalorlong,andlargearoundthestem.Thespotsareslightlysunken,withconcentricrings,whiteinthemiddleandbrownontheedge.Thejunctionbetweentheinfectedandtheuninfectedisobvious.Whenthediseaseisserious,thediseasedstemwillbecoveredwithflocculenthyphae,sothediseaseisalsocalled"whitestalk"and"moldstalk".Atthistime,theplantwithersanddiesormaturesearly,andlongitudinalcracksinthecortexcanbeseen.一

油菜菌核病绿色防控

GreenPreventionandControlofRapeSclerotinia成株期症状

花瓣染病初呈水浸状，渐变为苍白色，后腐烂。角果染病初现水渍状褐色病斑，后变灰白色，种子瘪瘦，无光泽。在发病的茎内外和角果上均可形成大小不等的鼠粪状菌核。

Symptomsinadult-plantstage

Wheninfected,thepetalsbecomewater-soakedatfirst,graduallyturnpale,andthenrot.Water-stainedbrownspotsappearatfirst,thenturngrayishwhite,andtheseedsarethinandmatte.Sclerotiaofdifferentsizescanbeformedinsideandoutsidethediseasedstemsandonthehornfruits.一

油菜菌核病绿色防控

GreenPreventionandControlofRapeSclerotinia（二）病原核盘菌，属子囊菌亚门核盘菌属。油菜菌核病病菌1.菌核2.菌核的剖面

3.菌核萌发子囊盘4.子囊盘纵剖面5.侧丝、子囊及子囊孢子（叶恭银，植物保护学，2006）(II)EtiologySclerotiabelongstothegenusSclerotiaofAscomycetes.Rapesclerotinia1.Sclerotium2.Profileofsclerotium3.Sclerotiumgerminatingapothecia4.Longitudinalprofileofapothecia5.Paraphyllum,AsciandAscospores(YeGongyin,PlantProtectionScience,2006)一

油菜菌核病绿色防控

GreenPreventionandControlofRapeSclerotinia（三）发病规律越冬：以菌核在土壤、病残株和种子中越夏或越冬。侵入途径：主要由在寄主植物的表皮细胞间隙或伤口、自然孔口侵入，在寄主体内发育成菌丝。也可通过病、健组织接触或沾附进行重复侵染。

(III)OccurrenceRegularityOverwintering:oversummeringoroverwinteringassclerotiainsoil,diseasedresidualplantsandseeds.Wayofintrusion:Itmainlyintrudesfromtheintersticesofepidermalcellsorwoundsandnaturalorificesofhostplants,anddevelopsintohyphaeinthehostplants.Repeatedinfectioncanalsooccurbycontactorattachmentofdiseasedandhealthytissues.一

油菜菌核病绿色防控

GreenPreventionandControlofRapeSclerotinia（三）发病规律传播：病菌的子囊孢子随气流传播。温湿度：菌丝生长发育和菌核形成适温0-30℃，最适温度20℃，最适相对湿度85%以上。菌核可不休眠，5-20℃及较高的土壤湿度即可萌发，其中以15℃最适。在潮湿土壤中菌核能存活1年，干燥土中可存活3年。

(III)OccurrenceRegularityTransmission:Ascosporesofpathogensaretransmittedwithairflow.Temperatureandhumidity:Theoptimumtemperatureformycelialgrowthanddevelopmentandsclerotiumformationis0-30°C,theoptimumtemperatureis20°C,andtheoptimumrelativehumidityisabove85%.Sclerotiacangerminateat5–20°Candhighsoilhumidity,with15°Casthemostsuitabletemperature.Sclerotiacansurvivefor1yearinwetsoiland3yearsindrysoil.一

油菜菌核病绿色防控

GreenPreventionandControlofRapeSclerotinia（四）

防治技术1、栽培抗病品种各地可因地制宜栽培高产、抗病良种．如中油杂12号、华油杂13号等。2、实行轮作与禾本科作物轮作可显著减少田间菌核的积累，尤以水稻与油菜轮作防病效果最佳，注意不要与十字花科、豆科及茄科作物轮作。(IV)ControlTechnique1.Cultivatedisease-resistantcultivars.Goodvarietieswithhighyieldanddiseaseresistancecanbecultivatedaccordingtolocalconditions,suchasZhongyouzaNo.12andHuayouzaNo.13.2.Croprotationwithpoaceouscropscansignificantlyreducetheaccumulationofsclerotiainthefield,especiallyriceandraperotationhasthebestdiseasecontroleffect.Donotrotatewithcruciferous,leguminous,andsolanaceouscrops.一

油菜菌核病绿色防控

GreenPreventionandControlofRapeSclerotinia3、防止种子带菌通过筛选、风选、药剂浸种等方法，消除菌核和杀灭种子表皮病菌，播无病种子。在播种前可使用10％或15％硫酸铵溶液选种，除去上浮的秕粒和菌核，用清水洗干净后再晾干播种。4、合理施肥重施基肥，早施蕾薹肥，避免薹花期过量施用氮肥。配合使用氮、磷、钾肥，增施硼、锰、锌、钼等微量元素肥料，促使油菜苗期健壮、薹期稳长，花期茎杆坚硬，不易倒伏，提高抗病性。3.Preventseedsfromcarryingbacteria.Eliminatesclerotia,killepidermalpathogens,andsowdisease-freeseedsbyscreening,windsorting,chemicalsoaking,andothermethods.Beforesowing,10%or15%ammoniumsulfatesolutioncanbeusedtoselectseeds,removefloatingblightedgrainandsclerotia,washthemwithcleanwater,andthendrythembeforesowing.4.Reasonablefertilizationandheavyapplicationofbasefertilizer,earlyapplicationofbudandboltingfertilizer,andavoidexcessiveapplicationofnitrogenfertilizerduringboltingandflowering.Theuseofnitrogen,phosphorus,andpotassiumfertilizersandtheapplicationoftraceelementfertilizerssuchasboron,manganese,zinc,andmolybdenumcanpromotetherobustnessofrapeseedlings,thesteadygrowthofboltingstages,andthehardstemsduringanthesis,whicharenoteasytolodgeandcanimprovediseaseresistance.一

油菜菌核病绿色防控

GreenPreventionandControlofRapeSclerotinia5、改善田间小气候油菜田整地时应开好沟渠，保证沟沟畅通，做到雨住沟干，降低地下水位和田间小气候湿度。在油菜盛花期，及时摘除植株中、下部的病叶、黄叶、残败叶，减少病菌通过病叶搭附而引起再侵染，并可改善株间的通风透光条件，对减少发病均具有良好的作用。6、药剂防治当油菜进入盛花期后，叶病株率达10％以上、茎病株率约1％时进行药剂防治。可选用40％菌核净可湿性粉剂1000～1500倍液或50％腐霉利可湿性粉剂2000倍液等，每次喷药间隔7～10d，防治1～3次。5.Improvethefieldmicroclimate.Whentherapefieldisprepared,ditchesshallbeopenedtoensureunblockedditches,soastokeeptheditchesdryinrainandreducethegroundwaterlevelandfieldmicroclimatehumidity.Inthefu